RATIFICATION PAGE

Complete report of basic biology practicum with title ’’Experiment of lazzaro

spallanzani’’ that arranged by :

Name : Jeny ayu hardiah ningrum

Registrasion Number :1114040162

Group : III (Three)

Class : ICP A

After checked by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator so this report was

accepted

Makassar, November 11th 2011Assistant Coordinator Assistant

( Djumarirmanto,S.Pd) (Gunawan Rahmil) ID. 091404174

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

At this the world available being kind sort lives, earth constitutes one of

place planet mark sense life, available being kind sort lives good at oceanic,

land and also air, with boundless amount. even living being miscellaneous its

type available various botanical types, a variety animal type and still a lot of

again, can at differentiates from form, habitat, trick adapts, on the defensive life

and any other as it, there is sighted by eye, but there is also that just can at see

utilizes assistive tool as microbe. But has we ever realised marks sense life

being, must get beginning of a thing in other words, of which being lives to

originate or made from what,and how being lives can be formed, that question

always emerges while available unknown something heard or looked and it

makes I interest.

I have once hear one that sentence living being be not been created in few

words, there is creation,as well as differentiates which beforehand one which is

chicken or egg, heretofore haven't available its answer, and answer one any one

always different, so too with my life haven't found conclusion about being

creation live. But is not just me who am into something that thing, severally

researcher on preceding epoches was beforehand analyze that thing, with factor

sort but it is not important, one that primal is how its result and what money

have it finds afters do attempt sort.

But has already been found that there is two theory that work through

about life derivation which is biogenesis and abiogenesis. abiogenesis comes

from aristoteles who declare for life being comes from dead object. and

biogenesis comes from lazarro spallanzani who say life being comes from life

being also. This constitute my theory basic to do practicum about theory

biogenesis, theory that at makes by lazarro spallanzani. This matter will we do

to get rightness of the theory because we can not only to be a listener without do

anything ,so that we have to try to do this

B. Purpose

The purpose of practicum was give the opportunity to the students of

university to join the thought and the steps which research were done in solved

in biology problems ,specially to know from where the uniform of life.

C. Benefit

The benefit this practicum is the student of university can know biology

problems about origin of life, and the student of university can know about the

origin of life and rightness the mistake about all theory that said about the origin

of life.

CHAPTER IIPREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The question “where did the origin of life?”, already try to answered by various

experiment and theory. Like Spallanzani’s experiment that doubt the truth of

Abiogenesis or Generatio Spontanea from Aristoteles. Join with the thought and step

to solved the biology problems that had done by research (Tim Pengajar, 2011).

When the period of aristoteles (300 SM),all people believe that living thing can

there spontaneously from the immovable.this opinion we know with the name

spontaneous generation .this opinionwas attentive by john needham,an protestant

clergyman from irlandia which done the experiment between 1745-1750 with any

boiled rice and boiled meat on the cob,got if without water of the boiled rice and the

boiled meat we saved in the bottle and we closed it but still there microbe. This

opinion can explain the level of the biology progress at that time .although many

research feel that opinion about spontaneous generation can not to keep so that they

begin to try to prove the mistake of the teory. Fransico redi (1655) in his experiment

show that a catepillar not happen from meat which rot but grow from the egg which

was put by motherfly on its meat. Invention microbe by antonie van leuwenhook can

be spontaneously . lazarro spallansani prove in 1768 that water of boiled meat which

we cook on the fire than closed to found microbe. But although like that,the

supporters of spontaneousgeneration were of certain opinion that not there microbe

because there are not air which need for microbe is life in the tube. To dissolved this

opinion ,theodor schwann in 1827 do the same experiment with spallanzany but by

using the glass with but by using the glass with long neck which heating to avoid

contamination with air. In reality, although there air in the tube,after we let several

time there are not microbe.although like that,the supporter of spontaneous experiment

with channel the air from strong acid or strong bases in to the tube which have

contents liquid broth,but the supporter of spontaneous generation saidif the air pass to

acid and bases have changed so that it is so difficult for microbe to there .schroeder

and Theodore van dusch (1854) do the same experiment with spallanzani and

Schwann but they strain the air which will enter using steriele cotton ,the result show

that there are not growth in the water of boiled meat which had heated. The all

experiment had done and have not collapsed the conviction of all people with

spontaneous generation concept. After Louis Pasteur in 1865 done the experiment

used flask have liquid broth which closed used pipe like the neck of goose,can make

all people believe that there are not life which can there from immovable. So that he

conclude and he said “omne vivum ex ovo,omne ovum ex vivo” Pasteur opinion

supported by john tyndall who get the method namely tyndalitation for sterilize the

media which have bacteria endure whichncan killed with boiled (Ristiati,2000:15).

Even the discovery of single-called organism during the latter part of the mid did

not eradicate the idea of abiogenesis, because some scientist assumed that

microscopic beings were simply one stage in a process of forming larger organism

from smaller ones. Thought some of these earlier ideas seem quaint and ridiculous in

light of modern knowledge, we must remember that at time, mysteries in life were

accepted, and the scientific method was not. The eventual invalidation of the theory

of abiogenesis was very gradual process. This is ancient beliefe in spontaneous

generation, abiogenesis was continuously reinforced as people observed that meat left

out in thr open soon ”produced” maggots, that mushrooms appeared on rotting

wood ,that rats and mice emerged from piles of litter,and other similar phenomena.

On the surface ,there is nothing incorrect about the observation themselv,it is the

conclusions drawn from them that do not hold up to critical reasoning. Two

hyphotesis attempted to explain the origin of lifew, they arose spontaneously by the

massing of vital forces within nonliving matter to explain the orogin of life “ simple

forms” within non living. They are explain the origin of life ,they arose

spontaneously by the missing of vital forces within nonliving matter (abiogenesis),or

they arose only from other living things of their same kind ( biogenesis). If an

investigator was able to verity one ,his work automatically falsified the other,because

both can not be true. Throughout historyserious proponents exsisted on the both sides,

but determining the corrct hypothesis required 200 years of combined inquiries by

microbiologist from several countries,each of whom dealt with a particular disputed

part of the hypothesis unfortunately,his experiment were done before theconcepts of

heat resistant endospores and true methods of sterility were understood (Talaro,2010).

Abiogenesis cognivite supporting happens to pitch upon or spontaneously.

Therefore, abiogenesis's concept or theory this was called also concept generation

spontaneae.according to Lazzaro Spallanzani's attempt( 1729 - 1799) ,Spallanzani

disbelieves to level with another abiogeensis's concept. Therefore, she experiments

that in principle equal to attempt Francesco Redi, but Spallanzani's attempt stage

more perfect. As material as its attempt, Spallanzani utilizes bouillon water or flesh

stewing water and two gourds. There is even one was done By Spallanzani implicit is

as follows: I. gourd: filled by water 70 cc bouillon waters, then heated by 15oC for

minutes and at keeps open. Gourd II.: filled 70 cc bouillon waters, closed up by cork

cork. On meet region among cork with gourd mouth re cover by molten paraffin that

right meeting. Hereafter, gourd, i. gourd and II. refrigerent. After been chilled both is

placed on exposed place that releases from animal and person trouble. After more or

less one week, arranged by watch to bouillon water situation on the two that gourd.

Its attempt result is as follows: I. gourd: bouillon water experiences changing, which

is its water becomes feculent crescent and its odor become not delicate (anonymous

a,2011).

In 1864, Louis Pasteur finally announced the results of his scientific experiments.

In a series of experiments similar to those performed earlier by Needham and

Spallanzani, Pasteur demonstrated that life does not arise in areas that have not been

contaminated by existing life. Pasteur's empirical results were summarized in the

phrase Omne vivum ex vivo, Latin for "all life is from life" (Anonymous b, 2011).

CHAPTER III

PRACTICUM METHOD

A. Time and Place

Day / Date : Monday/October 31th 2011

Time : 10.00 A.M until 12.30 P.M

Place : Biology laboratory 3rd flour at FMIPA UNM

B. Tool and Material

1. Tools :

a. The equipments are served by laboratory :

1) 4 piece reaction tube

2) Rack of reaction tube

3) 2 piece rubber stopper

4) Bunsen bunner

5) Wood klem

b. The equipments are served by the student :

1) Plastic glass

2) Cigarette lighter (matches)

3) Plastic tie

2. Materials :

a. The materials are served by laboratory :

1) 40 ml liquid broth

b. The material was served by the student :

1) A candle

C. Work produce

1. Served all materials and equipments which we need for this practicum

2. Cleaned all equipments that we would use

3. Fill four reaction tubes with the liquid broth 10 ml for each reactions tubes

4. Closed the first reactions tube with rubber stopper and dropped the liquid

candle between mouth of reactions tube and the cover of reactions tube

5. The second reaction tube,boiled the liquid broth on fire of spiritus lamp

during 10 minutes.let opened without the cover

6. The third tube,boiled the liquid broth on the fire of spiritus lamp during 10

minutes and closed with rubber stopper and drop the liquid candle between

mouth of reaction tube and the cover of reaction tube

7. The fourth reactions tube,did not boil and did not closed

8. Put the all reactions tube on the rack of reactions tube and saved on our

work table,tried to avoid from animals annoyance sun light and another hot

source

9. Did the observation and made note of your observation reslt everyday

during a week

CHAPTER IVOBSERVATION RESULT

A. Observation result

We had done this practicum and got the result of it. Table of the result

of practicum :

1st day observed

I II III IV

4th day observed

Explanation of picture :

= Pure and not boiled

= Pure and have boiled

= Turbid

= Sedimen

= Smell (very)

= smell (less)

I I III IV

Table observation :

Table obsevation :

Notes :

- : nothing at all

+ : there is change

+ + : so many change

Tube I Tube II Tube III Tube IV

dada

ysco

lour

foam

sedi

men

t

smel

l

colo

ur

foam

sedi

men

t

smel

l

colo

ur

foam

sedi

men

t

smel

l

colo

ur

foam

sedi

men

t

smel

l

0- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

1- - + - + - - - - - - -

+

+- - -

2+ -

+

++

+

+- + - - - - -

+

+

+

- - +

3

+

+-

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

+

-+

+-

+

+-

+

+-

+

+

+

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

B.Discussion

Before begun this practicum, for yhe firdt time we should served the

all equipments and the all materials which we need and then put it on work

table. Before we prepared our equipments and our materials,after we done this

experiment of lazarro spallanzani we get the result of it and we could get the

conclude of it.the result of practicum are :

1. At first tube,on day one is don' t appear something,on day second happens

changing which is available few sediment,on second day visually colour

rather feculent,crescent sediment and most smells,on odors last day really

sting,sediment more and more and feculent color.

2. At second tube on day one is not telihat something,on second day colour

rather feculent,on day goes to its tricolour increase feculent and available

sediment,days its color last so feculent and crescent sediment a lot of.

3. third tube on day one,are not looked what what,on second day and third

even not looked what what,but on last day to be seen color rather feculent

and also looked sediment.

4. fourth tube on day one don't appear something,on second day visually

colour rather feculent,on third day available odor but little bit and feculent

color,and on last day to be seen feculent color,odor stings and a lot of

sediment.I don’t find foam for all tube

all can happen because in experiment of lazarro spallanzani said that the

all liquid broth which had boiled and closed just can smelt if we let it

open ,because if the liquid broth was open ,the all bacterial would enter into

the reaction tube and would contamination with the air on the out side of the

reaction tube, so that in the reaction tube could there settle,change of

color,and smelt,it showed if the air could make the liquid broth in the

reaction tube would contamination.

CHAPTER VCONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

Student at university can was give the opportunity to the students of

university to join the thought and the stepswhich research were done in solved

in biology problems ,specially to know from where the uniform of life.

B. Suggestion

1. Suggestion for laboratory

I hope for next practicum the laboratory has place which good but the

students difficult getting chair that reasonably and floor also available one

breaks down so hard to clear.

2. Suggestion for Assistant

I hope assistant can give information and directive about practicum

,may be can give time to make the result observation.

3. Suggestion for the all friends

I hope all friend can hear and can see if assistant and coordinator

assistant give information,so we can do practicum.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonymous a. 2011. SpontaneousGeneration.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis Accessed at November 7th 2011.

Anonymous b. 2011. SpontaneousGeneration.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogenesis Accessed at November 7th 2011.

Ristiati,Ni putu,2000,Pengantar mikrobiologi umum.jakarta:Proyek pengembangan guru sekolah menengah.

Talaro,text book of microbiology.philadelphia

Tim pengajar,2011.penuntun praktikum biologi dasar.Makassar UNM

THE ANSWER OF QUESTION

1. The colour of liquid broth can bechange because the liquid broth was

contamination the air out the reaction tube and the reaction tube did

not closed and did not boil

2. From the liquid brothand from the air out reaction tube the living thing

came and made the color of the liquid broth changed

3. In the reaction tube was boiled without closed in,the reaction tube was

not boiled and was not closed and in the reactiontube was noy boiled

and closed,it was happen because liquid broth were contamination

with the out air

4. In the reaction tube was boiled and closed , because the out air ould

not contamination with the liquid broth

5. No,it is not,because the broth wasthe immovable so that it was

impossible to produced a new living organism

6. Yes,it can,because the organism will not there by it self in the liquid

broth but from organism that there in the liquid broth and from the air

which have organisms and entered in the reaction tube