Experiences with breeding structures for genetic improvement of small ruminants
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Transcript of Experiences with breeding structures for genetic improvement of small ruminants
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Experiences with breeding Experiences with breeding structures for genetic structures for genetic improvement of small improvement of small
ruminantsruminantsJoaquin Mueller
National Institute for Agricultural Technology, Argentina
25-28 October 2010, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
55th th All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture All Africa Conference on Animal Agriculture 1919thth ESAP Annual Conference ESAP Annual Conference
Commercialization of Livestock Agriculture in Africa: Challenges and opportunities
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No experience in Africa
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Breeding structuresBreeding structures
No Conventional Single Open Nucleus
DispersedOpen Nucleus
∆G, lag and ∆F, properties and optimization summarized in text
“Local” breeds
“International” breeds
Within flock,group, village
Within village
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Intervention strategiesIntervention strategies
Generate a breeding structure
Improve efficacy of breeding structure
Some experiences with sheep, alpacas and goats
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Improvement of a conventional Improvement of a conventional structure:structure:
Merino sheep in ArgentinaMerino sheep in Argentina
• 7 Million Merino sheep• 80% are family flocks
• Studs: small, pedigree + visual • Multipliers: insufficient, visual• Base: dissatisfaction with
Initial situation (1980s – 1990s)
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• Studs: central progeny testing, performance recording (BW, FW, FD), => BLUP evaluation.
• Multipliers: “MPR”, performance testing (index), above average + visual get MPR eartags. Top MPR rams can replace conventional pedigree rams.
• Base: “MP”, visual inspection + MPR rams => extension
The “Pure Merino Program”
Farmers pay
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Genetic progress at stud level
Source: Mueller (2010), n= 25 000
Adjusted to year 2000=0 Body weight (kg)
Fiber diameter (mic)
Fleece weight (kg)
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MPR:Visually acceptedIndex above 100
MP:Visually accepted
More than 80 000 animals involved
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Genetic progress at multiplier level: ¿?On station genetic progress as difference from a control line
Mueller (2010). Adult females 1984-2009
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About 80 000 animals inspectedAbout 100 farmers involved
Indicator:MPR’s are sold for much higher prices
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Economic evaluation of the MPR Program (wool, expanded)
Items Program Breeders Woolgrowers Processors Totals
Research -100 000 -100 000
Genetic evaluation 80 000 -80 000 0
Rams 1 390 000 -1 390 000 0
Wool 4 800 000 -4 800 000 0
Tops 16 905 810 16 905 810
Benefit (income-costs)
1 310 000 3 410 000 12 105 810 16 825 810
Return (income/ costs)
17.4 3.5 3.5 169.1
Participation in total benefit
8% 20% 72% 100%
Source: Mueller (2010), in USD.
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Village based open nucleus Village based open nucleus systems:systems:
South American Camelids in South American Camelids in Bolivia and PeruBolivia and Peru
• 6 Million in both countries• Important: culturally, meat, fiber, hides,
transport, draft power, manure.
• No breeding structure• Village organization and cooperatives• Small family flocks, some village flocks
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Llamas Alpaca Huacaya
Alpaca Suri Alpaca Suri
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Alpaca Huacaya
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Macusani Cooperative near Puno, Peru
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Macusani Cooperative alpaca open nucleus breeding structure
• Nucleus was established with best females available (visual)
• Replacements selection visual + FD, very good females are bought into nucleus from base farmers.
• Nucleus males are classed in 3• Farmer alpaca females are classed as
they come for mating• Mating with equal or superior males.• Mated females return to farmers
First class males
Second class males
Third class males
First class females
Second class females
Third class females
NucleusMales
BaseFemales
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Mating at the Macusani nucleus
flocks
Munay Paq’ocha nucleus Itita nucleus
Alpaca males
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-Macusani cooperative manager: “We get better price for our
fiber”• Organized farmers• Collaboration, support • Fiber measurement facility
…Our success is based on:
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Pasco alpaca three tier open nucleus structure
Multi-communal nucleus
Communal flocks
Huacahuaganan nucleus
Ayaracra nucleusBest femalesMales
Two multi-communal nucleus flocks
Individual farmer
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Establishment of multi-communal nucleus
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1. Young promising males are selected visually in
each household
2. Participants feed and manage young males in turns separate from females
4. Males go for 15 days mating in participants flocks
3. Participants select their
preferred males
Pool of males
Turco (Bolivia) llama breeding structure
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Breeding structure drawing at community
school
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Selecting llama males in Turco
-Discussion of breeding objectives
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Accuracy of visual breeding value
estimation is not zero
Measuredperformance
Selection+Family Selection
(BLUP)
30%
60%
90%
GenomicSelection
100%
VisualSelection
Randomselection
0%
Example for FW h2=0.4
√0.4=0.63
r=0.5
n=40
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Within flock open nucleus:Within flock open nucleus:Cashmere goats in IranCashmere goats in Iran
• 4 Million Raeini cashmere goats• Nomad extended families or tribes• 600 goats / tribe, managed together
summer
winter
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Breeding objective: meat, fiberVisual traits: size, color, density, staple lengthMeasurements: body weight (growth rate), fleece
weight (+ down percentage, fiber diameter)
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Breeding system40+2
• Separate visually best 40 females and 2 bucks• Mate nucleus and base first 20 days separately• During night keep in corral• During day graze or feed separately• After 20 days graze/mate together as usual
• At kidding identify nucleus progeny by date of birth• Castrate males in base• Replace worse buck on progeny test with best nucleus
born young buck• Use next best bucks in base• Avoid mating with daughters: circulate / exchange
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Corral for nucleus mating at night
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Sustainability - Results
• Cost per tribe:– Fence: once only, local government? – Barley or labor: yearly, decreasing– Fleece samples: yearly, research?
• Expected results:– Response as in woolen sheep– Cashmere suitable for yarn making (dehairing issue)– Improved raw cashmere for export (= chinese, 25%)
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• We have the tools to estimate progress, lags and inbreeding to design optimum breeding structures.
• In practice we usually work with an existing or evolving breeding structure and will need tactical optimization.
• The important point is to discuss the logic of a structure with the farmers and analyze options for implementation.
• Open nucleus systems are particularly useful when selection objectives are not clearly expressed and when data collection is difficult.
• Breeding structures usually lead to other collective actions such as joint marketing of products.
Some experiences and Some experiences and commentscomments