EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION · 2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration...

EXPLORING ECONOMICSTRENGTHENING WITHINFAMILY REINTEGRATION

Hannah Wichmann April 2015

EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION

2

ThisstudywasundertakenaspartofaninternshipatRetrakarrangedwithsupportfromChristiansAboard

copyRetrak2015

PAGENO

ContentsPAGENO

3

1 Introduction 4

11 RetrakEthiopia 4

12 Reintegration 4

13 Economicstrengthening 5

2 Methodology 6

21 Systematicliteraturereview 6

22 Primarydatacollection 6

23 Translation 9

24 Dataanalysis 9

25 Ethics 9

26 Limitations 10

3 Findings from literature review 11

31 Graduationmodelasaframework 11

32 Cashtransfers 11

33 Training 11

34 Microfinance 12

35 Targetingandstigma 12

36 Assessments 13

4 Findings from beneficiary and staff interviews amp assessments 14

41 Familiesrsquocharacteristics 14

42 UseofIGAgrants 15

43 Socialexclusion16

44 Childrenrsquosparticipation 16

5 Discussion 17

51 Usingthegraduationmodel 17

52 Communityexclusion 19

53 Childrenrsquosparticipationineconomicstrengthening 19

54 Targetingeconomicstrengething support 20

55 Businesstraining 21

6 Conclusion 22

61 Graduationmodel 22


63 Targetingeconomicstrengtheningsupport 22



7 Recommendations 23

Annex 1 25

Annex 2 27

1 Wakia J (2010) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document)

2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration Maps Retrak3 Retrak (2012) Retrak Standard OperatingProcedures Family reintegration ManchesterRetrak p11

4 Williamson J amp A Greenberg (2010) Families NotOrphanages Better Care Network Working Paper 9

New York Better Care Network Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ Steele H Zeanah CHMuhamedrahimov RJ Vorria P Dobrova-Krol NASteele M van Ijzendoorn MH Juffer F amp MRGunnar (2011) lsquoAttachment and emotionaldevelopment in institutional care Characteristics andcatch-uprsquo in RB McCall MH van Ijzendoorn F JufferCJ Groark amp VK Groza (Eds) lsquoChildren withoutpermanent parents Research practice and policyrsquo

Monographs of the Society for Research in ChildDevelopment 76(4) pp62-91 Johnson R KBrowne amp C Hamilton-Giachritsis (2006) lsquoYoungChildren in Institutional Care at Risk of HarmrsquoTrauma Violence and Abuse (7)1 pp1-26

5 Wakia J (2015) Why children are on the streetsManchester Retrak (internal document) forthcoming

6 Retrak (2012) op cit4

11 Retrak Ethiopia

RetrakhasworkedwithchildrenonthestreetsinAfricafortwentyyearsandforeightyearsinEthiopiastrivingtoofferthemarealalternativetolifeonthestreetReasonsforchildrenmovingtothestreetarecomplexbutincludefamilyconflictabusebehaviouralproblemsandpovertywhichunderpinsmanyoftheotherfactors1Retrakbelievesthatnochildshouldbeforcedtoliveonthestreetsandaimstoprovidealternativeswhichareeasilyaccessibleaswellasstrengtheningfamiliesandcommunitiessothatchildrenarelesslikelytoenduponthestreetstostartwith

RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyreachesouttochildrenonthestreetsandinvitesthemtoparticipateincounsellingcatch-upeducationfoodshelterlife-skillstraininghealthcareandopportunitiestoplaywhilstatdrop-incentresinAddisAbabaandHossana(atown250kmtothesouththroughwhichmanychildrenpassheadingtowardsAddisAbaba)RetrakrsquosworkiscentredonattachmenttheorywhichstatesthatitiskeytoachildrsquosdevelopmentforthemtoformsecureattachmentswithadultswhocareforthemBasedonthistheoryandRetrakrsquosconsiderableexperiencesupportisofferedtochildrenandtheirfamiliestoreintegratechildrenbacktotheirhomeswherethisispossibleandinthechildrsquosbestinterestsForotherchildrenfostercaresupporttobecomeindependentorotheralternativecareoptionsmaybemoreappropriate

RetrakEthiopiaisalsopioneeringanapproachtopreventingchildrenseparatingfromtheirfamiliesinlocationsfromwheremanychildrencometothestreets2Thisinvolvedacombinationoffamilyandeconomicstrengtheningwomenrsquosempowermentandcommunityeducationaroundchildprotectionissuesandthedangersoflifeonthestreets

12 Reintegration

AcorefocusofRetrakrsquosworkisprovidingreintegrationprogrammesforchildrenandwithinthisundertakingmonitoringandlearningactivitiesanddocumentinggoodpracticeinrelationtoreintegrationRetrakconsidersreintegrationtobe

ldquoThe process through which a child is returned backto hisher immediate or extended family (either whereshe lived before or with another family member) andis able to reintegrate into family and community lifewhere she receives the necessary care andprotection to grow and developrdquo 3

AlthoughnotsuitableorpossibleforeverychildRetrakconsidersfamilyreintegrationtobethefirstpriorityforanychildwhoisreadytomoveawayfromstreetlifeThereisconsiderableresearchthatshowshowchildrenthrivewhencaredforinafamilysettingandhowdamagingresidentialcarecanbe4HowevernotallfamiliescanprovideadequateandappropriatecarefortheirchildrenIndeedchildrenwhomRetrakhavemethaveclearlyshownthedilemmamanychildrenfaceTheyfrequentlyreporthowtheirfamiliesareboththereasontheyleftaswellasthemostpositivethingaboutlifeathomeandthereasontheywanttoreturnRetrakrsquosexperiencehasshownthatwhilsthelpingchildrentoreturn5 tothecareoftheirfamilyisfarfromeasyandstraightforwardthatitiswhatmanychildrenandfamilieswantandthatitispossiblewithappropriatesupportRetrakrsquosFamilyReintegrationSOPsoutlinetheprinciplesandstepsforRetrakrsquosreintegrationworkhighlightingthekeyelementsofstrengtheningandsupportingfamiliestocareandprovidefortheirchildren6

1 Introduction


5

7 Dybicz P (2005) lsquoInterventions for street children Ananalysis of current best practicesrsquo InternationalSocial Work 48(6) pp763-771 Wakia (2010) op citWakia (2015) op cit

8 Based on Chambers R amp G Conway (DFID 1992) asquoted in CPC Livelihoods and EconomicStrengthening Task Force (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs Maximizing

Benefits and Minimizing Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission

13 Economic strengthening

ItisclearfrombothacademicstudiesandRetrakrsquosexperiencethatpovertyisacommonpushfactorforchildrentomovetothestreetandisoftentherootofmanyotherpushfactors 7WhilstitmaynotbeareasonforeverychildandisrarelytheonlycausepovertyisamajorbarriertosuccessfulreintegrationwhichmustbeaddressedRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesincomegeneratingactivity(IGA)grantstofamilieswhoaredeemedtobelivinginsuchextremepovertythattheyareunabletocarefortheirchildandfulfilRetrakrsquoschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheningaimsThegrantisintendedtoenablefamiliestostartorgrowabusinesswhichcanthenhelpthemmeettheirbasicneeds

RetrakEthiopiabelievesthatitschildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoalsareaddressedwellwithinthereintegrationprocessbutthatinterventionsaddressingeconomicissuescouldbeimprovedThedistancebetweenthefamiliesthatRetrakworkswithmeansthatfollow-upisexpensiveandtime-consuminglimitingtheinteractionthatstaffhavewithchildrenandfamiliesafterreintegrationThisisamajorchallengeforanyeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsimplementedbyRetrak

ThereforethissmallresearchprojectwasconceivedtohelplookmoredeeplyattheissuessurroundingeconomicstrengtheningwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosreintegrationprogrammeswiththeaimofseekingnewwaystoaddressthechallengesEconomicstrengtheninginthecontextofthisresearchprojectistakentobeactionstakenbygovernmentsdonorsandimplementerstoimprovelivelihoodsincludingcapabilitiesassetsandactivitiesrequiredforameansofliving 8

Research objectives

Theobjectivesofthisresearchprojectwere

bullToevaluatetheextenttowhichtheeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscurrentlyusedbyRetrakEthiopiahaveimpactedthereintegrationprocessSpecificallytheextenttowhichtheIGAgranthelpsmeetchildprotectionandfamilystrengtheninggoals

bullToconsiderhowtheoryandgoodpracticeincurrentliteraturemayrelatetothefamiliesinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammes

bullTousethecurrentliteratureandthefindingsofthisstudytomakerecommendationsabouthowRetrakEthiopiacouldimproveitseconomicstrengtheninginterventions

6

21 Systematic literature review

AliteraturereviewwasconductedusingasystematicapproachThismeantthattheresearcherundertooksomereadingofliteraturesothatsearchtermscouldbeagreedbasedoncommonthemesandtermsSearchtermswerethenusedtoreducetheriskofresearcherbiasThesesearchtermsincludedthemaineconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfoundtobeimportanttochildreintegrationduringtheinitialsearchcombinedwithotherreintegratedgroupsofchildrensuchaschildsoldiersandOVC

ThesearcheswereconductedusingGooglesearchandGoogleScholarbetweenNovember2014andFebruary2015fortheperiod2004untilpresent

22 Primary data collection

DatawascollectedthroughdirectengagementwithRetrakEthiopiarsquosbeneficiariesovertwoweeksattheendofJanuary2015FamiliesfromtheregionsofSNNPROromiaandAmharawereincludedinthestudyasmostofthechildrenRetrakEthiopiahelpsinAddisAbabacomefromtheseregions

221 Sampling

ThefamiliesincludedinthisstudywerepurposivelysampledItwasarequirementthatallfamiliesincludedinthestudyhadachildwhohadbeenreintegratedwiththeirfamilyandhadreceivedanIGAgrantfromRetrakRetrakonlyworkswithboysinAddisAbabaasthemajorityofthechildpopulationonthestreetsisboysThesevenfamiliesincludedinthestudywerethenchosenbasedpartiallyontheeaseofaccessandpartiallytoincludefamiliesfromarangeoflocationsandcontexts

222 Semi-structured interviews with families

Semi-structuredinterviewswereconductedwithcare-giverstogiveanunderstandingofthecontextofthereintegrationoftheirchildhowtheyusedthegranttheimpactthegranthadandtheirhopesforthefutureOneoftheresearchaimswastoassesstheimpactoftheIGAgrantsthatRetrakgivesItwasthereforeimportantthattheinterviewsaskedthefamiliesthemselveshowsuccessfultheyfeltithadbeenUsingsemi-structuredinterviewsmeantthatfactorsconsideredimportantbythefamiliesbutnotpreviouslybytheresearchercouldbeincluded

TheseinterviewswereconductedinAmharicorOromifaTheywerethereforerecordedsothattheycouldthenbetranscribedtranslatedandanalysedNoteswerealsotaken

223 Semi-structured interviews withRetrak staff and staff from other NGOs

RetrakEthiopiastaffwereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheranunderstandingofwhatiscurrentlyhappeningandwhatstafffeltwerethestrengthsandweaknessesofRetrakrsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionItwasimportanttoconsidertheopinionsofthestaffastheyhaveextensiveexperiencereintegratingstreetchildrenandofprovidingIGAgrantsNotesweretakenduringtheseinterviewsinbulletpointformTheresearcherinterviewedtwosocialworkerstheheadofsocialworkandthemonitoringandevaluationmanager

StafffromtwootherNGOswereinterviewedtogivetheresearcheraknowledgeofwhateconomicstrengtheningapproachesotherNGOsareusingHopeforChildrenEthiopiaandOPRIFS(OrganisationforthePreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetchildren)wereincludedbecausetheybothworkwithchildrenonthestreetanduseeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocess

2 Methodology


7

HopeforChildrenoffersthechildrenthatitworkswiththeopportunitytolearnaskillsuchasweavingwhichtheycanthenusetoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeWhenachildreturnshometheyalsoreceivethetoolsfortheirbusinesssuchasaloomsomematerialsandseedmoneyofbetween4000-5000birrHopeforChildrenacknowledgesthatnotallofthismoneywillbespentonthebusinessbutwanttoensurethatthechilddoesnotburdenthefamilyandcreateconflictwhentheyreturnTheNGOalsolinkschildrenwithagovernmentrunmicro-financegroupwhentheyreturnTheyencouragethechildrentoinitiallysavearound20oftheirseedmoneywiththeorganisationandtoseekbusinessadviceandloansfromthegroupastheirbusinessgrows

OPRIFS(OrganisationforPreventionRehabilitationandIntegrationofFemaleStreetChildren)workswithgirlsonthestreetwhoarefromAddisAbabaitselforfromelsewhereinthecountryOPRIFSprovidesagranttofamiliesitdeemsmostinneedeitherascashorin-kindsupportThemaximumvalueofthesupportis2000birrOPRIFSgivesthegranttothefamilybutpartofthebusinessandincomeisgiventothegirltotakecareofandtousetherevenuetosupportherself

224 IGA grant assessment

RetrakEthiopiacurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttoinformdecisionsaboutwhetherafamilyshouldreceiveanIGAgrantThisassessmentwasadaptedbasedoncurrentliteraturewhichemphasisestheimportanceofincludingamarketanalysisconsideringvulnerabilitytoeconomicshocksandcapacityThequestionsaskedincludedwhatproductsorservicesthehouseholdfeltwerelackinginthelocaleconomicandadescriptionandfrequencyofeconomicshocksexperiencedintheprevioustwelvemonths

ThequestionsrelatingtotheIGAassessmentwereaskedaftertheinterviewalthoughtheassessmentwascompletedinfullbythesocialworkerafterwardsTheassessmentwasconductedtwiceoncetoaskretrospectivelyaboutthehouseholdrsquossituationbeforethegrantwasgivenandagaintoaskabouttheirpresentsituationAcomparisoncouldthenbemadetoseehowthesupportthatRetrakprovidedchangedtheeconomicstabilityandcapacityofthehouseholdAlsoitwasconductedtoassesstheextenttowhichhouseholdsfelttheyunderstoodthelocalmarket


225 Child wellbeing assessment

RetrakhasbeenusingachildwellbeingassessmentbasedontheChildStatusIndexdevelopedbyMeasureEvaluation 9since2011ItisusedbyRetraktoassessachildrsquoswellbeingwhentheyarriveinthedrop-incentreduringtheirstayatthedrop-incentreatreintegrationandatfollow-upsThe12indicators(Table1)arescoredbetween1and4Childrenwhoscore1or2inanydomainaredeemedtobeatriskandrequiringaninterventionToreducetheriskofsubjectivityallRetraksocialworkersaretrainedtousethechildwellbeingassessmenttoolThechildwellbeingassessmentisthestandardtoolusedbyRetrakforcasemanagementandmonitoring

8

Table 1 Child wellbeing assessment domains and goals 10

Domain Sub-domain Goal

1 Food and Nutrition1aFoodsecurity Childhassufficientfoodtoeatatalltimesoftheyear

1bNutritionandGrowth Childisgrowingwellcomparedtoothersofhisherageinthecommunity

2 Shelter and Care2aShelter Childhasstableshelterthatisadequatedryandsafe

2bCare Childhasatleastoneadult(age18orover)whoprovidesconsistentcareattentionandsupport

3 Protection3aAbuseandExploitation Childissafefromanyabuseneglectorexploitation

3bLegalProtection Childhasaccesstolegalprotectionservicesasneeded

4 Health4aWellness Childisphysicallyhealthy

4bHealthCareServices Childcanaccesshealthcareservicesincludingmedicaltreatmentwhenillandpreventivecare

5 Psychosocial5aEmotionalHealth Childishappyandcontentwithagenerallypositive

moodandhopefuloutlook

5bSocialBehaviour Childiscooperativeandenjoysparticipatinginactivitieswithadultsandotherchildren

6 Education6aEducationPerformance Childisprogressingwellinacquiringknowledgeand

lifeskillsathomeschooljobtrainingoranage-appropriateproductiveactivity

6bEducationAccess Childisenrolledandattendsschoolorskillstrainingorisengagedinage-appropriateplaylearningactivityorjob

9 OrsquoDonnell K Nyangara F Murphy R Cannon M ampB Nyberg (2009) Child Status Index a Tool for

Assessment the Well-Being of Orphans andVulnerable Children ndash Manual MEASURE Evaluation

10 Ibid

23 Translation

Translationofthesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamilieswasconductedbysocialworkerswhoworkforRetrakEthiopiausingaudiorecordingstakenduringtheinterviewItwasdecidedthattheywouldtranslatebecausetheyunderstoodthecontextoftheinterviewsbutwerebriefedaboutensuringthatonlywhattheparticipantsaidshouldbetranslatedThismeantthatwordsortermsusedbythefamilieswhichwerepotentiallyambiguousintheirmeaningcouldbetranslatedbythesocialworkerwhohadknowledgeoftheirsituationThetranslationtookadomesticationapproachwhichmaymeansomeinformationislostfromtheoriginallanguagebutwouldmakethetranslationmoreunderstandabletoEnglishreaders

24 Data analysis

Athematicanalysiswasusedforthequalitativedatacollectedinthesemi-structuredinterviewswithRetrakstaffotherNGOsandbeneficiaryfamiliesTheresearcherfirstreadthroughalloftheinterviewsforeachinterviewgroupidentifyingcommonthemesandpatternsTheresearcherthendefinedthemesandallocatedcodeswhichwereidentifiedintheinterviewsByexaminingwherecodescouldbefoundandthefrequencywithwhichtheyoccurredlinksweremadebetweenthecodesandbroaderthemesFinallythethemeswithinthedatawerecomparedtootherqualitativeandquantitativedatacollectedaswellastotheliteraturetoidentifysimilaritiesanddifferences

ThedatafromtheIGAassessmentswasanalysedusingcodestoidentifyforeachfamilywhetherbeforeandafterthegranttheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsexperiencedeconomicshocksandiftheyhadconcernsaboutthecapacityoftheirhouseholdtoworkThenatablewasusedtocomparetheresultsfromeachfamilytogiveanindicationofwheretheywouldhavefallenonthegraduationmodel(seeliteraturereviewfindings)beforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven

Thechildwellbeingassessmentdatawasanalysedusingbargraphswhichshowthedomainsofwellbeingononeaxisandthescorefrom1to4ontheotherAgraphwasgeneratedforeachofthesevenfamilieswhoparticipatedintheresearchandincludeddataaboutthechildrsquoswellbeingatplacementandattheresearchvisitThegraphsenabledvisualcomparisonofthechangesinchildwellbeingbeforeandaftertheIGAgrantwasgiven

25 Ethics

InordertoensuretheresearchcompliedwithethicalstandardsitwasimportanttogaininformedconsentThisinvolvedensuringthatparticipantsunderstoodthepurposeoftheresearchthattheydidnothavetoparticipatethatinformationwouldbekeptconfidentialandthattheywouldnotreceiveanyextrasupportfromRetrakEthiopiaasaresultoftheirparticipationoranswersParticipantswerereadanexplanationofthepurposeoftheresearchandtheinterviewandassessmentaswellasaconsentformThiswasreadeitherinAmharicortheregionallanguageParticipantswerethenaskedtosignaconsentformThiswasessentialasparticipantswereoftenverypoorandhadpreviouslyreceivedservicesfromRetrakEthiopiaItwasthereforeimportantforthemtounderstandthatthepurposeofthevisitwasnottoassistthemdirectlyatthattime

9


26 Limitations

ThestudyfocusedonjustsevenfamilieswhohavereceivedsupportfromRetrakThissmallsamplesizemeansthattheresultscannotreliablybegeneralisedTheuseofmostlyqualitativedatadoeshoweverprovidedeeperinsightintoquestionssuchaswhythefamilymadecertaindecisionsthanalargerquantitativesamplewouldprovide

ThesamplingofthefamilieswasbasedonconveniencesamplingbecauseoftimeandbudgetlimitationsThissamplingbasedoneaseofaccessexcludesfamilieslivinginmoreremoteareasandwhomayasaconsequenceexperiencedifferentchallengesFurthermorefamilieswereoftendifficulttocontactpriortotheinterviewandinmostcasesthechildwaseitheratschoolorworkandthereforeunabletoparticipateThisisthereforeaweaknessofthestudyastheiropinionwasnotalwaysincluded

AlthoughRetrakcurrentlyusesanIGAassessmenttheassessmentusedinthestudywasadaptedbasedonliteraturetoincludequestionsaboutcapacityeconomicshocksandthelocalmarketThisIGAassessmentwasalsopilotedwhichmeantthatsomeofthesocialworkerstranslatedthequestionsdifferentlyalthoughtheresearcherwaspresentwhentheassessmentwasconductedandthereforeabletoidentifymostmistranslationsTheIGAassessmentalsoaskedretrospectivequestionsItispossiblethatparticipantsdidnotrememberalloftheinformationbeingaskedaccuratelyThisisthereforeapotentiallimitationofthestudy

AsthetranslationwasconductedbysocialworkersfromRetrakthereisariskoftranslatorbiasThetranslatorsmayhaveaddedtheirknowledgeofthesituationtothetranslationbeyondwhatthefamilysaid

10

11Marcus R amp E Page (2014) Economic strengtheningactivities in child protection interventions anadapted systematic review ODI-Oak Foundation

12 Save the Children(2012) What cash transferprogramming can do to protect children fromviolence abuse and exploitation Review andrecommendations London Save the Children

13 LIFT (2012) Economic strengthening for orphansand vulnerable children

14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11

AlthoughthereisnosubstantialresearchexaminingtheimpactofeconomicstrengtheningonthereintegrationofchildrenfromthestreetsmultiplestudieshaveexaminedtheimpacteconomicstrengtheninghashadonOrphansandVulnerableChildren(OVC)includingpeoplelivingwithHIVAIDS(PLWHA)andchildsoldiersAlltheseprogrammesbeginfromthepremisethatpovertyisabarriertochildprotectionandwellbeing11 whichEShasthepotentialtoaddress12

Thisliteraturereviewfocusesonthreeeconomicstrengtheninginterventionscashtransferstrainingandmicro-financeThesewerefoundtobethemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmentionedinliteraturewithintheOVCcontextIncombinationtheyalsoareappropriateinterventionsforfamiliesexperiencingdifferentlevelsofpovertyInadditionthechallengeofstigmatheuseofthegraduationmodelasatheoreticalbasisandassessmentsofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswereallsignificantthemesintheliteraturereviewedThefindingsintheliteraturerelatingtotheseinterventionsandthemesarediscussedbelowalongwithhowtheyrelatetoRetrakEthiopiarsquoscurrentreintegrationpractice

31 Graduation model as a framework

ThegraduationmodelattemptstoexplainthedifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmaybeexperiencingandappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforeachInoneversionofthemodelhouseholdneedsaredividedintothreestagesprovisionprotectionandpromotion13AttheprovisionstagehouseholdsareunabletomeettheirbasicneedsonaregularbasisandneedconsumptionsupportbeforetheyareabletobeginsavingorinvestingHouseholdsattheprotectionstageareabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksSuchfamiliesneedassistancetoprepareforeconomicshocksandincreaseincometomatchexpenditurethismaybethroughinterventionssuchassavingsgroupsorvocationaltrainingHouseholdsatthepromotionstageareabletomeetalloftheirbasicneedsandareeconomicallystablebutneedassistancetohelpincreasetheirincometoimprovetheirwelfarefurtherThisassistancemayincludeinterventionssuchasaccesstomicro-financeorvocationaltraining

3 Findings from literature review

Household livelihoodphase

Economic strengtheningstrategy

Types of interventions Anticipated outcome

Familiespreparedtogrow

PROMOTION VocationaltrainingIGAsmicrocredit

Growincomeandexpenses

Familiesstrugglingtomakeendsmeet

PROTECTION Foodgardenssavinggroups

Matchincometoexpenses

Familiesindestitution PROVISION Socialgrantshousehold foodsupport

Meetbasicneeds

Table 2 Graduation model 14


ItisvitaltoensurethathouseholdswithOVCsquicklymoveawayfromdestitutionasthisposesarisktothechildasthehouseholdismorelikelytoengageindangerousbehaviourssuchastransactionalsex15WithintheOVCorstreetchildcontextthegraduationmodelcanthereforealsogiveanindicationofchildrenprotectionriskasaresultofthefamilyrsquoseconomicsituationifforexamplethefamilyisunabletomeettheirmostbasicneeds

32 Cash transfers

Cashtransfersarenotacommoninterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammesandthosethatdoexisthavehadlittlerobustevaluation16ThechildprotectionprogrammesincludedinthestudyencompasspreventativeandresponsiveprogrammesdealingwiththeabuseexploitationorinadequatecareofchildrenAlthoughcashtransferscanhelpfamiliesatthelsquoprovisionrsquostageofthegraduationmodelwithoutprogressingtolaterinterventionsthereislittleevidencethatcashtransfersaloneleadtosustainableincomegeneration17

OneofthebiggestconsiderationsofcashtransfersiswhetherthecashisgivenwithorwithoutconditionsSeveralstudieshavehighlightedthepositiveimpactbothconditionalandunconditionalcashtransferscanhaveonschoolattendanceofoftenexcludedgroupssuchasgirls18Thishighlightsthatalthoughcashtransferprogrammesshouldconsideriftheiraimsarecurrentlyrestrictedbysocialoreconomicfactors19conditionalityhasthepotentialtoenablecashtransferstotargetsocialbehavioursThecostofenforcingconditionscanbesignificantbutconditionscouldbemonitoredbyteachersorothercommunityworkers20

33 Training

Vocationaltrainingisthemostcommoneconomicstrengtheninginterventionwithinchildprotectionprogrammes21Mostaretargetedatthechildrenthemselvesratherthancaregiversdespiteitbeingoverallhouseholdpovertythatisastrongpushfactorforchildrenengaginginriskybehaviours22

Vocationaltrainingshouldbeofferedtofamilieswhoareabletogrowtheirbusinessesandwhoarethereforealreadyabletomeettheirbasicneeds23SuchtrainingmaybeofferedthroughformaltrainingfacilitiesprovidingofficialaccreditationsuchasTechnicalandVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)orthroughmobiletrainingprogrammes24MobiletrainingmaybeamoreappropriateoptionthanTVETforhouseholdswhicharegeographicallyspreadout25Follow-upisalsolikelytobeneededtohelpgraduatesfindemploymentandtoovercomeotherconstraintssuchasalackofaccesstocapital26Itisessentialthatthetrainingofferedisalignedwithamarketanalysistoincreasethelikelihoodofthetrainingleadingtoincomegeneration27

34 Microfinance

Savings-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforhouseholdsatthelsquoprotectionrsquophaseofthegraduationmodelandcredit-ledmicro-financeismostsuitableforthosereadyforlsquopromotionrsquo28Iftherearelargegeographicaldistancesbetweenreintegratedhouseholdsitmaybemoreappropriateforpartnershipstobecreatedsomicro-financecanbeimplementedbyorganisationswhohavemoreexperienceandexpertiseinthisfieldandwhomaybegeographicallycloser29

15 CPC Learning Network (2013) Children andEconomic Strengthening Programs MaximisingBenefits and Minimising Harm Child Protection inCrisis Network FHI360 amp Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission

16 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit17 Ibid18 Akresh R D De Walque amp H Kazianga (2013) Cashtransfers and child schooling evidence from arandomized evaluation of the role of conditionalityWashington DC World Bank Adato M amp L Bassett(2012) Social protection and cash transfers tostrengthen families affected by HIV and AIDSWashington DC International Food Policy ResearchInstitute Ward P Hurrell A Visram A

Riemenschneider N Pellerano L OrsquoBrien CMacAuslan amp J Willis (2010) Cash TransferProgramme for Orphans and Vulnerable ChildrenKenya Operational and impact evaluation 2007-2009 Final Report Oxford Policy Management

19 CPC Learning Network (2012) op cit20 Ibid21 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit22 Ibid23 LIFT (2012) op cit24 Chaffin J (2011) The impacts of economicstrengthening programs on children CPCLearning Network

25 Ibid26 Ibid27 Ibid Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit28 James-Wilson D Torres V van Bastelaer TYamba B Parrott L Brand M amp B Fowler (2008)Economic strengthening for vulnerable childrenPrinciples of program design and technicalrecommendations for effective fieldinterventions United States Agency forInternational Development LIFT (2012) op cit

29 Chaffin J (2011) op cit James-Wilson et al (2008)op cit

12

13

Astudyexaminingtheimpactofmicro-financeonOVCsandtheircaregiversinEthiopiafoundthatOVCfamilieswereoftenexcludedbecausetheywereperceivedtobetoopoortoparticipate30UptakeamongstOVChouseholdswashigherwhenNGOstaffsupportingthefamiliesinotherwaysworkedwiththemicro-financeprovidertoprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthehousehold31Similarlyseveralstudieshavefoundthatsocialcohesionamongstwomeninsavingsandloansgroupshasstrongpositiveimpactsontheirdecisionmakingpowerandtheirchildrenrsquoseducationandwell-being32Thegroupelementofmicro-financethereforeseemstobeanobstacleforOVCcaregiversinitiallyjoiningbutthesocialcohesionitprovidesisbeneficialtoboththecaregiverandtheOVC

35 Targeting and stigma

NumerousstudieshavefoundthatselectinghouseholdsforeconomicstrengtheningprogrammesbasedontheirstatusinregardtoHIVAIDSorasOVCorchildsoldierscanleadtostigmawithinthecommunity33AUNICEFreportconcludedthatchildsoldiersshouldnotbeprovidedwithcashtransfersbecauseitisagainstachildrsquoshumanrightstoberecruitedasasoldier34ItisimportantthateconomicstrengtheningprogrammesarenotseentorewardthevulnerablestatusofchildrenSpecificallywithinthereintegrationofchildrenitisimportantthataccesstoeconomicstrengtheningdoesnotbecomethesolefactorinhouseholdschoosingtocareforchildrenasthismaylimitreintegrationandwellbeing35

36 Assessments

Currentlyliteraturerecommendstwotypesofassessmentswithineconomicstrengtheningprogrammestohelpinformprogrammedevelopmentafamilybaselineassessmentwhichcanthenberepeatedandusedasanevaluationtoolandamarketanalysis36

InitialassessmentscanbeusedasabaselinebutcanalsobeusedtodetermineappropriateeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsforahouseholdAlthoughmultiplestudiesandNGOshaveacknowledgedtherelevanceofthegraduationmodelthereiscurrentlynostandardisedassessmentwhichcanbeusedinconjunctionwithittodeterminethelevelofhouseholdpovertyFurthermorethereareveryfewassessmentswhichtakeintoaccountvulnerablechildrenForexampleboththeGrameenFoundationandLandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopmenthaverecommendedassessmentsorapproachestocreatingcontextspecificassessmentshoweverneithertakeintoaccountthesituationofOVC37

Theliteraturealsorecommendsthatamarketanalysisisconductedatthebeginningofaneconomicstrengtheningprogrammesothatopportunitiesforhouseholdstocreatesuccessfulbusinessescanbeidentified38ThiscanbeaparticularchallengefororganisationsworkingwithOVCsastheyoftenlackexpertiseinthisareaandthereforemakedecisionsbasedontheirlimitedknowledgeofeconomicstrengtheninginterventions39Manymarketanalysistoolsrequireextensiveresourceandtimeallocationtoconductobservationsfocusgroupsandstakeholdermeetings40

30 Bahng GB (2009) Collaborating to providemicrofinance to caregivers of orphans andvulnerable children in Ethiopia (Doctoraldissertation University of Southern California)

31 Ibid32 Holvoet N (2004) lsquoImpact of Microfinance Programson Childrens Education Do the Gender of theBorrower and the Delivery Model Matterrsquo Journalof MicrofinanceESR Review 6(2) pp27-50 SwartsB Bukuluki P Mwangi G amp JR Wanyama (2010)Evaluation of economic strengthening for OVCUsing the WORTH model in Uganda Seep Network

33Wolfe J (2009) Household economic strengtheningin Tanzania Technical guidance for PEPFAR IIprogramming Microlinks Kibombo R amp S Kayabwe

(2009) An assessment of economic strengtheninginterventions for orphans and other vulnerablechildren in Uganda Development Research andSocial Policy Analysis Center CPC LearningNetwork (2013) op cit

34 Jaspars S P Harvey C Hudspeth L Rumble amp DChristensen (2007) A Review of UNICEFrsquos Role inCash Transfers to Emergency-Affected PopulationsUnited Nations Childrenrsquos Fund Office of EmergencyProgrammes

35 Ibid36 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit Miehlbradt Aamp L Jones (2007) Market research for value chaininitiatives Information into action A toolkit seriesfor market development practitioners Mennonite

Economic Development Associates WomenrsquosRefugee Commission (2008) Market assessmenttoolkit for vocational training providers and youthLinking vocational training programmes to marketopportunities

37 Grameen Foundation (2011) Targeting the poorestA solutions for the poorest use case ConsultativeGroup to Assist the Poor Land OrsquoLakes InternationalDevelopment (2014) Economic strengthening toolkit

38 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit39 Chaffin (2011) op cit40Miehlbradt amp Jones (2007) op cit Womenrsquos RefugeeCommission (2008) op cit


41 Familiesrsquo characteristics

ThefamilieswhowereinterviewedforthisresearchprojectwereindifferentlocationstwoinOromiathreeinSNNPRandtwoinAmharaOfthesevenfamiliesfourareheadedbysingleparentsandthree

havebothparentslivingtogetherAllthefamiliesarelivinginruralareasandengagedinsmall-scalebusinessesoftenlinkedtopettytradeorlocalagricultureFormoreinformationseeAnnex1

4 Findings from beneficiary andstaff interviews and assessments

14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara

Southern NationsNationalities and Peoples

Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15

42 Use of IGA grants

TheresearchfindingsshowthatthefamiliesofchildrenwhohadscoredloweronthechildwellbeingassessmentatreintegrationwerelesslikelytoinvesttheirgrantinbusinessSpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthcarescoresonthewellbeingassessmentwereworseforfamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantAlthoughmanyfamiliesreportedillnessthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantsaidthattheyhadinsteadspentthemoneyonhealthcarecostsThesefamiliesalsoreportedlittleornoimprovementinthechildwellbeingassessmentaftertheIGAgranthadbeengivenwhereasallotherchildrenhadmadesomeimprovements

TheinterviewswithfamiliesshowthatthosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesfeltdifferentlyaboutthegrantrsquosimpactfromthosewhohadnotThosewhohadinvestedtheirgrantsinbusinessesreportedamostlypositiveimpactontheirhouseholdThosewhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantreportedaneutralimpactAlthoughallfamiliessaidtheywereunabletosavebeforethegrantwasgiventhosewhohadinvestedtheirloansinbusinesseswerenowallabletosavewhilstthosewhohadspenttheirloaninotherswayswerenot

ThefamilyinMekitworedawastheonlyfamilyincludedinthestudywhoreportedthattheywereabletomeettheirbasicneedsanddidnotexperiencecapacityproblemsoreconomicshocksbeforetheIGAgrantwasgivenNoneofthefamiliesfeltthatwomenworkingfortheirbusinesseshadanegativeimpactonthecommunityperceptionofthesewomen

ThreesocialworkersandthemonitoringandevaluationmanagerfromRetrakwereaskedabouttheIGAgrantsandwhattheyfeelareitsstrengthsandweaknessesWhenaskedabouttheweaknessesoftheIGAgrantallofthesocialworkerssaidtheythoughtthatthegrantneededtobehigherAllofthestaffacknowledgedthatnotallofthefamiliesusetheloanforitsintendedpurposeNoneofthefamiliesinterviewedsaidthattheyfeltthegrantshouldbehigherItcouldbethattheydidnrsquotfeelcomfortabletodiscussthisorthatthesocialworkerswhoarelivinginAddisAbabahadadifferentviewofcostings


43 Social exclusion

Socialexclusionwasnotdirectlyaddressedbythesemi-structuredinterviewswithfamiliesalthoughthreeoutofthesevenfamiliesmentionedthattheyhadfeltexcludedfromthelocalcommunityThiswasbecausetheywereunabletoparticipateincommunityeventsasexpectedbecausetheydidnothavethemoneytodosoSincefamiliesmentionedissuesrelatedtosocialexclusionunprompteditsuggeststhatthiswasanimportantissueforthefamilies

44 Childrenrsquos participation

AllbutonefamilysaidwhytheythoughttheirchildhadstayedathomeOnefamilydidnotsayandwasnotaskedasthesocialworkerdidnotthinkitwasappropriateThefamiliesandchildreninterviewedsaidthereintegratedchildhadremainedathomeforfourmainreasonsThesewereachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviouradecreaseinpovertybecausehouseholdconflicthadstoppedorinordertocareforthecaregiverThemostcommonreasonwasachangeinthechildrsquosbehaviourwhichwasgivenbythreefamiliesfollowedbyareductioninpovertywhichwasmentionedbytwofamilies

IntheinterviewstwoofthefamiliesalsomentionedthattheythoughtthepaidworkthatthereintegratedchildwasdoinghadcontributedtothemstayingathomeThiswasbecausethechildrsquosworkeitherkeptthemawayfromnegativepeerpressureorbecauseitcontributedtoareductioninhouseholdpoverty

TwostaffmemberssaidthattheythoughtaweaknesswasthattheIGAgrantcouldencouragethechildoranotherchildtogotothestreetinordertoobtainanothergrant

16

17

41 LIFT (2012) op cit42 Grameen Foundation (2011) op cit43 Marcus amp Page (2014) op cit

44 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit45 Save the Children (2007) Interagency guidelinesfor developing reintegration programmes- For

children affected by armed conflict based on an experience in West Africa PractitionersSummary

51 Using the graduation model

ThegraduationmodelexplainsdifferentlevelsofpovertythathouseholdsmayexperienceandappropriateinterventionsforeachThemodelprovidesthreedifferentbroadcategoriesforhouseholdneedsprovisionprotectionandpromotionasshownintable2onpage1141RetrakEthiopiarsquoseconomicstrengtheninginterventionswithinthereintegrationprocessarenotcurrentlybasedonanytheoreticalmodelThegraduationmodelwouldprovideaclearframeworkforchoosinganappropriateinventionTheIGAgrantthatRetrakEthiopiacurrentlygivesfallswithinthepromotioncategoryHouseholdsinthiscategoryarethoughttobereadytoinvestinbusinessesandthereforeaccordingtothegraduationmodeltheyshouldbeabletomeettheirbasicneedsandwithstandshocksYetthisresearchhasrevealedthatnotallfamiliesareinthepromotioncategorywhengivenanIGAgrantbyRetrakEthiopia

511 Most at risk families

Childwellbeingdatacollectedatthetimeofreintegrationshowstwochildrentobemostlyatrisk(scoring1or2)whichrequiresaninterventionaccordingtoRetrakrsquosSOPssincetheyareunabletoadequatelymeetbasicneedssuchasfoodandshelterThegraduationmodelsuggeststhatsuchfamiliesarenotabletoinvestintheirbusinessesuntiltheyareeconomicallystableandfirstrequireprovisioninterventionssuchascashstipendsorfoodtransfers42Supportingthistheresearchfoundthatthefamiliesofthechildrenwiththelowestwellbeingwereunabletoinvestintheirbusinessesandinsteadspentthemoneyonmeetingimmediatemedicalneeds

SpecificallythefoodshelterandhealthdomainsincludedinthechildwellbeingassessmentsappeartogiveanindicationofwhetherafamilywillbeabletouseanIGAgrantforitsintendedpurposeThisislikelytobebecausethesefactorsallrequireeconomic

inputstoimprovewhichthemostimpoverishedhouseholdswilllackTheIGAgrantwasusedaslsquoprovisionrsquosupportbythesefamiliesEvidencesuggestsfamiliesinthissituationwillnotbeabletocreatesustainablelivelihoodswithoutfurtherinterventions43Thisresearchfoundthatthesefamiliesfeltnolong-termimpactoftheIGAandhadnotbeenabletobeginsavingTheseresultsalsosuggestthatthechildwellbeingassessmentsusedbyRetrakmayprovideahelpfulindicationofwhetherthehouseholdislikelytobeabletousethegrantforitsintendedpurposebeforeitisgiven

WithinthereintegrationcontextfamilieswhoareinneedoflsquoprovisionrsquointerventionsshouldbehelpedtomeettheirbasicneedsasquicklyaspossibleandchildprotectionshouldbeconsideredThisisbecausedestitutionincreasesthechanceofthehouseholdengaginginriskybehaviourssuchaschildlabourortransactionalsex44Indeedoneofthechildrenfromthefamilieswhohadnotinvestedtheirgrantssaidhehadstayedathometocareforhismotherwhowassick

MostofthefamiliesinterviewedmentionedthatatleastonecaregiverwasexperiencinghealthproblemswhichaffectedtheirabilitytoworkAlthoughmostofthesefamiliesacknowledgedthatthishadimpactedontheirlivelihoodthetwopooresthouseholdshadbeenleastabletocopewithhealthproblemsandspenttheirIGAgrantonmeetinghealthcarecostsThissuggeststhathealthproblemsamongstthepooresthouseholdsstronglyaffecttheirabilitytoinvestagrantSupportingthisSavetheChildrenfoundthatwithinthereintegrationofchildsoldiersitwasvitaltoaddresshealthandeducationbarriersbeforeeconomicstrengtheningprogrammescouldbeeffective45

ItisespeciallyimportantthatlsquoprovisionrsquoneedsaremettoensurechildrenareprotectedFamilieswhoaredestitutecouldbeprovidedwithbothlsquoprovisionrsquoandlsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsatthesametimeto

5 Discussion


encouragesustainableeconomicchangeanddecreasethecosttotheNGO 46ItisvitalthatNGOssuchasRetrakEthiopiadevelopeconomicstrengtheninginterventionswhichcantargetfamiliesatdifferentstagesofthegraduationmodelespeciallythoseinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquotoensurethatchildrenarenotleftinharmfulsituations

512 Struggling families

Familiesofchildrenwhorecordedscoresofmostly3or4inthechildwellbeingassessmentsarenotconsideredtobeatriskbutgiventhepreviousseparationofachildtheycanbeconsideredtobestrugglingandinneedofsupportThesefamiliesalsoreportedexperiencingeconomicshocksinthetwelvemonthsbeforereintegrationAlthoughthechildwellbeingassessmentscoreswerehigherthesocialworkersreportedthatallapartfromoneofthesefamilieswereunabletomeetalltheirbasicneedsatreintegrationsuggestingtherewerestillsomelsquoprovisionrsquoconcernsAccordingtothegraduationmodelthesefamiliesthereforefallwithinthelsquoprotectionrsquocategoryastheyareabletomeettheirmostoftheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutarevulnerabletoeconomicshocksmeaningthattheycouldbepushedbacktowardsdestitution

DespitethisallofthesefamiliesreportedspendingtheentireIGAgrantontheirbusinessesandexperiencedanincreaseinhouseholdincomeandimprovementinwellbeingasaresultThereforethissuggeststhattheIGAgrantandtrainingwasabletohelphouseholdstoprotectaswellastogrowtheirlivelihoodsAlthoughtheRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersinterviewedfeltthattheIGAgrantsshouldbebiggernoneofthefamiliesthemselvesmentionedthisandthepositiveoutcomesreportedsuggestthatagrantof1000-1500birrisenoughforthefamiliestoimprovetheirincomegeneratingbusinesses

Savingsareanimportantindicationofhouseholdsmeetingprotectionneedsassavingsincreaseresiliencetoeconomicshocks(CGAP20114)AllofthehouseholdsinneedoflsquoprotectionrsquointerventionsapartfromonewhohadrecentlybuiltanewhomereportedthattheywerenowabletosavewhichnonehadpreviouslybeenabletodoTheseresultsthereforesuggestthattheIGAgrantwasabletohelpfamiliesbecomeeconomicallystablewhohadpreviouslybeenabletomeettheirbasicneedsmostofthetimebutwerestillvulnerabletoeconomicshocksAlthoughonlyasmallsamplethissuggeststhatprovidingcashtofamilieswhoarenotyeteconomicallystablecanhelpthemtocreateorgrowsuccessfulbusinesses

OnepossibleexplanationforwhythesehouseholdsinvestedtheIGAinbusinessisthattheexplanationandtraininggivenbysocialworkersabouthowthegrantshouldbespenthaddiscouragedspendingonbasicneedsThisexplanationissupportedbytwostudiesinBurkinaFasoandTurkeywhichfoundthatconditionalratherthannon-conditionalcashtransfersweremorelikelytoincreaseschoolattendanceamongstmarginalisedchildrenincludinggirls47ThisshowsthatconditionalitycanhaveastrongimpactonhowcashtransfersarespentevenifthischallengescommunitynormsBothofthesestudieshoweverincludedcashtransfersprogrammesthatconsistedofregulartransfersthereforeincreasingtheincentivetoensurethatconditionsweremetsothatthenexttransferwouldbereceivedThetraininggivenbyRetrakEthiopiasocialworkersisnotaconditionofreceivingthegrantinthesamewaythatchildeducationwasintheprogrammesincludedinthestudiesItthereforewouldbesurprisingthatrecipientsofone-offgrantswouldalsofeelsuchastrongincentivetospendthegrantonbusinessevenifbasicneedswerenotbeingmet

46 CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit 47 Adato amp Bassett (2012) op cit Akresh et al(2013)op cit

18

52 Community exclusion

ThreefamiliesmentionedthattheywereorhadbeenunabletoparticipateincommunityactivitiesasstipulatedbysocialnormsandexpectationsFamiliesmentionedsocialcustomssuchasgivinggiftsataweddingbuyinggiftsfortheirchildrenduringaholidayortakingfoodtosomeonefromthecommunitywhoisinprisonTheyreportedbeingexcludedfromthesebecausetheycouldnotaffordtoorbecauseofstigmaassociatedwiththeparentrsquosjobstatusOnehouseholdcommentedthatthisexclusionleadtothemfeelingashamedandunequalHoweversubsequentlytheIGAgranthadenabledthemtostartabusinessandthemotherhadbeenabletojoinasavingsandloansgroupThefathernotedthesignificanceofthisforthehouseholdsayingthatlsquoifshe[hiswife]doesnotassociatewiththatgroupsheisignoredandisathomeNobodyknowswhosheisrsquoThesefindingsaresimilartothoseofBahng48 whofoundthatOVCcaregiversinEthiopiawereoftenexcludedfrommicro-financegroupsbecausetheywereperceivedbyotherstobetoopoortojoindespitethosewhodidjoinbecomingsuccessfulmembers

Unlikethefindingsofotherstudies49noneofthefamiliesmentionedthattheyhadexperiencedstigmaorcommunityexclusionasaresultofthestatusoftheirchildashavinglivedonthestreetsInsteadthreefamiliesreportedthattheyfeltexcludedfromthecommunityorfromparticipatinginsocialnormsbecauseoftheireconomicstatus

BahngrsquosstudyalsofoundthatiftheNGOworkingwiththefamilieswasabletoworkwiththemicro-financeprovidertheycouldprovidesocialcollateralonbehalfofthefamilyenablingthemtojointhegroup50NGOsworkingwithstreetchildrencouldthereforeprovidethislinktofamilieswhorequirelsquoprotectionrsquoorlsquopromotionrsquointerventionsandthereforeofferthemasafeplacetosaveborrowandfeelpartofthelocalcommunity

CommunityinclusionorexclusionalsoimpactsonRetrakrsquosfamilystrengtheningandchildprotectiongoalsOnesocialworkernotedthatachildwhosemotherisabeggarwasteasedbyotherchildrenbecauseofhismotherrsquosstatusandthisimpactednegativelyontheboyrsquosself-esteemItisthereforeimportantthatsocialexclusionisacknowledgedasanimportantfactorinthereintegrationprocessandeconomicstatuscanformanimportantpartofthis

AlthoughsocialnormsandexpectationswereconsideredimportantbyintervieweesexclusionfromthemdidnotmeanthathouseholdswereexcludedfromreceivinghelpfromthelocalcommunityOnemothersaidthatherneighboursweregoingtoholdafundraisingeventforherbecausetheylsquounderstoodmy[health]problemandasmypainissobadrsquoAnothersaidthatdespitebeingexcludedbecausesheisabeggarherhusbandhadbelongedtoalocalfuneralinsurancegroup[idir]meaningthatwhenhediedothermemberspaidthecostsofimprovingherhouseThereforealthoughsomeparentsperceivedthemselvestobesociallyexcludedfurtherresearchneedstobeconductedtoassessifthisisaperceptionsharedbythewidercommunityTheresearchdoeshoweversuggestthattheperceptionheldbythefamiliesinterviewedimpactednegativelyontheparentsrsquowellbeingandinsomecasesonthewellbeingofthechild

53 Childrenrsquos participation in economicstrengthening

ThechildrenandfamiliesinterviewedgavefourmainreasonsforthechildremainingathomeThesewereachangeinthebehaviourofthechilddecreaseinpovertyreductioninfamilyconflictortocarefortheircaregiver

SpecificallytwofamiliesnotedthattheworktheirchildrenwereengagedinhadcontributedtothemstayingathomeBothchildrenwereengagedinpaid

48Bahng (2009) op cit 49Wolfe (2009) op cit Kibombo amp Kayabwe (2009) opcit CPC Learning Network (2013) op cit

50Bahng (2009) op cit

19


workoutsideofthehomesuchashelpingotherscollectwaterfromthelocalwatertaporsellingclothesatthemarketTheConventionontheWorstFormsofChildLabourincludeslaveryprostitutionillegalworkorworkthatislikelytoharmthechildphysicallyortheirmorals51Theworkthatthesechildrenwereengagedinwasnotthereforetheworstformsofchildlabourbutitcouldbeworkthatinterfereswiththeireducation

Onefamilycommentedthatthelsquoworkmakeshim[theboy]settledandstaywithusFromthesmallbusinessIaddmyownmoneyandwhateverheasksIamabletofulfilrsquoItiswidelyrecognisedinthestreetchildsectorthatastrongpushfactorforchildrenmovingtothestreetisthebeliefthattheywillearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamilies52AnotherfamilynotedthatthebusinesstheboyhadbegunmeantthathespendslsquomostofhistimeatthemarketsohehasnotimetospendwithfriendswhoarebadinfluencesrsquoAlthoughthisboydidnotleavehomebecauseofeconomicproblemstheprovisionoftheIGAgrantseemstohavehelpedhimchangebehavioursthatwerepartofwhatcausedhimtomovetothestreetOnestudynotedthatchildrenonthestreetsoftenwantmorecontrolovertheirlivesandthiscanbemanifestedintheirdesiretoearnanincome53Thereforeitisimportantthatpractitionersconsider

therolesomechildrenmaywanttohaveinhelpingtheirfamiliesearnasustainableincomeChildrenshouldnotbeseenaspassiveactorsbutcanbeactiveparticipantswhooftendesireindependencebutlackempowerment54RecognisingthisOPRIFSwhoworkwithgirlsinEthiopiagivegrantsonreintegrationaportionofwhichisintendedtobeusedjusttomeetthegirlsrsquoneeds(OPRIFS)ThisisbecauseOPRIFSrecognisesthatchildrenonthestreetoftendesireindependenceandthereforeitisimportanttohelpprovidethemwithanincomewhichtheycancontrolwhentheyreturnhomeConsequentlytheprovisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsmaybeespeciallyimportanttothereintegrationofsomechildrenbothtoreducehouseholdpovertyandtoempowerchildrenandyoungpeople

54 Targeting economic strengtheningsupport

ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeSavetheChildrenfoundaidingonlychildrenwhohadalreadybeenstigmatisedfortheirroleinwarledtoperceptionsthattheywerebeingrewardedfortheirinvolvementandconsequentlywereexcludedbytheircommunity55Inthecaseofchildrenreturning

51 ILO (nd) Worst forms of child labourInternational Labour Organisation UNICEF (nd)Fact sheet A summary of the rights under theConvention on the Rights of the Child UnitedNations International Childrenrsquos Fund

52 Dybicz (2005) op cit Wakia J (2015) Making theInvisible Visible An Enumeration of Children onthe Streets of Malawi Retrak Manchester

53 Hewitt T amp I Smyth (2013) Street lives and familylives in Brazil In Culture and Global Change NewYork USA Routledge

54 Thomas de Benitez S amp T Hiddleston (2011)Research paper on the promotion and protectionof the rights of children working andor living onthe street OHCHR Consortium for Street Children

55 Save the Children (2007) op cit

20

fromthestreetsthisisexacerbatedbecausesomanymovetothestreetstotryandearnanincomeandtheythenappeartoreturnhomewiththatincomeintheformofagrantOnefamilycommentedthattheygavetheirsonsomeoftheIGAgranttostartabusinesslsquobecausethemoneywasgiventousbecauseofhimgoingtoRetrakrsquoARetrakstaffmemberacknowledgedinaninterviewthatthisisaproblemandcanleadtootherchildrenjoiningthestreetsorthesamechildreturningtojoinanotherorganisationinordertoreceiveagrant

ConsequentlysomeNGOsinvolvedinreintegrationprogrammeshavedecidedtotargetthewidercommunitybeyondthesinglechild56 althoughthisincreasesthecostofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsHolisticcommunity-wideeconomicstrengtheningsupportcanbeprovidedbyensuringthatthemostvulnerablechildreninacommunityaretargetedregardlessofwhethertheyhavebeenreintegrated57Charitiesshouldadoptamulti-sectoralapproachandworkwithalllevelsofthefamilylocalcommunitygovernmentandinternationaleconomicfactors58Provisionofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsshouldnotbeunderstoodasanexitfromareintegrationprogrammebutinsteadasongoingsupportwhichisrequireduntilafamilyandcommunitycansupportthemselves59

55 Business training

JustoverhalfofthefamiliesmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheyhadreceivedfromRetrakEthiopiaThisisprovidedtoallfamilieswhoreceiveIGAgrantsandtoolderchildrenindrop-incentreprogrammesThecontentandextentoftrainingforfamiliesvariesbetweensocialworkersandthesituationatreintegrationOnecarercommentedthatthetraininglsquowasgreaterthanthemoneyrsquoasithadhelpedherthinkabouthowtoexpandherexistingbusinessandshehadconsequentlysavedmorethanthevalueof

thegrantThetwofamilieswhospokemostabouttheimpactofthetraininghadreceivedafull-daybusinesstrainingcourseorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiaintheirtownItispossiblethatfortheotherfamiliestheshorttraininggivenatplacementandtheheightenedemotionsatthattimemeantthatthetraininghadnotimpactedthemasmuch

SimilarlytheChristianChildrenrsquosFundfoundshorttwo-daytrainingprogrammesandfollow-uptobeaneffectiveinterventionforthereintegrationofwomenandchildrenwhohadbeeninvolvedwithfightingforcesinLiberia60Theydidhoweverfindthatitisparticularlyimportanttoadapttrainingprogrammesforagriculturalcommunitieswhomayhaveastrongpreferencetoworkwithinagricultureoralreadyhaverelevantknowledgeandassets61AlthoughRetrakEthiopiahadnotconductedamarketanalysisintheareaonemothercommentedthatlsquoweweretrainedaboutwhatbusinessesarereallyimportantforthiskindofenvironmentrsquoItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersthedifferentlocalmarketsiftheirwholedaytrainingprogrammesareexpandedtootherareas

GiventhedesireandabilitychildrenhavetoengagesuccessfullyinworkbusinesstrainingforthesechildrenshouldalsobeconsideredThisshouldbeaccompaniedbymeasurestoensurethatthisworkissafeforchildrenSuchmeasurescouldincludecontractswithemployersonworkinghoursandconditionsaswellaswidercommunityeducationonthedangersofchildwork62RetrakEthiopiaalreadyprovidesbusinesstrainingtosomeoftheolderchildrenwhilsttheyareatadrop-incentreHoweverneitherofthefamilieswhoreportedpositiveeconomicandbehaviouralchangesasaresultoftheirchildworkingmentionedthebusinesstrainingtheirchildhadreceivedwithintheRetrakEthiopiaprogrammeThisisanareawhichneedsmoreresearch

56 Jaspars et al (2007) op cit Save the Children(2007) op cit

57 Save the Children (2007) op cit58 Ibid

59 Christian Childrenrsquos Fund (2007) Revitalization ofwar affected communities and reintegration ofwomen and children associated with the fightingforces (RWAC) Final report United States Agencyfor International Development

60 Ibid61 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016

62 Malawi Ministry of Labour (2010) National ActionPlan on Child Labour from Malawi 2010-2016

21


61 Graduation model

ThisstudyhashighlightedthatIGAgrantsarenotsuitableforallofthefamiliesthatRetrakEthiopiaworkswithThepooresthouseholdsarelikelytospendthegrantonprovidingfortheirmostbasicneedswhichtheyfrequentlystruggletomeetThegraduationmodelmayprovideahelpfultheoreticalframeworkwhichRetrakEthiopiacouldusetostructuretheireconomicstrengtheninginterventionsThechildwellbeingassessmentsthatRetrakcurrentlyusescanaspartofawidercasemanagementsystemprovidehelpfulinformationonafamilyrsquosabilitytouseagranteffectivelyorwhetherotherinterventionsshouldbeconsideredHoweversincethechildwellbeingassessmentswerenotdesignedforthispurposeothertoolsshouldbesoughttocomplementthisassessmentandprovidefurtherclarity


ManychildrenmovetothestreetbecauseofpovertyandwanttoearnmoneytosendbacktotheirfamiliesItisimportantforsomechildrentobeabletoearnanincomewhentheyreturnhomeThismaybesothatthechildcontributestothehouseholdincomeortoempowerthemItisimportantthatRetrakEthiopiaconsidersitseconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfromarights-basedapproachunderstandingthatchildrenmustbeactiveparticipantsintheirreintegrationifitistobeasuccessConsiderationmustalsobegiventoanychildprotectionconcernsthatarisefromchildrenengaginginwork


ProvidingfamilieswithanIGAgrantbecausetheirchildhadbeenlivingonthestreetsrisksthemoneybeingseenasarewardorameansofearninganincomeRetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderwaysofminimisingthisriskincludingtargetingthewidercommunitybeyondthefamilyofasinglechild


CommunityinclusionisveryimportanttofamiliesandexclusionisoftenexperiencedbecausetheydonothavetheeconomiccapacitytoparticipateinsocialeventsasdictatedbynormsandcustomsThisexclusionmayaffectchildrenrsquoswellbeingiftheyalsofeelexcludedMotherswhohadjoinedasavingsandloansgroupthoughtthishadreducedtheirsocialexclusionbyreducingtheireconomicpovertybutalsobyincreasingtheirempowermentandinteractionwiththelocalcommunity


Full-daytrainingcoursesforfamiliesorganisedbyRetrakEthiopiahadthebiggestimpactandweremostvaluedProvidingthetrainingawayfromthehighlyemotionaltimeofachildrsquosreturnhomeandoverawholedayappearstoimprovethefamilyrsquosuseofthetrainingIfRetrakEthiopiawastoorganisemoretrainingdaysitwouldbeimportanttoconsiderthelocalmarketateachlocationandespeciallythedifferencesbetweenruralandurbanmarkets

6 Conclusion

22

BasedonthefindingsofthisstudythefollowingrecommendationsaremadeforconsiderationbyRetrakEthiopiaTheymayalsobeofusetootherpractitionersinvolvedineconomicstrengtheningwithinreintegrationprogrammes

bullGraduation model ItisrecommendedthatRetrakEthiopiaadoptthetheoreticalframeworkofthegraduationmodelThemodelrecognisestheneedtoprovidedifferenteconomicstrengtheninginterventionstodifferentfamiliesToolsshouldbeadoptedordevelopedtohelpidentifyfamilieswhoarelikelytobenefitfromanIGAgrantoranothermoreappropriateinterventionThismayincludethechildwellbeingassessmentsalreadyinusesincethehealthfoodandshelterdomainsinparticularcanbehelpfulinmakingdecisionsabouteconomicstrengtheninginterventionsArangeofinterventionsshouldbeonofferthiscouldincludeconsumptionsupporttothepoorestfamiliesalongsideanIGAgrant

bullEconomic strengthening support to wholecommunities RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderprovidingholisticcommunity-widesupportatreintegrationThiscouldreducetheriskofisolatingthereintegratedchildandtheirfamilyfurtherorencouragingotherchildreninthecommunitytogotothestreettoreceivesimilareconomicsupportItisimportantthatbarrierstosuccessfullivelihoodssuchashealthandeducationareaddressedtoensurethateverychildinthecommunityhastheirbasicneedsprovidedforEconomicstrengtheningshouldnotbeseenasafinalstageofreintegrationbutasnecessaryongoingsupportwhichshouldbecontinueduntilafamilyisabletosupportitself

bullSavings and loans groups RetrakEthiopiashouldconsiderlinkingthefamiliesitworkswithtosavingsandloansgroupsEthiopiahasoneofthefastestgrowingmicro-financesectorsintheworldincludingmanygovernmentrungroupswhichhaveafocusonreachingthepoorestandmostruralareas63ThesegroupswouldprovideasafeplaceforfamiliestosaveandalsoincreasetheirsenseofinclusionwithinthelocalcommunityLinkingfamilieswithmicro-financegroupsatplacementwhentheIGAgrantisgivenwouldprovidefamilieswithaplacetosavewhilsttheygrowtheirbusinessesThegraduationmodelrecognisessavingstobeanimportantsteptowardsfinancialstability

7 Recommendations

63 MFTransparency (2011) Promoting TransparentPricing in the Microfinance Industry CountrySurvey Ethiopia

23


bullBusiness training ThisstudyfoundanorganiseddayoftrainingtobemorebeneficialthantrainingconductedduringtheplacementofthechildRetrakEthiopiashouldthereforeconsiderorganisingbusinesstrainingcoursesintownswherethereareahighnumberoffamiliesclosebySuchcoursesshouldbeadaptedtothelocalmarketandespeciallyshouldconsiderthedifferencesbetweenagriculturalandnon-agriculturaleconomies

bullEconomic strengthening support to childrenRetrakEthiopiashouldcontinuetooffereconomicstrengtheningsupporttosomechildrendirectlyasthefindingsfromthisstudysuggestthismayhelpchildrentoremainathomeInadditionmoreresearchisneededtounderstandthebestwaystodothisappropriatelyandsafelyandhowthislinkstochildrenrsquossenseofreintegrationanddesiretoremainathome

bullSocial inclusion ThestudyshowedthatsomeofthefamilieswhojoinedsavingsandloansgroupsfeltthattheseimprovedtheirsenseofsocialinclusionandthatthishadpotentialbenefitsforchildrenremainingathomeFurtherresearchisneededtounderstandtheroleofsocialinclusiononchildrenandfamiliesinthereintegrationprocessand waystobuildthisinclusionsuchasmembershipofsavingsandloansgroups

24

Household Characteristics

Annex 1

25

CharacteristicsGerba

Guracha 1Gerba

Guracha 2Sodo 1 Sodo 2 Gununo Bahir Dar Mekit

Region Oromia Oromia SNNPR SNNPR SNNPR Amhara Amhara

Parents Singleparent Singleparent Singleparent Parentstogether

Parentstogether

Singleparent Parentstogether

Business Watercollection

Themotherisabeggar

SellsugarcanefruitcharcoalfirewoodandbakeinjeraThechildalsoworksinagarageandrearschickens

Bakeinjera Growcropsowncowsandsellhomemadealcohol

Sellcharcoalandvegetables

ThefamilyisengagedinsmallscalearablefarmingThechildownssomecowsandadonkeyaswellassometimessellingclothes

Siblings Oneyoungersister

Nosiblings Twoyoungersisters

Oneyoungersister

Unknown Oneyoungerbrother

Twoyoungerbrothersandoneyoungersister

Size ofIGA grant

1000ETB 1100ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB 1500ETB TwograntsΣ 2500ETB

Unknown

Grantspending

Healthcare Healthcare Business Business Business Business Business

Healthproblems

Motherhasproblemswithherfeetmeaningshecannotwork

Step-fatherrecentlydiedofTBandmothernowdisplayingsymptoms

None Fatherissick Fatherhashaemorrhoids

Motherhadathroattumour

None

Reasonchild left

Nonegiven Poverty Poverty Povertyandchildrsquosbehaviour

Poverty Conflictinthehome

Nonegiven

Reason childstayed afterreintegration

Tocareforthecaregiver

Nonegiven Decreaseinpoverty

Changeinchildrsquosbehaviour


Conflictstopped

Changeinchildrsquosbehaviouranddecreaseinpoverty


26

Household Characteristics continued


Guracha 1Gerba


Childworkingoutsidehousehold

Yes No Yes Unknown No Unknown Yes

Socialexclusion

Familymentionedfeelingsociallyexcluded

Notmentionedbyfamily






Othersupport

Community Community Micro-finance Micro-finance None Community None

Savingbefore IGAgrant

No No No No No No No

Savingnow

No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

Score 1=verybad2=bad3=fair4=goodDomains 1aFoodSecurity1bNutritionampGrowth2aShelter2bCare3aAbuseampExploitation3bLegalProtection4aWellness4bHealthCare5aEmotionalHealth5bSocialBehaviour6aEducationperformance6bEducationaccess

Placement

Research

27

Literature included in review

Thefollowingreferencesareforthepapersidentifiedaspartoftheliteraturereviewanddownloadlinkswhereavailable

AdatoMampLBassett(2012)SocialprotectionandcashtransferstostrengthenfamiliesaffectedbyHIVandAIDSWashingtonDCInternationalFoodPolicyResearchInstitutewwwifpriorgsitesdefaultfilespublicationsrr177pdf

AkreshRDeWalqueDampHKazianga(2013)CashtransfersandchildschoolingevidencefromarandomizedevaluationoftheroleofconditionalityWashingtonDCWorldBankURLwwwopenknowledgeworldbankcomhandle1098613127

BahngGB(2009)CollaboratingtoprovidemicrofinancetocaregiversoforphansandvulnerablechildreninEthiopia(DoctoraldissertationUniversityofSouthernCalifornia)

BarrientosAampJDeJong(2006)lsquoReducingchildpovertywithcashtransfersAsurethingrsquoDevelopmentPolicyReview24(5)pp537-552

ChaffinJ(2011)TheimpactsofeconomicstrengtheningprogramsonchildrenCPCLearningNetworkwwwcpcnetworkorgwp-contentuploads201404CPC-Economic-Strengthening-Evidence-Reviewpdf

CPCLearningNetwork(2013)ChildrenandeconomicstrengtheningprogramsMaximisingbenefitsandminimisingharmwwwgbvaornetwp-contentuploadssites3201309FIELD_CPC_ES_Child_Protection_v16_WEB_2pdf

ChristianChildrenrsquosFund(2007)Revitalizationofwaraffectedcommunitiesandreintegrationofwomenandchildrenassociatedwiththefightingforces(RWAC)Finalreportwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPdack461pdf

SavetheChildren(2012)WhatcashtransferprogrammingcandotoprotectchildrenfromviolenceabuseandexploitationReviewandrecommendationswwwreliefwebintsitesreliefwebintfilesresourcesDiscussion+paper+-+What+cash+transfer+programming+can+do+to+protect+childrenpdf

FiszbeinASchadyNRampFHFerreira(2009)ConditionalcashtransfersreducingpresentandfuturepovertyWorldBankPublications

GrameenFoundation(2011)TargetingthepoorestAsolutionsforthepoorestusecasewwwgraduationcgaporgwp-contentuploads201110Targeting-the-Poorest-A-Use-Case-FINALpdf

HolvoetN(2004)lsquoImpactofMicrofinanceProgramsonChildrensEducationDotheGenderoftheBorrowerandtheDeliveryModelMatterrsquoJournalofMicrofinanceESRReview6(2)pp27-50

Annex 2


28

James-WilsonDTorresVvanBastelaerTYambaBParrottLBrandMampBFowler(2008)EconomicstrengtheningforvulnerablechildrenPrinciplesofprogramdesignandtechnicalrecommendationsforeffectivefieldinterventionswwwchildprotectionwikischolarscolumbiaedufileviewUSAID_Economic+Strengthening+of+Vulnerable+Childrenpdf

JasparsSHarveyPHudspethCRumbleLampDChristensen(2007)AReviewofUNICEFrsquosRoleinCashTransferstoEmergency-AffectedPopulationsUnitedNationsChildrenrsquosFundOfficeofEmergencyProgrammes

KibomboRampSKayabwe(2009)AnassessmentofeconomicstrengtheninginterventionsfororphansandothervulnerablechildreninUgandawwwdraspacorgPublicationsPDFSAn20Assessment20of20Economic20Strengthening20Services20for20Orphans20and20Vulnerable20Children20in20Ugandapdf

LandOrsquoLakesInternationalDevelopment(2014)EconomicstrengtheningtoolkitwwwlandolakesorggetattachmentResourcesToolsEconomic-Strengthening-ToolkitEconomic-Strengthening-Toolkitpdfaspx

LIFT(2012)EconomicstrengtheningfororphansandvulnerablechildrenURLwwwtheliftprojectorgwp-contentuploads201303ES-and-OVCs-2pgpdf

MarcusRampEPage(2014)EconomicstrengtheningactivitiesinchildprotectioninterventionsanadaptedsystematicreviewODI-OakFoundationwwwodiorgsitesodiorgukfilesodi-assetspublications-opinion-files9310pdf

MiehlbradtAampLJones(2007)MarketresearchforvaluechaininitiativesInformationintoactionAtoolkitseriesformarketdevelopmentpractitionersMEDAwwwmedaorgimagesmedaPublicationsMarket_LinkagesMarket_Research_Toolkitpdfutm_source=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdfamputm_medium=domainamputm_campaign=Market_Research_Toolkit-pdf

PEPFAR(2012)Guidancefororphansandvulnerablechildrenprogrammingwwwpepfargovdocumentsorganization195702pdf

SlaterRampJFarrington(2009)LumpSumCashTransfersinDevelopmentalandPost-emergencyContextsHowWellHaveTheyPerformedCashTransfersSeriesLondonODI

SteneAChandaniTArurAPatsikaRampACarmona(2009)EconomicStrengtheningProgramsforHIVAIDSAffectedCommunitiesEvidenceofImpactandGoodPracticeGuidelinesBethesdaMDPrivateSectorPartnerships-OneprojectAbtAssociatesIncURLwwwpdfusaidgovpdf_docsPNADP184pdf

29

Any domain

SwartsBBukulukiPMwangiGampJRWanyama(2010)EvaluationofeconomicstrengtheningforOVCUsingtheWORTHmodelinUgandawwwseepnetworkorgfilebinpdfhamedEvaluation-of-Economic-Strengthening-for-OVC-in-Uganda-April-2010-UPDATED-VERSION-1pdf

WardPHurrellAVisramARiemenschneiderNPelleranoLOrsquoBrienCMacAuslanampJWillis(2010)CashTransferProgrammeforOrphansandVulnerableChildrenOperationalandimpactevaluationOxfordPolicyManagementwwwuniceforgevaluationfilesOPM_CT-OVC_evaluation_report_july2010-final_Kenya_2010-019pdf

WolfeJ(2009)HouseholdeconomicstrengtheninginTanzaniaTechnicalguidanceforPEPFARIIprogrammingwwwmicrolinksorgsitesdefaultfilesgcontentadminfileshousehold-economic-strengthening-tanzaniapdf

WomenrsquosRefugeeCommission(2008)MarketassessmenttoolkitforvocationaltrainingprovidersandyouthLinkingvocationaltrainingprogrammestomarketopportunitieswwwwomensrefugeecommissionorgimageszdocsMarket_Assessment_Toolkit_rev_2013pdf

WakiaJ(2010)WhychildrenareonthestreetsManchesterRetrak(internaldocument)


29

RetrakMetropolitanHouse StationRoadCheadleHulmeCheshire SK87AZUKTelephone +44(0)1614856685Email mailboxretrakorgWebwwwretrakorgRegisteredcharitynumber1122799 Registered company number 6424507

RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


2

ThisstudywasundertakenaspartofaninternshipatRetrakarrangedwithsupportfromChristiansAboard

copyRetrak2015

PAGENO

ContentsPAGENO

3

1 Introduction 4

11 RetrakEthiopia 4

12 Reintegration 4


2 Methodology 6



23 Translation 9

24 Dataanalysis 9

25 Ethics 9

26 Limitations 10



32 Cashtransfers 11

33 Training 11

34 Microfinance 12


36 Assessments 13






5 Discussion 17






6 Conclusion 22







Annex 1 25

Annex 2 27








11 Retrak Ethiopia




12 Reintegration




1 Introduction


5








Research objectives





6






221 Sampling








2 Methodology


7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

PAGENO

ContentsPAGENO

3

1 Introduction 4

11 RetrakEthiopia 4

12 Reintegration 4


2 Methodology 6



23 Translation 9

24 Dataanalysis 9

25 Ethics 9

26 Limitations 10



32 Cashtransfers 11

33 Training 11

34 Microfinance 12


36 Assessments 13






5 Discussion 17






6 Conclusion 22







Annex 1 25

Annex 2 27








11 Retrak Ethiopia




12 Reintegration




1 Introduction


5








Research objectives





6






221 Sampling








2 Methodology


7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity








11 Retrak Ethiopia




12 Reintegration




1 Introduction


5








Research objectives





6






221 Sampling








2 Methodology


7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

5








Research objectives





6






221 Sampling








2 Methodology


7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

6






221 Sampling








2 Methodology


7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

7









8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity




8



















10 Ibid

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

23 Translation


24 Data analysis




25 Ethics


9


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


26 Limitations





10




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity




14 LIFT (2012) op cit 11
















Meetbasicneeds




32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity



32 Cash transfers



33 Training



34 Microfinance








12

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

13




36 Assessments


















14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity






14

Tigray

Afar

OromiaSomali

Amhara


Benishangul Gumuz

Gambela

AddisAbaba

Mekitfamily

BahirDarfamily

GerbaGuracha1family

GerbaGuracha2family

Sodo1family

Sodo2family

Gununafamily

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

15







43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


43 Social exclusion






16

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

17













5 Discussion









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity









18












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity












19












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity












20













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity













21


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


61 Graduation model










6 Conclusion

22





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity





7 Recommendations


23





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity





24


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


Annex 1

25


Guracha 1Gerba




Parentstogether



Themotherisabeggar







Oneyoungersister



Size ofIGA grant


Unknown

Grantspending


Healthproblems





None

Reasonchild left



Nonegiven






Conflictstopped



26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


26



Guracha 1Gerba




Socialexclusion








Othersupport




Savingnow


Childwellbeingscore

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b

1 2 3 4

1a

1b

2a

2b

3a

3b

4a

4b

5a

5b

6a

6b


Placement

Research

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

27














Annex 2


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


28











29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

29

Any domain







29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


29


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity


RetrakCharity

Retrak_Charity

EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION · 2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration...

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Transcript of EXPLORING ECONOMIC STRENGTHENING WITHIN FAMILY REINTEGRATION · 2 Retrak (2015) 2014 Reintegration...