EXERCISES (CLICK HERE TO SEE THE CORRECTION of the exercises)

A. 1. If he eats too much a. he gets a bike

2. We’ll go to the beach only if b. she will go on holiday

3. We’ll go faster if we c. we’ll have to call a doctor

4. If she passes her exams d. it’s warm and sunny

5. He’ll be happier if e. he’ll be probably get stomach ache

6. If he’s got a temperature, f. we take the train.

B . Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

1. What will you do, if you ___________________________ (win) the lottery?

2. If you ____________________ (refuse) my offer, I would be very surprised.

3. We can have lunch in the park, if it _______________________ (not/rain)

4. If you are hungry, we __________________________ (go) to a restaurant.

5. If I _________________________ (see) Paul, I would have told him to go home.

6. I ___________________________ (invite) you, for a drink if I didn’t feel so tired.

7. He would pass the exam, if he ______________________ (study) more.

8. If he had been more careful, he _____________________ (avoid) the accident.

C. Follow the example and rewrite as indicated below - 1st Conditional

Example: Don't keep making noise, or I’ll call the headmaster.

I'll call the headmaster, if ...

1. I don’t talk to John because he doesn’t apologize.

......................................, if he apologises.

2. He doesn't help you because you don't ask him.

He ................................................, if you ask him.

3. You don't get the best seats because you don't arrive early.

If you arrive early, you .....

4. He makes mistakes. He is not promoted.

If he doesn’t make mistakes, he ...

5. Peter wants to go to the match. He goes alone.

If Peter wants to go to the match, he .... .

D. Rewrite as indicated below - 2nd. Conditional

1. I don't buy a new video camera because I don't have enough money.

If I had enough money, I ...

2. He doesn't invest much, that's why he is not a successful manager.

He would be a successful manager, if ....

3. You don't give up drinking. You don't feel well.

If you ..... , you would feel much better.

4. I don't do my homework because I don't know the text.

I would do my homework, if I ....

5. He only did that because you pushed him

He wouldn’t do that if you ....

6. The dog didn't bite the girl because the owner stopped it.

The dog ................................................ if the owner didn’t stop it.

7. You missed the lesson. The teacher reprehended you.

The teacher wouldn’t reprehend you if you ....

E. Rewrite as indicated below - 3rd conditional

1. You didn't arrive early. You missed the train.

If you had arrived earlier, you ...

2. I didn't hear the weather forecast. So, I didn't bring the umbrella.

If I had heard the weather forecast,...

3. You spent the night at the pub. You didn't study much.

If you hadn’t spent all night at the pub, you....

4. You didn't take your raincoat. That's why you got wet.

If you............................................ , you wouldn’t have got wet.

5. She didn't give you a box of chocolates because she didn't know it was your birthday.

If she had known it was your birthday, she....

6. You didn't spend he holidays with us, that's why you didn't enjoy yourself a lot.

7. If you ................................................................, you would have enjoyed yourself a lot.

F. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense.

1.You will have to go to bed earlier if you ______________ (start) work at 8.

2.You ___________ (have) to take a taxi if you are in a hurry.

3.If you ___________ (give) up smoking, you would feel better.

4.If I _____________ (be) you, I wouldn’t do it.

5.They will probably pass the exam if they ___________ (study) hard.

6.We won’t miss the train if we _____________ (hurry).

7.If you ___________ (come) to see the film, you would have enjoyed it.

8.Who _____________ (you/phone) if you had a problem?

9.If it ___________ (be) warm and sunny tomorrow, we will go to the beach.

G. Rewrite these sentences as indicated below.

1. I didn’t phone them because I didn’t have their phone number.

If I had their phone number, I ….

2. We missed the train because we were late.

We wouldn’t miss the train, if …

3. Mum had run out of sugar and flour, so she couldn’t make me a cake.

If Mum hadn’t run out ….

4. Mum went to the garden and let dinner burn.

If Mum didn’t go to the garden, …

5. They went to Gill’s party and met her parents.

If they hadn’t gone to Gill’s party, …

6. I don’t visit you this afternoon because I don’t have time.

If I have time, I ….

7. He doesn’t phone now. I don’t wait for him.

If he doesn’t phone now, …

8. I don’t have a house in the country because I’m not rich.

If I were rich, I …

H. 1st; 2nd; 3rd Conditional - Re-write as indicated below

1. We rejected the offer because they didn't clarify their position.

If they had clarified ___________________________________.

2. I don't sell my car because they don't pay much money for it.

If they paid more money for my car ______________________

3. I'm sure you didn't leave your watch in my house, because I didn't find it.

If you had left your watch in my house, _____________

5. Be careful, or you'll get hurt.

You'll get hurt, if you ____________________________

6. She didn't give me the ring , because she didn't find it.

If she had found the ring, _____________________________

7. You don't feel better because you don't take much exercise.

If you took more exercise, _____________________________

8. She didn't apply for the job, because she didn't know about it.

If she had known about it, she __________________________

I - Re-write the following , building conditional sentences (1st, 2nd, 3rd conditionals)

1. You must write the test carefully, not to repeat it all again.

If you write _________________________________________

2. Hurry up or you'll miss the train.

You'll miss the train, if ________________________________

3. John doesn’t drive carefully. He has had too many accidents.

If John drove __________________________________________

4. The weather isn't fine. We can't go to the beach.

If the weather was _____________________________________

5. You didn't go to the party. I didn't dance with you.

If you had gone _______________________________________

6. You don't spend your holiday in Spain. You don't learn how to dance the flamenco.

If you spent __________________________________________

7. She didn't take my advice. She didn't feel happy.

She would have felt ____________________________________

8. You must run to catch the train.

If you don’t run, _______________________________________

10. They have to work harder, to succeed.

If they don’t work harder, _______________________________

J. Rewrite using Unless

1.If you don’t bring the money, I won’t buy you the tickets.

Unless ...

2. If you don’t read your messages, you won’t receive e-mail greetings.

Unless ...

3. If we didn’t walk faster, we wouldn’t get there in time.

Unless ...

4. If you didn’t arrive early, you wouldn’t get the best seats.

Unless...

5. If you don’t try harder, you’ll never succeed.

Unless ...

6. If the weather doesn’t get better, I’ll stay at home.

Unless ...

7. You won’t arrive on time if you don’t hurry.

Unless...

8. This theatre will close if they don’t get a subsidy.

Unless ...

9. If they hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the house.

Unless ...

10. You don’t come with me. I won’t go to the party.

Unless ...

K - Rewrite as indicated below - Unless

1. If I don't have to work late, I'll see you tomorrow.

I'll see you tomorrow, unless I __________________________

2. If she doesn't ask me, I will not tell Sue what you said.

Unless she ________________________________________

3. I wouldn’t eat fish, if I weren’t extremely hungry.

Unless I __________________________________________

4. We must hurry not to be late.

Unless we _______________________________________

5. I was told I had to work hard to pass the exam.

I was told unless I worked ___________________________

6. Children are only allowed to use the swimming pool if they are with an adult.

Unless .they ______________________________________

7. The doctor will not see you today, if it is not an emergency.

Unless it _________________________________________

8. I don't go to the party, if you don't come with me.

Unless you _______________________________________

9. He'll only answer if you ask him a question.

Unless you ________________________________________

10. I'll only help you if you ask me to.

Unless you _________________________________________

L- Rewrite as follows - 1st, 2nd, 3rd conditionals; unless

1. Jane doesn't arrive on time. I don't talk to her.

But, if Jane arrived _________________________________

2. We may see Henry, we give him your message.

If we see ________________________________________

3. You don't know how to swim, so you can't come with us.

If you knew ______________________________________

4. You can't find a good job, because you aren't qualified enough.

But, if you were qualified _______________________________

Unless you __________________________________________

5. Francisco doesn't speak English. He doesn't find a job in England.

If Francisco spoke _______________________________________

Unless he speaks ________________________________________

6. You didn't apply for the job, that's why you didn't get it.

If you had applied _________________________________________

7. She didn't find a good seat because she didn't come on time.

If she had come _________________________________________

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES – CORRECTION Exercise A. 1-e.; 2-d. ;3-f,; 4-b.; 5-a.; 6-c. Exercise B. 1. What will you do, if you win the lottery? 2. If you refused my offer, I would be very surprised. 3. We can have lunch in the park, if it doesn't rain. 4. If you are hungry, we will/can go to a restaurant. 5. If I had seen Paul, I would have told him to go home. 6. I would invite you for a drink if I didn’t feel so tired. 7. He would pass the exam, if he studied more. 8. If he had been more careful, he would have avoided the accident. Exercise C. 1. I will talk to John, if he apologizes. 2. He will help you, if you ask him. 3. If you arrive early, you’ll get the best seats. 4. If he doesn’t make mistakes, he will be promoted. 5. If Peter wants to go to the match, he will go alone. Exercise D. 1. If I had enough money, I would by a new video camera. 2. He would be a successful manager, if he invested more. 3. If you gave up drinking, you would feel much better. 4. I would do my homework, if I knew the text. 5. He wouldn’t do that if you didn’t push him. 6. The dog would bite the girl if the owner didn’t stop it. 7. The teacher wouldn’t reprehend you if you didn’t miss the lesson. Exercise E. 1. If you had arrived earlier, you wouldn’t have missed the train. 2. If I had heard the weather forecast, I would have brought the umbrella. 3. If you hadn’t spent all night at the pub, you’d have studied more. 4. If you had taken your raincoat, you wouldn’t have got wet. 5. If she had known it was your birthday, she would have given you a box of chocolates. 6. If you had spent the holidays with us, you would have enjoyed yourself a lot. Exercise F. 1.start; 2.will have; 3.give; 4.were; 5.study; 6.hurry; 7.came; 8. would you phone; 9. is Exercise G. 1. If I had their phone number, I would have phoned them. 2. We wouldn’t miss the train, if we weren’t late. 3. If Mum hadn’t run out of sugar and flour, she would have made me a cake. 4. If Mum didn’t go the garden, she wouldn’t let dinner burn. 5. If they hadn’t gone to Gill’s party, they wouldn’t have met her parents. 6. If I have time, I will visit you this afternoon. 7. If he doesn’t phone now, I won’t wait for him. 8. If I were rich, I would have a house in the country. Exercise H. 1. If they had clarified their position, we wouldn't have rejected the offer 2. If they paid more money for my car, I would sell it. 3. If you had left your watch in my house, I would have found it. 5. You'll get hurt, if you are not careful. 6. If she had found the ring, she would have given it to me. 7. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. 8. If she had known about it, she would have applied for the job. Exercise I 1. If you write the test carefully, you won't have to repeat it all again. 2. If you don’t hurry up, you will (you'll) miss the train. 3. If John drove more carefully, he wouldn't have so many accidents. 4. If the weather was fine, we would (could) go to the beach. 5. If you had gone to the party, I would have danced with you. 6. If you spent your holiday in Spain, you would learn how to dance the flamenco.

7. If she had taken my advice, she would have felt happy. 8. If you don’t run, you won't catch the train. 10.If they don't work harder, they won't succeed. Exercise J. 1. Unless you bring the money, I won’t buy you the tickets. 2. Unless you read your messages, you won’t receive e-mail greetings. 3. Unless we walked walk faster, we wouldn’t get there in time. 4. Unless you arrived arrive early, you wouldn’t get the best seats. 5. Unless you try harder, you’ll never succeed. 6. Unless the weather gets better, I’ll stay at home. 7. Unless you hurry, you won't arrive on time 8. Unless they get a subsidy, this theatre will close 9. Unless they had lent me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the house. 10. Unless you come with me, I won’t go to the party. Exercise K 1. I'll see you tomorrow, unless I have to work late 2. Unless she asks me, I will not (won't) tell Sue what to do 3. Unless I were extremely hungry, I wouldn't eat fish. 4. Unless we hurry, we will be late. 5. I was told unless I worked, I wouldn't pass my exam. 6. Unless they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming-pool. 7. Unless it is an emergency, the doctor will not see you today. 8. Unless you come with me, I don't go to the party. 9. Unless you ask him a question, he will not (won't) answer. 10.Unless you ask me to, I won't help you. Exercise L. 1. But, if Jane arrived on time, I would talk to her. 2. If we see Henry, we'll give (we will give) him your message 3. But if you knew how to swim, you could come with us. 4. But, if you were qualified enough, you could (would) find a good job. Unless you are qualified enough, you won't (can't) find a good job. 5. But if he spoke English, he would (could) find a job in England. Unless he speaks English, he won't (can't) find a job in England. 6. If you had applied for the job, you would have got it. 7. If she had come on time, she would have found a good seat.

EXERCISES ( CLICKHERETO SEE THECORRECTION)

A. Rewrite as indicated below.

1. If you don’t bring the money, I won’t buy you the tickets.

Unless ...

2. If you don’t read your messages, you won’t receive e-mail greetings.

Unless ...

3. If we didn’t walk faster, we wouldn’t get there in time.

Unless ...

4. If you didn’t arrive early, you wouldn’t get the best seats.

Unless...

5. If you don’t try harder, you’ll never succeed.

Unless ...

6. If the weather doesn’t get better, I’ll stay at home.

Unless ...

7. You won’t arrive on time if you don’t hurry.

Unless...

8. This theatre will close if they don’t get a subsidy.

Unless ...

9. If they hadn’t lent me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the house.

Unless ...

10. You don’t come with me. I won’t go to the party.

Unless ...

B. Rewrite as indicated below.

1. If I don't have to work late, I'll see you tomorrow.

I'll see you tomorrow, unless I …

2. If she doesn't ask me, I will not tell Sue what you said.

Unless …

3. I wouldn't eat fish, if I weren't extremely hungry.

Unless I were extremely hungry, I I wouldn't eat fish.

4. We must hurry not to be late.

Unless we ...

5. I was told I had to work hard to pass the exam.

I was told unless I worked, I...

6. Children are only allowed to use the swimming pool if they are with an adult.

Unless they ...

7. The doctor will not see you today, if it is not an emergency.

Unless it ...

8. I don't go to the party, if you don't come with me.

Unless you ...

9. He'll only answer if you ask him a question.

Unless ...

10. I'll only help you if you ask me to.

Unless you …

C. Rewrite these sentences as indicated below.

1. We won’t buy any fish today if it isn’t cheaper than yesterday.

Unless _____________________________________________

2. If you don’t go to the party, they will be disappointed.

Unless ______________________________________________

3. I can’t help her if she doesn’t talk to me.

I can’t help her unless _________________________________

4. If it doesn’t stop raining, we’ll stay at home.

We will stay at home unless _____________________________

5. If I don’t go to the post office, I won’t buy the stamps.

Unless _______________________________________________

6. George won’t come out of the hospital if he doesn’t feel better.

Unless George _________________________________________

7. Some people don’t go abroad if the language of the country isn’t the same as theirs

Unless _______________________________________________________________

8. Unless you are in a smoking area, you aren’t allowed to have a cigarette.

If you ________________________________________________________________

9. Unless there are some delays, she’s arriving this morning.

If ____________________________________________________________________

10. I’ll go and visit you tomorrow unless I’ve got something else todo.

If I …

UNLESS – CORRECTION Exercise A. 1. Unless you bring the money, I won’t buy you the tickets. 2. Unless you read your messages, you won’t receive e-mail greetings. 3. Unless we walked faster, we wouldn’t get there in time. 4. Unless you arrived early, you wouldn’t get the best seats. 5. Unless you try harder, you’ll never succeed. 6. Unless the weather gets better, I’ll stay at home. 7. Unless you hurry, you won’t arrive on time 8. Unless they get a subsidy, this theatre will close 9. Unless they had lent me the money, I wouldn’t have bought the house. 10. Unless you come with me, I won’t go to the party. Exercise B. 1. I'll see you tomorrow, unless I have to work late 2. Unless she asks me, I will not (won't) tell Sue what to do 3. Unless I were extremely hungry, I I wouldn't eat fish. 4. Unless we hurry, we will be late. 5. I was told unless I worked, I wouldn't pass my exam. 6. Unless they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use the swimming-pool. 7. Unless it is an emergency, the doctor will not see you today. 8. Unless you come with me, I don't go to the party. 9. Unless you ask him a question, he will not (won't) answer. 10. Unless you ask me to, I won't help you Exercise C. 1. Unless it is cheaper than yesterday, we won’t buy any fish today. 2. Unless you go to the party, they will be disappointed. 3. I can’t help her unless she talks to me. 4. We will stay at home unless it stops raining. 5. Unless I go to the post office, I won’t buy the stamps. 6. Unless George feels better, he won’t come out of the hospital. 7. Unless the language of the country isn’t the same as theirs 8. If you are not in a smoking area, you aren’t allowed to have a cigarette. 9. If there aren’t any delays, she’s arriving this morning. 10. If I haven’t got anything to do, I’ll go and visit you tomorrow

EXERCISES

A. Link the following pairs of sentences using the linking words in brackets.

1. Ted has a blue sweater. His brother has one too. (both ... and)

2. Ted likes sweets very much. He likes good food too. (not only ... but also)

3. Mary is coming on Saturday. Her mother is also coming. (not only .... but also)

4. People speak Portuguese in Portugal. They also speak Portuguese in Brazil and

Angola. (as well as)

5. Mr Davis took his hat. He also took his umbrella. (as well as)

6. This coat was a good purchase. It is good. It was cheap. (what is more)

7. He cheated in his examination. He was expelled (because)

8. It was raining. Tom went to school by bus. (as)

9. It is raining very hard. We'd better stay in. (so)

10. You are so thin. You don't eat enough. (that's why)

11. He had no difficulty in getting a scholarship for the University. He was a very good

student. (since)

12. Dinner is ready. I'll set the table. (since)

13. I can't afford a new car. The old one will have to do (so)

14. The authorities forbade the demonstration. They threat to put to jail all the

demonstrators. (moreover)

15. They closed all the streets around the Parliament. The demonstrators couldn't get

close to it. (thus)

B. Complete using one of the following linking words. More than one answer is possible in some

sentences.

As a result of; as well as; because; because of; besides; due to ; moreover ; not only … but also; so;

that’s why; therefore

1. _______________ the fog many flights have been cancelled.

2. He looked like a beggar ____________ he was wearing shabby clothes.

3. ____________ the terrible accident they had last week, the Browns are a still in

hospital.

4. The doctor’s prognosis is still reserved, _________ we don't know whether the

Browns can spend the holiday at home.

5. Peter is lucky; he is ____________good-looking, __________ intelligent. All the

girls like him.

6. The traffic was heavy. __________ my car broke down. __________ I arrived late to

the meeting.

7. The plane was late. ___________ I couldn't arrive on time for my son's birthday

party.

8. ____________ last night’s thunderstorm there was a power failure.

9. The power failure caused all kinds of problems with the computers, ___________ an

enormous confusion among everybody.

10. He arrived late ____________ he missed the bus. ________ it was raining very

much.

C. Link these sentences, using the correct linking word (as; as well as; because; because of; both ...

and; moreover; since; so; that's why; therefore)

1. Ted is good at school. He is good at sports too.

2. I was really interested in that house. It was new. The rent was not too high.

3. Peter was found guilty. Jack was found guilty too.

4. He was a good School Captain. He won the respect of his schoolfellows

5. It's time for you to go to bed. Say good-night to everyone.

6. It is raining very much. We'd better stay in.

7. He had to buy a new coat. The old one was worn-out and shabby.

8. The boy ate so much. He had indigestion.

9. The old pipe was rusty. It had to be replaced.

10. She has been very kind to us. I'd like to offer her something she really likes.

CORRECTION

A.

1. Both Ted and his brother have a blue sweater.

2. Ted likes not only sweets, but also good food.

3. Not only Mary, but also her mother is coming on Saturday.

4. People speak Portuguese in Portugal as well as in Brazil and Angola.

5. Mr Davis took his hat as well as his umbrella.

6. This coat was a good purchase. It is good, what is more it was cheap.

7. He was expelled because he cheated in his examination.

8. As it was raining, Tom went to school by bus.

9. It is raining very hard, so we'd better stay in.

10. You don't eat enough, that's why you are so thin.

11. Since he was a very good student, he had no difficulty in getting a scholarship for

the University.

12. Since dinner is ready, I'll set the table

13. I can't afford a new car, so the old one will have to do.

14. The authorities forbade the demonstration; moreover they threat to put to jail all the

demonstrators.

15. They closed all the streets around the Parliament, thus the demonstrators couldn't get

close to it.

B.

1.because of (due to)

2. because

3. because of (due to)

4. so (therefore; that’s why)

5. not only… but also

6. moreover (besides) ; therefore (so; that’s why)

7. so (therefore ; that’s why)

8. Due to (because of)

9. as well as

10. because; besides

C.

1.Ted is not only good at school, but also good at sports.(Ted is good at school as well

as at sports )

2. It was a convenient house: it was new, moreover the rent was not too high.

3. Both Peter and Jack were found guilty.

4. He was a good School Captain; so/therefore/that's why/because of that he won the

respect of his schoolfellows.

5. It's time for you to go to bed, so say goodnight to everyone.

6. We'd better stay in because it's raining very much (As it is raining very much, we'd

better stay in.)

7. He had to buy a new coat because the old one was worn-out and shabby (The old coat

was worn-out and shabby, so/therefore he had to buy a new one./ As the old coat was

worn-out and shabby, he had to buy a new one.)

8. The boy ate too much, so/ that's why he had an indigestion/ The boy had an

indigestion because he ate too much.

9. The old pipe was rusty, so/therefore/that's why it had to be replaced / The old pipe

had to be replaced because it was rusty/ As/since the old pipe was rusty, it had to be

replaced.

10. As/since she has been very kind to us, I'd like to offer her something she really likes

1. Choose the correct connector

1. I bought the CD you recommended, however/in spite of I didn’t like it.

2. Although/In spite of we told her the truth, she didn’t believe us.

3. Although/ In spite of their poor game, they won the match.

4. The winner managed to overcome his rival in spite/although he was

stronger

5. Most people keep using cars although/however they cause much pollution.

6. However/Despite feeling cold, they didn’t turn on the heater.

7. Bill had a terrible headache; although/however he kept working.

8. Despite/Although having all the necessary books, he doesn’t use them to

study.

2. Use the appropriate connector: although, however, in spite of/despite, nevertheless

1. ………… she works a lot, she doesn’t deserve a raise.

2. …………. not being prepared for the test, she had to do it.

3. She was ill, she had to go to school.

4. Everybody knows he is a liar, ………….. he was not dismissed.

5. …………… it was sunny, there was nobody at the beach.

6. Thomas will do the job ……………….. he is on holiday.

7. ……………. arriving later he finished work earlier than the others.

8. The new waitress seems honest and diligent, ………………….. the boss

doesn’t like her.

3. Rewrite as follows.

1. Pam was not felling well, however she went to school.

Although …

In spite of …

2. Tom was seriously advised by his teacher, but he insisted in disturbing the class.

Although …

In spite of …

3. I tried several times, but I couldn’t find a taxi.

Although,

In spite of …

4. Although he felt tired, he stayed up to keep us company.

Despite …

5. They didn’t have much time, however they came to visit us.

In spite of ….

6. He is too old, but he still does his gymnastic every morning.

Although ….

In spite of / Despite ….

7. Although the shirts are very expensive, people buy them because they are trendy.

In spite of …

8. Although he had no qualifications for it, he got the job.

In spite of ….

Adapted from Ten Minute Test 2 (Porto Editora)

CORRECTION

1. Correction

1. I bought the CD you recommended, however/although I didn’t like it.

2. Although we told her the truth, she didn’t believe us.

3. In spite of their poor game, they won the match.

4. The winner managed to overcome his rival, although he was stronger

5. Most people keep using cars although they cause much pollution.

6. Despite feeling cold, they didn’t turn on the heater.

7. Bill had a terrible headache, however he kept working.

8. Despite having all the necessary books, he doesn’t use them to study.

2. Correction

1. Although she works a lot, she doesn’t deserve a raise.

2. In spite of/despite not being prepared for the test, she had to do it.

3. She was ill, however/ nevertheless she had to go to school.

4. Everybody knows he is a liar, however/ nevertheless he was not

dismissed.

5. Although it was sunny, there was nobody at the beach.

6. Thomas will do the job, although he is on holiday.

7. In spite of/despite arriving later, he finished work earlier than the others.

8. The new waitress seems honest and diligent, however/ nevertheless the

boss doesn’t like her.

3. Correction

1. Although Pam was not felling well, she went to school.

In spite of not feeling well, Pam went to school

2. Although Tom was seriously advised by his teacher, he insisted in disturbing the class.

In spite of being seriously advised by his teacher, Tom insisted in disturbing the class.

3. Although I tried several times, I couldn’t find a taxi.

In spite of tying several times, I couldn’t find a taxi.

4. Despite feeling tired, he stayed up to keep us company.

5. In spite of not having much time, they came to visit us.

6. Although he is too old, he still does his gymnastic every morning.

In spite of / Despite being too old, he still does his gymnastic every morning.

7. In spite of being very expensive, people buy the shirts because they are trendy.

8. In spite of having no qualifications for it, he got the job.

EXERCISES

A. Rewrite these sentences, using the linking words in brackets. Follow the

example.

1.Everyone was pushing because they wanted to get to the front of the queue. ( order to)

Example: Everyone was pushing in order to get to the front of the queue.

2 A lot of people learn English because they want to study in England. (in order to)

3. Try to write clearly. That way you will avoid being misunderstood. (so as to)

4. What do I need to know, if I want to be a good doctor? (in order to)

5. She turned up early because she wanted to get the room ready (in order to)

6. If you want to have a hundred students, you will need at least three teachers. (in order to)

7. I came to live in the country because I wanted to have trees around me instead of buildings. (so as to )

8. They had to eat grass and drink melted snow if they wanted to stay alive. (in order to)

9. He wanted to keep his car out of sight so he left it in the road. (in order to)

10. I wanted to get to Madrid on time, so I had to travel overnight from Barcelona (to)

B. Rewrite these sentences using in order to. Follow the example.

1. (Example) We spoke quietly, because we didn’t want to disturb anyone.

We spoke quietly in order not to disturb anyone.

2. She moved carefully, because she didn’t want to wake the children.

3. He sat quietly on the corner, because he didn’t want to be seen.

4. I gave up sugar and butter, because I didn’t want to put on weight.

b) Now write these sentences using so as to

1. (Example) She used both hands, because she didn’t want to drop anything.

She used both hands, so as not to drop anything.

1. We went over everything carefully, because we didn’t want to make any mistakes.

2. She left quietly, because she didn’t want to make any trouble.

3. We covered the furniture, because we didn’t want to get paint all over it.

C. Rewrite these sentences using so that

1. (example) He lifted me up because he wanted me to see what was happening.

He lifted me up, so that I could see what was happening.

2. The houses were knocked down to build car parks and office blocks.

3. I sat next to the window, because I wanted to see out.

4. He tied a knot in his handkerchief, because he didn’t want to forget her message.

5. I waved my arms. I wanted them to see me.

6. He wanted the report early, because he wanted to discuss it with colleagues.

7. We will take a telescope. We want to see the birds without getting too close.

8. I’ll fasten the donkey, because I don’t want it to escape.

9. She left her address. She wanted us to forward her letters.

10. He wears a disguise. He didn’t want his friends to recognise him.

D. Rewrite as indicated below

He does gymnastics in the bathroom to keep fit.

a) He does gymnastics in the bathroom in order to ...

b) He does gymnastics in the bathroom so that ...

2. She chose her words very carefully. She didn’t want to offend him.

She chose her words very carefully so that ...

3. The secretary gave her all the instructions. She wanted to apply for the job.

The secretary gave her all the instructions so that ...

4. He drove as fast as he could. He wanted to reach the airport in time.

He drove as fast as he could so as to ...

5. He took a taxi to the airport. That way he didn’t miss the plane.

He took a taxi to the airport so as to ...

He took a taxi to the airport so that ...

6. He took all the due precautions. He didn’t raise any suspicions.

He took all the precautions so as not to .....

7. He took a medicine. He wanted to recover

He took a medicine in order to ...

He took a medicine so that ...

8. The teacher spoke very clearly. He wanted the students to fulfil his instructions exactly.

The teacher spoke very clearly so that ...

9. I told him everything. I wanted him to know how to do it.

I told him everything so that ...

10. She is singing sweetly. She doesn't want to disturb the sleeping child.

She is singing sweetly in order not to ....

She is singing sweetly, so that ...

11. He is looking for a second job. He wants to make some extra money.

He is looking for a second job so as to ...

He is looking for a second job so that ...

12. I brought him some books. I wanted him to choose the one that interested him the most.

I brought him some books so that ...

CORRECTION

A. Rewrite these sentences, using the linking words in brackets.

1.( Example) Everyone was pushing because they wanted to get to the front of the queue. ( order to)

Everyone was pushing in order to get to the front of the queue.

2 A lot of people learn English, in order to to study in England.

3. Try to write clearly, so as to avoid being misunderstood.

4. What do I need to know, in order to be a good doctor?

5. She turned up early, in order to get the room ready.

6. You will need at least three teachers, in order to have a hundred students.

7. I came to live in the country, so as to have trees around me instead of buildings.

8. They had to eat grass and drink melted snow, in order to stay alive.

9. He left his car it in the road, in order to keep it out of sight.

10. I had to travel overnight from Barcelona to get to Madrid on time

B. Rewrite these sentences using in order to

1. (Example) We spoke quietly, because we didn’t want to disturb anyone.

We spoke quietly in order not to disturb anyone.

1. She moved carefully, in order not to wake the children.

2. He sat quietly on the corner, in order not to be seen.

3. I gave up sugar and butter, in order not to put on weight.

b) Now write these sentences using so as to

1. She used both hands, because she didn’t want to drop anything.

2. She used both hands, so as not to drop anything.

3. We went over everything carefully,so as not to make any mistakes.

4. She left quietly, so as not to make any trouble.

5. We covered the furniture, so as not to get paint all over it.

C. Rewrite these sentences using so that

1. (Example) He lifted me up because he wanted me to see what was happening.

He lifted me up, so that I could see what was happening.

2. The houses were knocked down, so that they could build car parks and office blocks.

3. I sat next to the window, so that I could see out.

4. He tied a knot in his handkerchief, so that he couldn't forget her message.

5. I waved my arms, so that they could see me.

6. He wanted the report ealy, so that he could discuss it with colleagues.

7. We will take a telescope, so that we can see the birds without getting too close.

8. I’ll fasten the donkey, so that he can't escape.

9. She left her address, so that we could forward her letters.

10. He wears a disguise, so that his friends can't recognise him.

D.

1. He does gymnastics in the bathroom in order to keep fit

He does gymnastics in the bathroom so that he can keep fit

2. She chose her words very carefully so that she couldn't (might not) offend them

3. The secretary gave her all the instructions so that she could apply for the job.

4. He drove as fast as he could so as to reach the airport in time.

5. He took a taxi to the airport so as not to miss the plane.

He took a taxi to the airport so that he couldn't miss the plane

6. He took all the due precautions so as not to raise any suspicions.

7. He took a medicine in order to recover

He took a medicine so that he could recover

8. The teacher spoke very clearly so that the students could fulfil his instructions exactly.

9. I told him everything so that he could know how to do it.

10. She is singing sweetly in order not to disturb the sleeping child.

She is singing sweetly so that she can't disturb the sleeping child.

11. He is looking for a second job so as to make so extra money.

He is looking for a second job so that he can make some extra money.

12. I brought him some books so that he could choose the one that interested him the most.

A. Time connectors (temporais)

Combine each pair of sentences to make a title of a pop song. Use the following time connectors : as soon as (logo que), before (antes), since (desde), when (quando), while (enquanto), until (até). Follow the example.

1. Think of me – I’m away. Think of me while I’m away

2. I’ll love you – I die _______________________

3. I hear music – I see you. _______________________

4. Come home – It’s too late. _______________________

5. I’ve been sad – You left. _______________________

6. I fell in love – We met. _______________________

B. Other connectors (Outras conjunções)

Put in these words: although (embora); because (porque); but (mas); if (se); in case (no caso de); in order to (de modo a); in spite of (apesar de); so (por isso); so that (para que); unless (a menos que).

1. __________________ it was late, Alex didn’t seem in a hurry to leave.

2. They put video cameras in shops ____________________ stop people stealing

things.

3. I decided not to go out for a meal ______________________ I couldn’t afford it.

4. __________________________ you’re ready, we can start now.

5. Our room was very small, ___________________________ we didn’t mind it at

all.

6. No one was watching television, ________________________ I switched it off.

7. You can’t drive a car _______________________________ you’ve got a

license.

8. ___________________________ having absolutely no talent, the man became

a popular TV personality.

9. Voicky sent us a map ________________________ we could find her house.

10. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours

______________________ I’ve made a mistake?

C. Choose the correct linking word.

A: We hadn’t any bread, ______________________ 1 (because/so) I went to the shop. I needed some __________________ 2 (so that/to) make sandwishes. I got there just ____________________ 3 (after/before) the shop closed and luckily they had some left.

B: Does the little shop stay open _____________________ 4 (after/before) the supermarket has closed?

A: Yes, it stays open till ten o’clock. It’s very convenient, _______________ 5 (but/in spite of) it’s rather expensive. I always go there __________________ 6 (if/in case) I need just one or two things. I didn’t go to the supermarket ________

7 (if/unless) I need a lot.

B: The shop must have done much less business ________________________ 8 (since/until) the supermarket has been there.

A: I don’t like the supermarket __________________________ 9 (although/in spite of) having a much bigger choice. I go there ____________________ 10 (because/so) it’s cheaper.

CORRECTION

A. Time connectors - correction

1. Think of me while I’m away

2. I'll love you until I die

3. I hear music when I see you

4. Come home before it's too late

5. I've been sad since you left

6. I fell in love as soon as we met

B. Other connectors - correction

1. Although it was late, Alex didn’t seem in a hurry to leave.

2. They put video cameras in shops in order to stop people stealing things.

3. I decided not to go out for a meal because I couldn’t afford it.

4. If you’re ready, we can start now.

5. Our room was very small, but we didn’t mind it at all.

6. No one was watching television, so I switched it off.

7. You can’t drive a car, unless you’ve got a license.

8. In spite of having absolutely no talent, the man became a popular TV personality.

9. Voicky sent us a map, so that we could find her house.

10. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours in case I’ve made a

mistake?

C. 1. so; 2. to; 3. before; 4. after; 5.but; 6.if; 7. unless 8. since 9. in spite of; 10. Because

A. Time connectors (temporais)

Combine each pair of sentences to make a title of a pop song. Use the following time connectors : as soon as (logo que), before (antes), since (desde), when (quando), while (enquanto), until (até). Follow the example.

1. Think of me – I’m away. Think of me while I’m away

2. I’ll love you – I die _______________________

3. I hear music – I see you. _______________________

4. Come home – It’s too late. _______________________

5. I’ve been sad – You left. _______________________

6. I fell in love – We met. _______________________

B. Other connectors (Outras conjunções)

Put in these words: although (embora); because (porque); but (mas); if (se); in case (no caso de); in order to (de modo a); in spite of (apesar de); so (por isso); so that (para que); unless (a menos que).

1. __________________ it was late, Alex didn’t seem in a hurry to leave.

2. They put video cameras in shops ____________________ stop people stealing

things.

3. I decided not to go out for a meal ______________________ I couldn’t afford it.

4. __________________________ you’re ready, we can start now.

5. Our room was very small, ___________________________ we didn’t mind it at

all.

6. No one was watching television, ________________________ I switched it off.

7. You can’t drive a car _______________________________ you’ve got a

license.

8. ___________________________ having absolutely no talent, the man became

a popular TV personality.

9. Voicky sent us a map ________________________ we could find her house.

10. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours

______________________ I’ve made a mistake?

C. Choose the correct linking word.

A: We hadn’t any bread, ______________________ 1 (because/so) I went to the shop. I needed some __________________ 2 (so that/to) make sandwishes. I got there just ____________________ 3 (after/before) the shop closed and luckily they had some left.

B: Does the little shop stay open _____________________ 4 (after/before) the supermarket has closed?

A: Yes, it stays open till ten o’clock. It’s very convenient, _______________ 5 (but/in spite of) it’s rather expensive. I always go there __________________ 6 (if/in case) I need just one or two things. I didn’t go to the supermarket ________

7 (if/unless) I need a lot.

B: The shop must have done much less business ________________________ 8 (since/until) the supermarket has been there.

A: I don’t like the supermarket __________________________ 9 (although/in spite of) having a much bigger choice. I go there ____________________ 10 (because/so) it’s cheaper.

CORRECTION

A. Time connectors - correction

1. Think of me while I’m away

2. I'll love you until I die

3. I hear music when I see you

4. Come home before it's too late

5. I've been sad since you left

6. I fell in love as soon as we met

B. Other connectors - correction

1. Although it was late, Alex didn’t seem in a hurry to leave.

2. They put video cameras in shops in order to stop people stealing things.

3. I decided not to go out for a meal because I couldn’t afford it.

4. If you’re ready, we can start now.

5. Our room was very small, but we didn’t mind it at all.

6. No one was watching television, so I switched it off.

7. You can’t drive a car, unless you’ve got a license.

8. In spite of having absolutely no talent, the man became a popular TV personality.

9. Voicky sent us a map, so that we could find her house.

10. I think my answers are right, but can I just check them with yours in case I’ve made a

mistake?

C. 1. so; 2. to; 3. before; 4. after; 5.but; 6.if; 7. unless 8. since 9. in spite of; 10. Because

Decide whether to use the definite article >the< or not. If you do not need the article >the<, use x.

1) My grandmother likes flowers very much.

2) I love flowers in your garden.

3) See you on Wednesday.

4) I always listen to radio in the morning.

5) Alex goes to work by bus.

6) Don't be late for school.

7) Listen! Dennis is playing trumpet.

8) We often see our cousins over Easter.

9) She has never been to Alps before.

10) What about going to Australia in February?

Correction:

1)My grandmother likes x flowers very much.

2) I love the flowers in your garden.

3) See you on x Wednesday.

4) I always listen to the radio in the morning.

5) Alex goes to work by x bus.

6) Don't be late for x school.

7) Listen! Dennis is playing the trumpet.

8) We often see our cousins over x Easter.

9) She has never been to the Alps before.

10) What about going to Australia in x February?

Decide whether to use the definite article >the< or not. If you do not need the article >the<, use x.

1) Last year we visited St. Paul's Cathedral and Tower.

2) Mount Everest is highest mountain on earth.

3) Loch Ness is most famous lake in Scotland.

4) most children like sweets.

5) summer of 1996 was hot and dry.

6) Plaza Hotel is on the corner of 59th Street and 5th Avenue.

7) My sister often stays at Uncle Tim's in Detroit.

8) Our friends Millers moved to Florida last August.

9) smog is a problem in big cities.

10) Our children go to school by bus.

CORRECTION:

1) Last year we visited x St. Paul's Cathedral and the Tower.

2) x Mount Everest is the highest mountain on earth.

3) x Loch Ness is the most famous lake in Scotland.

4) x most children like x sweets.

5) The summer of 1996 was hot and dry.

6) The Plaza Hotel is on the corner of x 59th Street and x 5th Avenue.

7) My sister often stays at x Uncle Tim's in Detroit.

8) Our friends the Millers moved to Florida last August.

9) x smog is a problem in x big cities.

10) Our children go to x school by x bus.

Decided whether to use the definite article >the< or not. If you do not need the article >the<, type an x.

Hi John,

I arrived in USA last Monday. We left Rome, flew over Alps and made a quick stop in

London. There we went shopping in Harrods, visited Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in Hyde

Park. On the following day we left for New York. time on board wasn't boring as there were two films to

watch on monitor. people on plane were all Italian. Before we landed at JFK airport,

we saw Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island and Empire State Building. hotel I stayed in was on

corner of 42nd Street and 5th Avenue. I don't like hotels very much, but I didn't have

time to rent an apartment.

Please say hello to Peter and Mandy.

Yours, Peter

CORRECTION:

Hi John,

I arrived in the USA last Monday. We left x Rome, flew over the Alps and made a quick stop in x London. There we

went shopping in x Harrods, visited the Tower and enjoyed a sunny afternoon in x Hyde Park. On the following day we

left for x New York. The time on board wasn't boring as there were two films to watch on the monitor. The people on

the plane were all x Italian. Before we landed at x JFK airport, we saw the Statue of Liberty, x Ellis Island and the

Empire State Building. The hotel I stayed in was on the corner of x 42nd Street and x 5th Avenue. I don't like x hotels

very much, but I didn't have x time to rent an apartment.

Please say hello to Peter and Mandy.

Yours,

Peter

Find the correct conditions (types of if-clauses). Mind the underlined verb forms.

1) If it rains, I'll wear a raincoat.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

2) If we had taken enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

3) If the children were older, they would go to the party.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

4) Harry could fly to Helsinki if he had more money.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

5) If Mark does the washing up, his mother will have more time for him.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

6) What would you do if you saw a burglar?

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

7) We might have had a glass of hot chocolate if you had bought some milk.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

8) If I were you I should keep the secret.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

9) Ron would understand more if the teacher spoke clearly.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

10) If Doris had got up earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

CORRECTION:

1) If it rains, I'll wear a raincoat. type I (probable condition)

2) If we had taken enough water, we wouldn't have been thirsty. type III (impossible condition)

3) If the children were older, they would go to the party. type II (improbable condition)

4) Harry could fly to Helsinki if he had more money. type II (improbable condition)

5) If Mark does the washing up, his mother will have more time for him. type I (probable condition)

6) What would you do if you saw a burglar? type II (improbable condition)

7) We might have had a glass of hot chocolate if you had bought some milk. type III (impossible condition)

8) If I were you I should keep the secret. type II (improbable condition)

9) Ron would understand more if the teacher spoke clearly. type II (improbable condition)

10) If Doris had got up earlier, she wouldn't have been late for school. type III (impossible condition)

Find the correct conditions (types of if-clauses).

1) If it wasn't so late, I would go shopping.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

2) Henry would have phoned his mother if he hadn't written the text message.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

3) I would buy a Ferrari if I had a lot of money.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

4) If we had known of your arrival, we would have been at the airport.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

5) I could have helped you if you had told me the truth.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

6) If you were driving from Budapest to Munich which way would you go?

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

7) We ought to have arrived at lunchtime if we hadn't taken the M25.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

8) If the weather had been better, the plane might not have crashed.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

9) We can visit the museum if we have time.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

10) If Andy had played in the team, they might have won the match.

type I (probable condition)

type II (improbable condition)

type III (impossible condition)

CORRECTION:

1) If it wasn't so late, I would go shopping. type II (improbable condition)

2) Henry would have phoned his mother if he hadn't written the text message. type III (impossible condition)

3) I would buy a Ferrari if I had a lot of money. type II (improbable condition)

4) If we had known of your arrival, we would have been at the airport. type III (impossible condition)

5) I could have helped you if you had told me the truth. type III (impossible condition)

6) If you were driving from Budapest to Munich which way would you go? type II (improbable condition)

7) We ought to have arrived at lunchtime if we hadn't taken the M25. type III (impossible condition)

8) If the weather had been better, the plane might not have crashed. type III (impossible condition)

9) We can visit the museum if we have time. type I (probable condition)

10) If Andy had played in the team, they might have won the match. type III (impossible condition)