Chapter 3

Expansion and Diversity: Growth of Colonial America

Southern Colonies◦ Plantations dominant◦ Cash crops for export

Tobacco (Chesapeake) Rice, Indigo (Carolinas)

◦ Economy compatible with mercantilist policies

New England◦ Subsistence

Agriculture, Fishing◦ Exports

Wood, Shipping/building◦ Vibrant merchant class◦ Economy NOT compatible

with mercantilist policies

Middle Colonies◦ Agriculture dominant

Small farms/ commercial farms Produce crops Modest in scope

◦ Small-scale industry◦ Vibrant merchant class in

urban areas New York, Philly

◦ NOT compatible with mercantilist policies

Colonial Economy

Expanding Population◦ 1,200,000 by 1750◦ Creation of markets within

colonies◦ Stimulates urban pop.◦ From both natural expansion

and immigration◦ Growth in South from slave

imports Colonial Commerce

◦ Coastal trade◦ Trade with West Indies

Rum, grains, fish

◦ Trade with England Raw materials in exchange for

material goods

◦ Slave trade profitable commerce

Developing a source of labor◦ Impact of easy

availability of lands Limits number of

immigrants in labor force Makes hiring workers

difficult Rice, sugar plantations

◦ Indentured servants◦ Slaves

Slavery legal in 1700 Most colonies

Colonial Economy

Three stages:◦ 1619 - 1640

1st Africans arrive, Dutch ship More like Indentured servants

◦ 1640-1660 Growing numbers

◦ 1660 Official recognition of slavery

MD 1661- slavery a racial status, (VA 1670)

1705: Black Codes

◦ Replacement of Indentured Servants Racism Desire to avoid class conflict Fall off of white immigration Trans-Atlantic slave trade

◦ 1680s Heavy influx of slaves

Slavery

Need for cheap labor◦ Especially in South◦ European Immigrants

Lots of opportunities for land ownership

Will not work on plantations

◦ Natives Prone to disease Can escape too easily

First arrivals, 1619◦ Virginia◦ Treated as indentured servants◦ As numbers increase so does

anxiety Break-up of Royal African

Company’s monopoly◦ Slaves easy to obtain◦ Profits high

“Peculiar Institution”◦ Self-renewing labor source◦ Escape difficult◦ Belief of inferiority◦ Lack of opposition

1750◦ Slavery legal in all colonies◦ Distribution varies

Largest in north = New York (14%) Largest in south = S.C. (61%)

◦ By 1775, 80% US born Great Awakening

◦ Stimulates Christianization Enlightenment

◦ Rethinking of legitimacy of slavery

Africans in the Colonies

Families◦ Patriarchal◦ Early marriages◦ Many children

Men◦ Head of family◦ Property owner◦ In charge of “outside” affairs

Church, politics, law Women

◦ Few legal rights◦ Essential to “well-being” of

family◦ In charge of “inside” affairs

Child-rearing, food preparation, clothing, etc.

◦ “underground economy” Textile production, dressmaking,

midwifery

Children◦ More valued than in Europe◦ Major role in household

economy◦ Treatment more human than

in Europe Standard of Living

◦ Health, diet, etc. better than in Europe

Class structure evolving◦ Status based on wealth◦ Class lines more fluid than in

England

Colonial Society

Puritan Impact◦ America as an “ideal”

“City upon a hill”◦ Education

Colleges Harvard, 1636

Boston Latin School 1642 Mass. School of Law

◦ “Puritan ethic”◦ Intolerance/ witch trials

Religious Diversity / evolving toleration◦ Declining Puritan piety◦ Legislation allowing degrees of

toleration◦ Great Awakening

Impact of Enlightenment◦ Acceptance of the concepts

of natural law/ rights◦ Interest in science◦ Americanization of Glorious

Revolution/English Bill of Rights Validation of self-government Powers of government are limited Free expression of Ideas

Institutionalizing of chattel slavery in all thirteen colonies

Creating an American Identity

Theological differences◦ Set of orthodox practices an

issue Education

◦ Means to establish Orthodoxy Conversion required familiarity

with Bible Needed to be literate

◦ Teachers/ Grammar schools 1st steps towards public education

◦ Trained ministers Harvard College 1636

Government◦ Church must be free of state

control◦ Massachusetts had a state-

sponsored church◦ “meeting-house”

Orthodox Issues

Roger Williams◦ Arrived 1631◦ Argued civil

government should be separated from religion Didn’t want government to

corrupt the church

◦ Opposed compulsory church service

◦ Banished in 1635◦ Purchased land from

Narragansett Indians Rhode Island Only New England Colony

to practice religious toleration

Dissenters

Anne Hutchinson◦ Accused ministers of following

catholic beliefs◦ People being scrutinized too much

Conversion experience

◦ Undermined authority A double threat being a woman

◦ 1636 Colony split into two groups supporters

Boston Merchants Young men against “Elders” Some women

Critics John Winthrop

◦ Trial for Heresy 1637 Knowledge of Bible better than

prosecutors Guilty , she claimed to converted

through a direct revelation from God

Banished

Dissenters cont.

Control of each congregation in the hands of the “Saints”

Who’s a Saint?◦ Male◦ “saved”

Had to stand before congregation and give account of conversion

Elected Ministers and Board of elders by majority votes◦ Political suffrage

Powers

The “Saints”

Attempted to keep towns small and close

Characteristics of town◦ Reciprocity◦ Spying on each other

Women’s roles◦ Social force

Families◦ “little commonwealth”◦ Obeyed male “head of

family”◦ Matrimony a contract

Married by courts Divorce only in extreme

cases

◦ Longer life expectancy◦ No cash, relied on labor

of families

1st Generation

As New England diversified, new challenges arose

Civil war in England◦ 1642

Crisis in Church Membership◦ 1st generation vs. 2nd

◦ 1st believed they had accepted a covenant with God

◦ 2nd not joining church Reluctant of conversion

experience

Compromise◦ 3rd would remain un-

baptized if 2nd didn’t become “Saints”

◦ 1662 Half-Way Covenant

Would permit the children of baptized adults, including non-saints, to receive baptism

Could not take communion or vote in church affairs

Half-way Convenant

Puritan's anxieties heightened

Salem 2nd largest port◦ Trade prospered◦ Destroyed the relatively

equal society Worse in Salem Village East section farmers more

prosperous 1691

◦ Girls / Tituba◦ Claimed they were

possessed

Witchcraft not new◦ Targeted powerful women◦ Most accusations never

went to trial◦ Salem different

Panic◦ 1692- two prominent women

and former minister accused Trial

◦ Panic ruled trial◦ Accused belonged to

wealthier families Mainly females

1692- trials suspended1693- end of the Terror

Salem, Massachusetts

Disease leads to decline in population

“Savages” Christianization Land ownership

◦ No understanding of Indian culture

Treaties broken◦ Specifically land

treaties

Indian Wars/ Impact◦ Pequot War, 1637

Defeat of natives◦ Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

Open of Indian lands◦ King Philip’s War, 1675

Wampanoag's Allied with Nipmuch/Narragansetts Feared loss of native culture Halt colonial expansion

Colonial losses heavy 10% of male population

Colonial victory, 1676 Power of Natives in NE broken

Scot-Irish and Penn Exploitation

◦ English and French use allies in wars for empire

Interaction with Native Americans

Little resistance from Natives compared to VA◦ Numbers drastically reduced/

disease◦ Massachusetts and Pawtucket

Indians forced to sell land ◦ Religion prohibited, forced into

praying-towns Rapid Settlement

◦ 1633- settlers in Conn. River Valley 1635 official colony of Conn.

◦ Friction With Pequot Indians over fur and

wampum trade Military action 1637

Ruthless campaign Massacre at Mystic Resistance crushed by end of year

Pequot War, 1637

Bacon’s Rebellion◦ 1675-76◦ VA Gov William Berkley◦ Falling tobacco prices◦ Social hierarchy

Landowners falling into poverty

Laborer and freedmen in despair

Gov. Berkley’s inner-circle

◦ Attack Indians Want more land from

natives Violence on border

increased

◦ Bacon’s Expedition Found only peaceful

Indians Massacred anyways

◦ All out war Berkley changes mind Rioters burn Jamestown

◦ Highlights two problems: Class differences Colonial resistance to royal

control

Beginnings of English/ French conflict◦ France resumes and extends

colonization◦ Successful trade established◦ Success of Catholic missionaries◦ Mercantilism

King Louis 14th Placed colony under royal direction

Encouraged immigration

◦ Iroquois “beaver wars” hindered trade 1666 “peace”

◦ Expansion to the South France wants to dominate continent

New Mexico: Pueblo Revolt◦ Spanish expansion after 1625◦ Treatment of Natives

Seek control through subordinating Pueblo Indians Missionaries Encomiendas Drove wedge between tribes

Few revolts

◦ 1660s Drought Epidemic Rejected Christianity

◦ 1675 Conflict Pueblo Revolt 1680

Siege of Santa Fe (12 year)

◦ j

Struggle for North America