International Aquafeed is published five times a year by Perendale Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.All data is published in good faith, based on information received, and while every care is taken to prevent inaccuracies, the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or for the consequences of action taken on the basis of information published. ©Copyright 2012 Perendale Publishers Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058

March | April 2012

Feature title: Exploration of fresh water prawn feed industry of Bangladesh

The International magazine for the aquaculture feed industry

Bangladesh is endowed with vastwaterareasintheformofponds,dighis, lakes, streams and rivers,coastal areas, natural depressions

and estuaries covering an area of 4.56millionha(DoF,2011),etcwherefishcanbeculturedprofitably.

Fisheries arediversewith fish and shrimpinthefreshandmarinewatersofBangladeshthat play a major role in nutrition, employ-ment and foreign exchange earnings withabout 12 million people are associated withthefisheriessector.

Around 400,000ha of ponds/ditches andmore than 900,000 households are involvedinaquaculture(ADB,2005).

Varietiesofcultural,socio-economicalandinstitutionalsettingstogetherwiththediversi-fied setof aquatic species and farmingprac-tices has given amultidimensional identity inthesectorofaquaculture.Therapidgrowthinaquacultureproductionhasmade the sectorimportanttoBangladesh.

Crustacean, the most prominent prod-uct from aquaculture in international tradehas been the major force behind increasedshrimp/prawn trading. Since the late 1980s,farmedprawnhastendedtoactasastabilisingfactorforthisindustry.

Feeding fish thought to be unnecessary

Feeding fishor anyother aquaticdomes-ticated aquatic organisms was consideredunnecessary in this part of the world. Mostpeople thought that even farmed aquaticorganismswereunnatural.Thesebeliefswasdue to ignorance andpartly to the fact thatfishandshrimpgrowbeyondoureyesight.

Introduction of pellet types supplemental

table: the terms and condition of the survey study is as follows:

tasks expectation /results

1.explore different types of prawn feed available in the market: a. local made by local small industry or by

household b. Imported c. Distribution system through retailer/

wholesaler

-Possible to know the types of feed used in the prawn farming areas -Possible to know the name and product of company-Find out the brand name of feed-Possible to know the ingredients used -Know the supply system for better profit margins

2.Categorize the feed based on quality adequate quality grade of prawn feed will be available in the marketPossible to identify the quality grade feed available in the marketenlistment of quality grade feed as per grade

3.to know the market share of the existing companiesa. Production capacityb. Process of manufacturing (pellet/powder)c. economics of different type of feed used in

industries and their efficienciesd. Information on ingredients used in feed

companiese. Comparative studies on the price and

nutritive value between local and commercial made

f. Formulation of low cost feed used locally

Possible to know the feed market shareand to compliances on rules andregulations

Whether feed is easily intake &digestionKnow the capacity and selling priceeconomics of feed can be assedIngredients can be knownPrice and nutritive value can be assed

4. to assess the implication on the production Growth dependency will be knownCost benefit analysis will be determined Choice of alternate feed will be known

5.Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful substances

Possible to detect nitro furan and other hazards substances contaminated in the feedIdentify the % of different types of ingredients used in the feed

6. Collection of primary and secondary data from the different sources ona. Market shareb. ratio of ingredientsc. application of dosages of feedd. Storing system

Can be used as a growth toolsQuality can be assured

7. Prepare a final report on feed with a well defined toC

Information on complete study on feed market will be available

Exploration of the fresh water prawn feed industry of Bangladesh

byAyazHasanChisty1,PrabalBarua2*andJewelDas3

30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

FEATURE

March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31

feeding started in the country in late 1990swhensemi-intensiveshrimpfarmingofbrack-ishwater started in thesoutheasternpartofthe coastal area and in the beginning of lastdecadeinfreshwater,whenThaicatfishfarm-ingstartedgettingpopular.

Beforethatafewfarmsusedricebranandoilcakesmashfrominaquaculture.

Supplementalfeedsinpelletformforsemi-intensive Peneaus monodon farming weremostlyimportedandajointventurecompanystarted producing several thousand tonnesannuallyinthecountry.

However, semi-intensive Peneaus mono-donfarmingstartedandvanishedlikebubbles,aquaculturefeedimportsceasedtoexistandthe joint venture company switched overto producing low-cost aquaculture feeds forfishes.

Since than pellets became familiar andseveral companies and private farm ownersarenowproducingpelletsforfishandshrimpin the way they like. Most of the pelletsproduced as feed contains more junks thannutritionallyrequiredproportionalingredients.Improper feedsprovided toa terrestrial ani-malmaycauseharm to itor theanimal candeny consuming andprovider has anoptiontochangeormodify tomake itpalatable. Incaseofaquacultureoncefeed(sinking)ispro-vided,itisdifficulttoknowthatpercentageoffeedbeingconsumedbytargetanimal.

The impact of poorer quality feeds

To make things worse uneaten feed/particlespartlyusedasfertiliserinaquaticeco-system and pollute the water body rapidly,if water exchange is not practiced (Tacon,1996).InBangladeshaquaculturemostpondsarerainfedandhardlyhasanyscopeofwaterexchange.

Therefore, cost effective quality feed is amustforaquaculture.

Bad quality feed translated into poorerproductionperformance,polluteswaterbod-ies,degradeeco-systemandenvironmentandmay leadtooutbreakofdisease inaquacul-turefarms(Baruaetal,2011).

It is very much difficult to find out thetimewhenformulatedfeedwasintroducedinaquafarmsofBangladesh,butitiswellknownthatduringtheintroductionofsemiintensivemethodsupplementaryfeedwasintroduced.

EspeciallyinshrimpfarmslocatedinCox’sBazaar used fishmeal, rice bran anddifferenttypes of oil cakes as supplementary feed.Local farmer started to use this mixturein 1987-1988. The Meghna Farm of Cox’sbazar first used the pelleted feed in 1989.SaudiBangla FishfeedLtd, firstmanufacturedpelleted feed in 1990. In 2001, BangladeshIntegrated Fishery and Poultry Limited” firstintroducedfloatingfeedwhichisverycostly.

According to research reportandvarioussurveysitwasfoundthatthereare100feed-mills inBangladesh thatproduceaquaculturefeedandpoultryfeedtogether.

It is clear that there is no specific studyemphasising sustainability/ feasibility of feed-basedaquaculture,especiallyinBangladesh.

In fact, the production of aqua-feeds hasbeen widely recognised as one of the fast-est expand-ing agriculturalindustries inthe world, withannual growthrates in excessof 30 percentperyear(Tacon,1996). On thebasis of differ-ent categoriesof species, 25percent of totalaqua-feed pro-duction wasfor shrimp andprawn.

The effortshave beenplaced on theuse of by-prod-ucts from themuch larger andfaster-growingterrestrial agri-cultural pro-duction sector,including: 1)terrestrial ani-mal by-productmeals result-ing from theprocessing (i.e.rendering) of

non-food grade livestock by-products; 2)plantoilseedandgrainlegumemeals;3)cerealby-productmeals; and4)miscellaneouspro-tein sources such as single-cell proteins, leafproteinconcentrates,invertebratemeals,etc.

However, the eventual success of thesepotential feed resources as fishmeal replace-ment in aquafeeds will depend upon thefurther development and use of improved

30 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 31

FEATURE

techniquesinfeedprocessing/manufac-ture(Riaz,1997)andfeedformulation,including the increased use of specificfeed additives such as feeding stimu-lants, free amino acids, feed enzymes,probiotics and immune-enhancers(HardyandDong,1997).

Feed is the major cost variable inshrimp aquaculture representing upto 60 percent of total costs (Saracet al, 1993). Feed costs constitute40-60 percent of operational costsin production of the freshwaterprawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii(D’ Abramo and Sheen, 1991). Initialefforts to reduce feed costs for aqua-culture species often include replace-mentofexpensiveanimalproteinwithplantproteinmeals,whicharegenerallyless expensive (Tidwell et al., 1993),or elimination of excess vitamin andmineralpremixes fromthediet(Triñoetal.,1992).

Therefore, efforts should be madewhenever possible to increased usageof locally available feed ingredientsources so as to reduce the cur-rentdependenceof imported sources(Rabobank,1995;Best,1996).Thelocalproductionoffarm-madeaquafeedsbysmall-scale farmers plays an importantrole in that it facilitates the use oflocallyavailablefeedingredientsourcesandagriculturalby-productsthatwouldotherwisenotbeused(New,1996).

However,inclusionofdifferentfoodingredients, additives, growth promot-ersandothersupplementsmightaccu-mulatesomehealthhazardousmateri-als intothemuscleoftheprawnthatmight cause the rejectionof exportedprawn from different importer coun-tries.

Facingthefact,thisrealityisprevail-ingnowadayinthissectorthatmakesa great setback to the economy ofBangladesh.

However, this survey project hadbeen carried out to get base lineinformation on different prawn feedindustriesandenterprisersandmarketsituations.

This study used both primary andsecondarydatatoachieveitsobjectives.Primary data were collected from thefish farmers, fish entrepreneurs (thoseprovided pond and capital but werenot directly related), feedmanufactur-ers,feeddealersandfeedretailers.

The survey collected informationon cost, return, price, catch and feedcompositionoffishculture.

Ontheotherhand,secondarydatacomprised time series information on

table 1: list of different feed mills and their capacity and nature of feed

Sl.no. name and address

Production capacity

(ton/ Hour)Purpose

1 aCI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shiraj Gonj 20 Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

2 aftab feeds ltd., rupgonj, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

3 aIt Feeds ltd., Shopipur, gazipur 20 Poultry, Finfish

4 alea Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur 10 Poultry, Finfish

5 aman Feeds, Ullah Para, Shiraj gonj 10 Poultry, Finfish & shrimp/prawn

6 Bay agro Feeds, Shopipur, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

7 Biswas Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

8 Bismillah feed Mills,attaki, Fakirhat, Khulna 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

9 Bismillah feed Mills, nonadanga, Chanderhat, Mollarhat, Khulna 3.5

10 BnS Feeds, Shitakundu, chittagaog 5 Poultry, Finfish

11 BraC Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur 14 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

12 CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13 excel feed, trishal, Mymenshingh 5 Poultry, Finfish

14 Fakirhat Feed mills ltd., fakirhat, Bagerhat 3 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

15 Jamuna Feeds ltd., Padmabil, Bashundia, Jessore 5 Poultry, Finfish

16 Jayson agreovet (Jassofeed), vabanipur, Memberbari, Gazipur 10 Poultry, Finfish

17 Jessore Feed ltd., Bashundia, Jessore 13 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

18 Kazi Feeds, daudkandi, Comilla 40 Poultry, Finfish

19 lion Feeds, Chandana, Gazipur 20 Poultry, Finfish

20 lucky Feeds, Kaliakoir,Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

21 M.M aga Feeds, Baizid Bostami road, Chittagong 10 Poultry, Finfish

22 Spectra Hexa Feed Mills ltd., Paturia, Manikgon 7 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

17 Mono Feeds, Chalkpara, Mawna, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish

9 national Feeds, memberbari, Gazipur 13 Poultry, Finfish

27 new hope Feeds, sreepur, Gazipur 30 Poultry, Finfish

12 niribili Feeds ltd., BISIC C/a, Cox’s Bazar 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

40 north Khulna Fish Feeds, Koia, Khulna 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn (?)

16 nourish Feeds, Hobirbari, Valuka, Mymensingh 50 Poultry, Finfish

8 Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur 15 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

36 Pocha Feeds, Baliakandi, Kishoregaoj 8 Poultry, Finfish

11 Provita Feeds, Shitakundu, Chittagaog 10 Poultry, Finfish

14 Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, Gazipur 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

13 Quality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

33 Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh 15 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

4 SGS Feeds, Mahendra nagar, lalmonirhat 5 Poultry, Finfish

3 Shah amanat Feed, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish

37 Shushama feeds, Churkhai, Mymensingh 10 Poultry, Finfish

22 SMS Feeds, Sreepur, Gazipur 3 Poultry, Finfish

32 Sunny Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh 10 Poultry, Finfish & Shrimp/prawn

29 Supreme Feeds, Kashimpur, Gazipur 9 Poultry, Finfish

31 tamim agro Feeds, Bogra 5 Poultry, Finfish

20 teer Feed, rupganj, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

38 United Feed, Meghna Ghat, narayangonj 10 Poultry, Finfish

6 Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka 15 Poultry, Finfish &Shrimp/prawn

32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

FEATURE

March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33

productionofrice;wheatandothermother/originalfeedproduces.Primarydatawerecol-lectedthroughdirectinterviewswhilesecond-arydatawerecollected fromdifferent issuesof BangladeshBureauof Statistics (BBS) andunpublishedbutreliabledocumentsofdiffer-entfeedcompanies.

Feedformulationistheprocessofdesign-ing a mixture that will meet the nutritionalrequirement of the animal while taking into

account certain practical considerations(acceptabilityofmixturetotheanimal,abilityof themixture tobepelletedcost, etc).Onthe basis of farmer’s economic condition inBangladesh, feed formulationprocessdividedinto two types –1) small scale feed industryand2)largescalefeedindustry.

Smallscale feed industryalsodivided intotwotypesthatarehomemadeandonfarmfeed. Poor farmers who cannot able to buy

feedfrommarketandmachine,producefeedbyhandinhishomeiscalledhomemadefeed.

Very cheap and locally available two tofouringredientsinmarketareusedforformu-lation of home made feed. The formulationprocessisveryeasy.

Home made feed has a long history offeedformulationinBangladesh.Thisfeednotneedtotransferanywhere,itdistributedintothepondassoonaspossiblebyfarmers.On

table 2: name of Brand feed by formulated feed industry

S/n name of Industry Brand name

aCI Feeds, Vadra Ghat, Shirajgonj aCI Feed

Bismillah feed, Fakirhat, Khulna a) titas, b) Modhumoti & c) balaka

CP Feeds, Hemayetpur, shavar, Dhaka CP Prawn feed

Fakirhat Feed Mills ltd. a) Borak, b) Shapla, c) tanin, d) Diamond, e) Boishakhi, f) Doyel & g) toshiba

Jessore Feed a) Usha, b) Paragon & c) Chamak

niribili Feeds, BISIC I/a, Cox’s Bazar niribili Prawn Feed

north Khulna Feeds, Koia, Khulna a) nabila, b) Pashur, c)nK Feed, d) Virab & e) Confidence

Paragon feeds, Vabanipur, Gazipur Paragon Prawn Feed

Quality Feeds, Bagher Bazar, GazipurQuality feeds, Bogra Unit, Bogra

Quality: a) Gold, b) Special & c) Suborna

Saudi Bangla Fish Feeds, Valuka, Mymensingh Saudi Bangla, Saudi Bangla Special Prawn Feed

Spectra Hexa Feeds ltd., Paturia, Manikgon Mega Feed

Usha Feed, Shavar, Dhaka Usha Feed

32 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 33

FEATURE

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theotherhand,aquafarmersformulatedfeedwithfewingredientsneartheirfarmingsitebyknownason-farmfeed.

In rainy season or any rainy day on-farmfeed cannot produce. Locally ingredients areused for feed formulation.This feedmaybeneededtotransferornot.

Large scale feed industry or aquaculturefeedprocessingtechnologyisanewconceptinBangladesh.

Feed produced for commercial purposes

in the industry are called large-scale feed.In the feedmill, feed produced by large andscientificmachineandmaintainhighlystandardforqualityoffeed.

Generally floating feed and sinking feedformulated by feed mills are considered aslargescalefeedindustry.Floatingfeedformu-lationisverynewphenomenoninBangladesh.Bysupplyingfloatingfeedintothefarmerscanobserve the fish feedingandmaybeable todetectdiseasesorotherproblems.

Other advantagesof the floating feedinclude higher digest-ibilityduetotheheatapplied during manu-facture, better waterstability and no lossof pellets in bottommud.

It’s primarily dis-advantages arehighercost possible loss ofcertain nutrients dur-ing processing andincreasedbulk.Sinkingfeeds produce from1990 when Saudi-Bangla fish feedindustry establishedinMymensinghdistrictwhichthe first is feedindustryinBangladesh.After establishing thisindustry it has greatrevolution in aquacul-turefishfeedsectorinBangladesh.

According to thenewspaper, researchreport it was foundthat there are 100feedmills are availableinBangladeshthatareproducedaquaculturefeedandpoultryfeedintogether.

Information of allthefishfeedindustries

and enterprises of Jessore, Khulna, Bagerhat,Satkhira, Narail was collected by visiting theindustries and enterprises through a set ofquestionnairesandthatofoutsidetheseareaswere collected by visiting the office of therespectiveindustryandfromothersources.

Types of prawn feed on the market

Ithasbeenobservedfromthesurveythatall most all of these feed industries manu-facture feed for poultry, around 27 percentof these industries produce feed for prawnusingthesamemachineandonlyone indus-try (Specta Hexa) use separate machine forprawnfeedpreparation(seeTable1).

Most of the industries produce sinkingtype compact pellet and crumble. Only oneindustry (Mega Feed) producedboth sinkingandfloatingtypes(forfinfish)althoughsinkingpelletsarerequiredforprawnfeeding.

Theproductioncapacityofthefeedindus-tryvariesfromthreeto40tonnes/hourandthemachineriesused for feedmanufacturingare imported from China, Taiwan, Thailand,GermanyandIndiaandlocallymade.

Inmostofthecasesithasbeenobservedthatmostoftheindustriesdonotusediffer-enttoolsfromasinglecountryoforigin.Onlyoneprawn/shrimpfeedhasbeenreportedtoimportfromIndia(CPFeed).

Theseprawnfeedindustriesuseeithersin-glebrandnameoftheirproductsordifferenttradenamesof theirproducts (seeTable2)dependingontheirmarketstrategy.

However,all thesefeed industries includealmostsameingredientsintheirmanufacturedfeed(seeTable3).

Mostofthesefeedindustriesappointoneor more dealer (wholesaler) in each districtfortheirmarketingfromwhichthesubdeal-ers(retailers)purchasethefeedforthelocalsale.Ithasalsobeenobservedthatsomefeedindustries (Saudi-Bangla, CP) go for contactfarmingthroughtheiragents.

SomefeedindustriesingreaterKhulnausedealer, sub dealer and direct sale from themillgatefortheirmarketing(viz.BismillahandFakirhatfeedmills).

table 3: list of different ingredients used for prawn feed formulation

Sl. no.

name of the ingredients origin

1 Binder Imported (China, USa others)

2 De-fatted rice bran Imported (India)

3 Defatted soybean meal Imported (India)

4 Fishmeal local/imported (India)

5 limestone/ Di-calcium phosphate

Imported (India)

6 Maize local/imported (India)

7 Meat and bone meal Imported (australia, Croatia, norway, Ukraine, Belgium,

etc.)

8 Mustard oil cake local/imported (India)

9 rape seed meal Imported (India)

10 rice polishing local

11 Sesame oil cake local

12 Shark oil local

13 Soybean oil locally purchased

14 table salt local

15 Wheat flour local

table 4: Proximate composition of Prawn feed

types of feed

Feed size and shape

Moisture ash Protein Fat

nursery Granular 11.0% 16% 30% 5%

Starter Crumble 11.0% 16% 17% 5%

Grower Pellet , 1.8mm

11.0% 17% 25% 4%

Finisher Pellet, .2mm

11.0% 17% 30% 4%

34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

FEATURE

March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35

However,ithasbeenobservedthatsomeof the industries appoint technical personnelinfisheriesbackgroundastheiremployeewhogivesupportservicetotheprawnfarmersanddealers.

Ahugenumberof feeds (more than35)wereused for fish in thestudyareaandthefarmersfollowednostandarddosestoapplythem. From the overall survey of prawnfeed formulation, it is clear that in terms ofquantity used, rice bran appeared to be thelargestfeeditemfollowedbyricepolish,riceandmusselmeal,soybeanmeal,wheat floor,maizeetc.

It has also been observed that there aresomeenterprisesthatonlymanufacturefeedlocally using hauler machine (22hp, China)andonlygetthemakingcost.Inthiscase,theprawnfarmersdirectlybringdifferentingredi-entstotheenterpriseandmixdifferentfeedingredients in varied ratios prior to makingthefeed.However,thecompositionoftheseisnotclear.

Feed qualityMost of the com-

panyuseone,fiveand20kgpack fornurseryfeed and 25kg packfor grower and fin-isherprawnfeed.

Nutritional infor-mation labeled oneach pack/bag is theprotein,lipid,fiberandmoisturepercentages.

However, in somecases energy level ofthe feed is also men-tioned without anyclarification (gross,digestibleormetaboli-gible)andnoFCRforprawnismentioned.

Yet the actualnutrient content ofthe respective feedto be determinedbefore drawing anyconclusionisbetteraspersonal interview ofsomeofthemanufac-turer reveals that thenutritionalinformationlabeledonthepackison assumption basisratherdetermination.

However,fromthelabelitwasnotedthatprawn nursery feedcontains 35-42 per-cent protein whereasgrower and finishercontain24-28percentprotein. No crumble

unitobservedinmostoftheindustriesrathertheyproducecrumblebybreakingthepelletfollowedbysievingthroughadesiredmeshedsieve.

Hence, itcouldbeassumedthat insomecases the protein level of the nursery feedwould not be higher as it is declared ( seeTable4)

Market share of the existing companies

Prawnfarmingareasaregraduallyincreas-ingdaybydayastheinvasionofsalinewaterin the shrimp farming areas is opposed bythemarginal local farmers. It isassumedthatapproximately50,000haofcoastalandinlandareaisusedforprawnfarming.

Hence, considering212kgprawnpro-ductionperacrethetotalprawnproduc-tionismorethan26,000tonnesperyear.If we consider the average FCR is 2.5then right now the prawn feed require-mentismorethan65,482tonnes/year.

table 5: Prawn feed production and market share of different feed industries

name of the company Production/yr (Mt) Market Share (%)

north Khulna Fish Feed 50 0.076357

Jessore Feed ltd 200 0.305427

Fakirhat Feed Mills ltd. 500 0.763569

Bismillah Feed Mills 20,000 30.54274

Saudi Bangla Fish Feed ltd 500 0.763569

Spectra Hexa Feeds ltd. 500 0.763569

Sunny Feed ltd. 5,000 7.635686

Quality Feed ltd. 7,000 10.68996

niribili Feeds ltd. 3,000 4.581412

aman Feed Mill 500 0.763569

CP Feed 1,200 1.832565

other 27,032 41.28081

total 65,482 100

34 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012 March-april 2012 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | 35

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Althoughbyscientificculture theproduc-tioncanbeeasilyincreasedbymanyfoldandthere is a great potentiality of prawn feedmarketinBangladesh.Differentfeedindustriesproduceapproximately38,000tonnesprawnfeedperyear.

Hence,therestoftherequirement(morethan 27,000 tonnes) is met by homemadefeed or feed ingredients. From a personalinterview it has also been known that someprawnfarmersusepoultryfeedasasubstitu-tionofprawnfeed(seeTable5).

FromthesurveyitwasfoundthatBismillahFeedMillsoccupies themajor share (>30%)inprawnfeedmarket(seeTable4)followedby Quality Feed Ltd. Sunny Feed Ltd. andNiribiliFeedsLtd.(10.69%,7.64%and4.58%respectively).

Price of prawn feed of these leadingcompanies varied from 25-40Tk/kg. It hasbeen observed that the feed market ofparticular industry is not same in greaterKhulnaregion.

As for example, the prawn farmers ofFakirhat and Bagerhat areas prefer the feedof Bismillah feed mills; Sunny feed mills andFakirhatfeedmillsastheothercompanies.Ontheotherhand,Khulna,Satkhira, JessoreandNarildistricts’ farmersdonothaveparticularchoiceonany feedbuthavebeenobservedto use Spectra Hexa, Quality, Saudi-Bangla,SunnyandNiribili feedmorefrequentlythantheothers..

Marketing channel is very important forfeedmilloperations.

The success of feed mill depends onproper marketing channel. It is the firstpriority of feed mill operation. Afterestablishing an agent and than distribu-tor or dealer appointment are the firststeps of feed mill before going to theproduction; because they are importantfor reaching the farmers, by taking theproductionoffeedmills.

Identification of hazards ingredients harmful antibiotics and other banned/ harmful

Theuseof foodadditives,anti-fungalandmold inhibitors and antibiotics is a commonphenomenoninallthefeedindustries.

However, as per their information, nobanneditemisusedinthefeed.

Inmostofthecases,thecompaniesdonotdisclosethecombinationofthefeedingredi-ents and other additives and medicines thatareusedinfeedduetotheirbusinesssecrecy.

Yet the use of Oxi-tetracycline andFlavomycine has been known from personalinterview. All companies deny the usage ofchloramphenicle and nitro furan and theirderivativesandmedicine.

However, form the assessment of theDepartmentofQualityControl,Departmentof Fisheries in 2008, the existence ofChloramphenicle and nitro furan have beenreported in almost all of the prawn feed insomecertainbatchofproduction.

Considering the information of the com-panies, it is assumed that these bannedchemicals could be incorporated from theingredientsthatareusedforfeedformulationespecially for the imported ingredients viz.meat and bonemeal and fishmeal as thereis no reportof testingof the ingredients forthese prohibited antibiotics at the port orquarantine.

Policy ImplicationOn the basis of the above requirements

and availability estimates, except rice polish,theentirelocalfeeditemsrequiredimportstorunculturefisheriesinthecountry.Asculturefisheriescapturemoreandmoreareasunderitsoperation,itisgoingtobecomeanimportdependentpractice if the feed situationpre-vailswithoutanymeasurestoaddressit.

As culture fisheries are an importantsourceofincomeandemployment,theyhave

asignificantlivelihoodimpactontheeconomyofBangladesh.

Therefore,properpolicyandothermeasuresaresuggested,tobetakenbyboththegovern-mentorganisationsandNGOstoimprovethelocalfishfeedsituationofthecountry.

Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS),Department of Fisheries (DoF) and other con-cerningorganisationsshouldrecordfeedandotherfisheries related data regularly. The governmentandNGOsshouldcomeforwardtoestablishlocalfeedmillstocatertothefeedrequirementofthegrowingandpromisingfishcultureindustry.

Intensive research programs should beundertaken immediately by both GOs andNGOsforqualityinnovation.

Farmers and users should be trained sothat they can use the feed andother inputsmoreefficiently.Capitalshouldbesuppliedtothefarmerswhosufferfromalackofsufficientcapital to use or purchase feeds from themarketinatimelyfashion.

A monitoring system should be devel-opedtochecktheadulterationoffishfeedin the country. A subsidy/duty reductionpackage can be launched for importedfeed ingredientssothatsupplementary fishculturecanbesustainedwithlowercostsofproduction. ■

About the authors

byAyazHasanChisty1,PrabalBarua2*andJewelDas3

1FisheriesandMarineResourceTechnologyDiscipline,KhulnaUniversity,Khulna,Bangladesh

2FisheriesandAquacultureDivision,DepartmentofZoology,UniversityofCalcutta,Kolkata-700019,WestBengal,India

3BusinessDevelopmentProgram(Prawn),WinrockInternational,Dhaka

36 | InternatIonal AquAFeed | March-april 2012

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