Expressionism Modernism Sustainable Architecture Rookery Walt Disney Concert Hall

1CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

EXPRESSIONISM

MODERNISM

SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE 2

EXPRESSIONISM

ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 EXPRESSIONISM

EVOLUTION OF EXPRESSIONISM VIA GERMANY

CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215

EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT-INTRODUCTION

Present the world solely from subjective perspective Artists sought to express emotional experience rather than physical reality Characterized reaction against Positivism, Naturalism and Impressionism

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5EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT

ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 EVOLUTION

Julien Auguste Herve called his Art Exhibition as EXPRESSIONISMES in 1886 while Czech Art historian Antonin Matejcek coined the term in 1910 Precursors were Friedrich Nietzsche, August Stindberg, Walt Whitman, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Edvard Munch, Vincent Van Gogh, Sigmund Freud…. Die Brucke led by Ernst Ludwig Kirchev in 1905- founding expressionist movement

Van Gogh

6Expressionist movement

ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 Characteristics in ART

Subjective interpretation, to express emotions, moods and ideas a form of ‘self-expression’ that offer an individual voice in a world perceive as both insecure and hostile. Use of intense colours


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTURE-Intro - Context

Expressionist architecture described the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930 Political, economic and artistic shifts called Expressionist movement especially due to loss in war and depressions Arts and Crafts movement and Art Nouveau influenced expressionists Constructivism, Futurism and Dada movement had similar expressions

Monument to the March Dead


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERS

Distorted form for emotional effect, subordination of realism Efforts to achieve innovation More mineral and elemental than organic and florid Artistic and craftmanship Architecture as a work of art- prime concept Profusion of works on paper, representation of concepts rather than pragmatic products. Tendencies towards Gothic, Romanesque and Rococo styles.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE

Ar. Bruno Taut inspired from the writings of Friedrich Nietzsche that resulted Taut’s Alpine Architecture“Objects serve psychologically to mirror the actors' emotions and gestures."

Erich Mendelshon built Einstein Tower built to symbolize greatness of Einstienian concept - 1919

AEG Turbine FactoryHermann Finsterlin – Art Work


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY

Unify the materials so as to make it monolithic. Collaboration of Bruno Taut and poet Paul Scheebart inventing Glass Architecture"Coloured glass destroys hatred","Without a glass palace life is a burden","Glass brings us a new era, building in brick only does us harm"- Paul Scheerbart

Brick was used as inherent nature of material asJosef Franke inCatholic parish church "Heilig-Kreuz" at Gelsenkirchen,Einstein Tower, Mendelshon – Example of Expressionist use of Monolithic materials.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 LEGACY, DECLINE AND REBIRTH

Influences on Art Deco -immediate successor

21st Cent. Deconstructivism, Blobitecture and works of Calatrava

1930 after Hitlers’ regime expressionism declinedNew Objectivity came as the reaction to subjective expressionismExistenzminimum philosophy- use of minimal resources


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 NEO EXPRESSIONISM

Brutalist architecture as typically very linear, fortresslike and blockish, often a concrete construction “Architecture's principal function is emotion.“ – Ar. Mathias Goeritz

Eero Sarinen – TWA Terminal – organic forms close to Herman FinsterlinSydney Opera House- Jorn Utzon with the shell structure


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 OTHER FORMS OF ART

POETRY and LITERATURE T.S. Eliot Ernst Stadler August Stramn Paul Zech Gottfried Benn Alfred Wolfenstein

MUSIC DANCE Mary WigmanRudolf Von LavanPina Bausch-choreographerErnst Barlach- sculptor

VISUAL ARTSWassily KandinskyEdvard Munch- The ScreamAlvar Cawen- The Blind MusicianVincent Van GoghJohn Walker



CRITICISM AND DECLINE OF MOVEMENT

Movement declined in the late 1920s The vagueness of its longing for a better world, by its use of highly poetic language Intensely personal and inaccessible nature of its mode of presentation Political stability in Germany and growth of social realism Killed by Nazis rise to the power in 1933 restrained them in exhibiting their work

ART DECO


MODERNISM


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 INTRO TO MODERN SOCIETY

Radical break with the past and the search for new forms of expression. Prime factor being the rapid development of modern industrial societies

CLASSICAL AGE

MIDDLE AGE

MODERN AGE

Modernism as a socially progressive trend of thought that affirms the power of human to create, improve and reshape their environment with the aid of practical experimentation, scientific knowledge, or technologyLate 19th cent.– early 20th cent.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ORIGIN AND EARLY PERIOD

Modernism developed out of Romanticism's revolt against the effects of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values Industrial Advancement – Crystal Palace 1850 , Eiffel Tower 1889, Brooklyn Bridge 1883 broke all past limitations

Thinkers Charles Darwin undermined Religious certainty while Karl Marx bashed Capitalists’ autocracy


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 PHILOSOPHY

RATIONALISMScholastic metaphysical doctrines were meaningless Ideas not only derive from pure thinking but by also godProponents: Rene Descartes

EMPIRICISMKnowledge comes via sensory experienceProponents : George BerkeleyKarl MarxJean RousseauJohn Locke

IDEALISMREALITY is a construct of the mind or otherwise immaterial.Proponents:Immanuel Kant


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 PHILOSOPHY

EXISTENTIALISMThe starting point of philosophical thinking must be the individual and the experiences of the individualProponents: Friedrich NeitzscheSoren Kierkegaard

PRAGMATISMTheory is extracted from practice, and applied back to practice to formProponents : William James

ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHYCharacterized by an emphasis on clarity and argument.Dominant in 20th centuryProponents:Moritz SchlickBernard Russell



BEGINNING,GROWTH AND ADVANCEMENT

Richard Dedekind (Dedekind cut) and Ludwig Boltzmann(Boltzmann law) mark the beginning of Modernism while critics argue Immanuel Kant to be the first Modernist Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Neitzsche’s philosophy took a turn for modern thinking Evolution of Expressionist Art followed by Constructivist, Cubist, De stjil , fauvism and other forms of movements


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 DEVELOPS AND CONTINUES

Technology advancement with auto-devices and money oriented society brought social changes Rise of dictators like Adolf Hitler affects artists’ freedom World War II brought up social upheavel with radical change in perception of general people


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 DEVELOPMENT

• Stream of consciousness was the prime literary philosophy of modernism• Modernist movement suffered World War I - The traumatic nature altered basic assumptions, and realistic depiction of life in the arts seemed inadequate as Erich Maria Remarque's works influenced and forth called importance of realism that was accepted in the 1920s


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Characterized by simplification of form and an absence of applied decoration Efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid technological advancement and the modernization of society


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 CHARACTERS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Simplicity in form and absence of intricate decorations Notion of Form follows function Visual Expression of structure rather than hiding the structure Truth to materials Machine asthetics


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 FATHER OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Louis Henry Sullivan • September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924• the creator of the modern skyscraper• a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright and inspiration to the Chicago group of architects• Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture"


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 FORMS OF MODERNISM

Futurism in Italy Constructivism in Soviet Union Arts and crafts in Western Europe


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 FORMS OF MODERNISM

Expressionism in GermanyArt Nouveau

New Objectivity


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 FORMS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE

International Style



CRITICISM AND NEW IDEA- POST MODERN

Overly simplistic forms Philip Johnson came to admit that he was "bored with the box."

.Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), portrays "At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of exhaustion."


SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE



INTRO TO SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.- Sustainability, World Commission 1987

Architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of materials, energy, and development space.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 NEEDS IMPORTANCES AND OBJECTIVES

Economy – ArchitectureGrowth of economy of country means numbers of offices, factories….Growth of incomes in families lead to desires for luxuries Architects should accept the fact that as economy increase, increase in demands occur, that will increase combined impact on global ecosystem The goal of sustainable design is to find architectural solutions that guarantee the well-being and coexistence of ECO elements


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN

• Economy of Resources is concerned with the reduction, reuse, and recycling of the natural resources that are input to a building.

Law of resource flow conservation



• Life Cycle Design provides a methodology for analyzing the building process and its impact on the environment



• Humane Design focuses on the interactions between humans and the natural world.

THE ROOKERY BUILDING


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 THE ROOKERY BUILDING

• 209 South LaSalle Street in the Loop community area of Chicago Burnham & Root; Frank Lloyd Wright; William Drummond;• National Register of Historic Places in 1970 and National Historic Landmark in 1975 considered as architectural masterpiece• 181 feet (55 m), is twelve stories The name• the crows and pigeons that inhabited its exterior walls; specifically rook bird• the shady politicians it housed like the rook


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY

1871 •After the Great Chicago Fire, the area at the southeast corner of LaSalle and Adams streets was the location of a water tank, and at one time City Hall and the first Chicago Public Library.

1885 •Daniel Burnham and John Root were commissioned to design a building for the Central Safety Deposit Company to be located at the southeast corner of LaSalle and Adams Streets.

1888•The Rookery was completed. At eleven stories high – this was

one of the grandest buildings in the world at the time it was built.

•Burnham & Root move their offices to The Rookery.



1905 •Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to update the light court with a more modern appearance. He encased Root’s iron columns in gilded white marble and added bronze chandeliers with prismatic glass.

1931 •William Drummond incorporated an Art Deco aesthetic and divided the two-story entrance lobby into separate floors. He replaced Wright’s open-geometric elevator cages with solid bronze doors etched with birds.



1970 •The Rookery is placed on The National Register of Historic Places.

1972 •The City of Chicago designates The Rookery an official Chicago Landmark.

1982 •The 100 year lease with the city expired and ownership of The Rookery reverted back to the city of Chicago.

1988 •L.T. Baldwin III purchases The Rookery with the intent to preserve its historic grandeur while also adapting it to modern day technologies.



1992 •Newest, and most extensive, restoration of The Rookery is complete, garnering numerous awards. A 12th story is added and the Burnham Library is restored.

2008 •New ownership ushers in a long-term commitment to enhance and share the historic and architectural heritage of this beloved place to conduct business in Chicago.

2011 •On November 30, 2011, the Rookery had a lighting event to showcase the new lights that were added onto the exterior of the building to highlight its architectural features.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS

Daniel Hudson Burnhum and John Wellborn Root Defining role in Chicago’s commercial architecture Impressed by their own achievements at The Rookery, Burnham & Root moved their offices to the eleventh floor of the building Facilities included a library, gymnasium, baths, large drafting room, and commanding views of the city


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 RENOVATIONS AND ARCHITECTSFrank Llyod Wright

Removed iron and terra cotta detailing on the central staircase, balconies, and walls, replacing it with geometric patterns like that in Root’s oriel stairs - HARMONY Replaced the elevator grills with an open geometric cage bronze chandeliers with prismatic glass above the central staircase



FURTHER RENOVATIONS BY DRUMMONDWILLIAM DRUMMOND

Modernize the building and bring in an Art Deco aesthetic. Treated exposed surface with marble, gilded and incised with stylistic bird motifs. Added a staircase that started at the second floor and protruded into the light court


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 BALDWIN DEVELOPMENT CUM MC CLIER ARCHITECTS

In 1988, L. Thomas Baldwin III purchased The Rookery for preservations Architect Mc Clier Added a 12th floor Restored the court’s glass ceiling, protecting it and the light well by installing a new skylight at roof level The lobbies were re-opened and reconstructed to the Wright-era appearance, combining Root’s volume with Wright’s staircase


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ARCHITECTURE OF ROOKERY

vestibule

vestibule entry

Light courtelevators

Plan of the first floor



ASTONISHING ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES

• Root devised Grillage Foundation • Designed a hybrid structure masonry exterior wall and steel interior supports Light Court

•Round granite columns at the base•Lower floors with continuous curtain walls providing natural light even if other buildings cast shadow on it•light court was a stark contrast: a wrought and cast iron frame that created the airy, bird-cage-like feelOriel Staircase

winds down from floor 12 to 2intricate, patterns and the spiraling nature of the steps is both overwhelming and awe-inspiring.

Entrancethe heavy stone arches exit doorInside, lobbies are finished with white Carrara marble that covered the walls and ceilings


WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 THE CONCERT HALL

• 111 South Grand Avenue, Los Angeles, California• Architect : Frank O Gehry• Acoustic Consultant : Nagata consultants, Yasuhisa Toyota• Owner : Los Angeles County• User : Los Angeles Philharmonic• Construction Cost : $274 million• Capacity : 2265


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 CONSTRUCTION

• Projected commenced in 1987 when Lilian Disney donated $50 million, Gehry delivered completed design in 1991• Underground parking garage const began in 1992 and completed in 1996 that cost $110 million• Construction delayed due to fundraising causing financial problem for LA county


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 PLAN


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 CROSS SECTION


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 ACOUSTIC

• Acoustic consultant : Nagata Acoustics, Inc• Room volume : 30,600cm• Reverberation time : Unoccupied 2.2sec (at 550Hz)Occupied 2sec (at 550 Hz)

Finishing Materials: Ceiling : Douglas Fir Wall : Douglas firFloor : OakSeat : UpholsteredNoise Level : NC- 15 Organ : Rosales Organ Builders, Inc.


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 REFLECTIVE PROBLEMS

• stainless steel given a matte finish and the Founders Room and Children's Amphitheater were designed with highly polished mirror-like panels• Reflection was amplified by concave shapes causing glare • Resulting heat in nearby condominiums unbearably warm and adjacent sidewalks temp rose 140 deg

• In 2005 these were dulled by lightly sanding the panels to eliminate unwanted glare


ANUPA BHATTA 206DIPESH PRADHAN 215 CONCERT ORGAN

• German organ builder Caspar Glatter-Götz under the tonal direction and voicing of Manuel Rosales• Console resemble North German Baroque organ

Expressionism Modernism Sustainable Architecture Rookery Walt Disney Concert Hall

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