Exam 4 Review
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Transcript of Exam 4 Review
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Exam 4 Review
Chapter 11 (Human Development)
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Prenatal Develop-
ment
Temper-ament &
Attachment
Cognitive & Moral
Reasoning
Adoles. & Adult-
hoodMisc.
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1000
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Prenatal Development 100
The longest stage of prenatal development, lasting from approximately 2 months until
birth
What is the Fetal Stage?
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Prenatal Development 200
The stage during which most of the vital organs begin to form, a time of great
vulnerability
What is the Embryonic Stage?
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Prenatal Development 400
The age at which a fetus, if born prematurely, is likely to survive
What is the Age of Viability?
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Prenatal Development 600
Increased risk of prematurity, stillbirth, and miscarriage
What are the risks of Tobacco use during pregnancy?
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Prenatal Development 800
Irritability, heart defects, hyperactivity, and delayed mental development
What are possible symptoms of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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Prenatal Development 1000
Birth complications and neurological problems
What are the risks of Severe Malnutrition?
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Temperament & Attachment 100
The characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity of an infant
What is Temperament?
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Easy, slow-to-warm-up, difficult and mixed
Temperament & Attachment 200
What are the Basic Temperament Styles identified by Thomas, Chess
and Birch?
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These are the theorists who said we become attached to our mother only
because she reinforces that attachment with food
Temperament & Attachment 400
Who are the Behaviorists?
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His research with monkeys contradicted the Behaviorists’ theory on attachment
Temperament & Attachment 600
Who is Harlow?
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The type of attachment illustrated when an infant plays comfortably when mother is
around, becomes upset when she leaves, but calms quickly when she returns.
Temperament & Attachment 800
What is Secure Attachment?
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The type of attachment illustrated when an infant is anxious when mom is near, protests when she leaves, but is not
comforted when she returns
Temperament & Attachment 1000
What is Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 100
Piaget’s stage, which occurs from birth until about age 2, when infants do not
understand that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
What is the Sensorimotor stage?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 200
Piaget’s stage where children demonstrate irreversibility, egocentrism, animism, and
centration
What is the Preoperational Stage?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 400
The ability to understand that physical quantities remain the same despite changes in shape or appearance
What is Conservation?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 600
Vygotsky’s term for the gap between what a child can accomplish alone and what a
child can achieve with guidance from more skilled learners
What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 800
If I believe that the man should steal the medicine for his wife because her life is
more important than laws against stealing, I am probably in this level of moral
reasoning
What is the Postconventional Level?
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Cognitive & Moral Reasoning 1000
If I believe that eating meat is wrong because my friends will be more accepting of me if I am a vegetarian, I am probably
at this level of moral reasoning
What is the Conventional Level?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 100
The part of the brain that is not fully developed until we are in our 20s
What is the Prefrontal Cortex?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 200
Early puberty is associated with more distress and emotional difficulty for this
gender
Who are Females?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 400
Arnett’s name for his proposed new developmental stage
What is Emerging Adulthood?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 600
If I plan to be a veterinarian because my father is a veterinarian and feels it’s the best career for me, I am in this identity
status according to Marcia
What is Identity Foreclosure?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 800
After considering several colleges that have the programs I am interested in, I have
decided to attend a college in New England. According to Marcia, this
represents the following identity status
What is Identity Achievement?
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Adolescence & Adulthood 1000
Lengthier participation in higher education, more barriers to financial independence,
and delaying marriage/parenthood
What are the reasons used by Arnett for his new stage of Emerging
Adulthood?
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Misc. 100
Research suggests that this gender is more sensitive to nonverbal cues
Who are Females?
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Misc. 200
The tendency for children to gain control over their torsos before their extremities
What is the Proximodistal Trend?
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Misc. 400
An advantage of longitudinal research over cross sectional research is that there is less risk of these, which are differences between age groups that are due to the
groups growing up at different times
What are Cohort Effects?
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Misc. 600
The tendency for children to gain control over the upper part of their bodies before
the lower part
What is the Cephalocaudal Trend?
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Misc. 800
The four broad periods of development during our lifespan
What are the prenatal period, childhood, adolescence and
adulthood?
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Misc. 1000
The median age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities
What are Developmental Norms?