Chapter 1 quiz1. The word "botany" is derived from the Greek word meaning to:d. feed.2. Proteinoid microspheres provide evidence that:c. aggregations of organic molecules can grow and eventually form new microspheres.

3. Which of the following statements about heterotrophs is false?e. They are able to photosynthesize.

4. Ozone in the outer atmosphere is derived most directly from:c. oxygen gas.

5. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells:a. lack a nuclear envelope.

6. When plants moved from the sea to the land, the most critical environmental factor became:a. water.

7. The two major components of the vascular system are the:b. xylem and phloem.

8. Primary growth refers to growth:a. originating from apical meristems.

9. Which of the following is not a characteristic of ecosystems?d. Elements must constantly be added to an ecosystem.

10. Plant ______ is the study of the form of plants.d. morphology

1. Which of the following is NOT a property of life?Movement

2. The process of inductive reasoning involves:The use of specific observations to develop general principles.3. A hypothesis in biology is best described as:A possible explanation of an observation.

4. A scientific theory is:A statement of how the world works that is supported by experimental data.

5. The cell theory states that:All living things are made up of cells.

6. The molecule DNA is important to biological systems because:It encodes the information for making a new individual.

7. The organization of living systems is:Hierarchical with cells at the base and the biosphere at the top.

8. The idea of evolution:a. Was original to Darwin.b. Was original to Wallace.c. Predated both Darwin and Wallace.d. Both a and b.

9. What is the significance of Pasteur's experiment to test the germ hypothesis?It demonstrated that cells can only arise from other cells.

10. Which of the following is NOT an example of reductionism?An evaluation of the overall behavior of a cell.

11. How is the process of natural selection different from that of artificial selection? Artificial selection is a result of human intervention.

12. How does the fossil record help support the theory of evolution by natural selection?a. It demonstrates that simple organisms predate more complex organisms.b. It provides evidence of change in the form of organisms over time.c. It shows that diversity existed millions of years ago.d. Both a and b.13. The theory of evolution by natural selection is a good example of how science proceeds because:a. It rationalizes a large body of observations.B. It makes predictions that have been tested by a variety of approaches.c. It represents Darwin's belief of how life has changed over time.d. Both a and b.

14. In which domain of life would you find only single-celled organisms?a. Eukarya.b. Bacteria.c. Archaea.d. Both b and c.

15. 7. Evolutionary conservation occurs when a characteristic is:Important to the life of the organism.

16. The process of photosynthesis results in the formation of two substances essential to our existence:sugar and oxygen

17. Life existed on Earth as early as ______ years ago. 300 to 400 billion

18. Which of the following statements about stromatolites is FALSE?They are fossil structures, with none alive today.

19. On Mars, there is evidence for the presence of water in the form of______.ice, liquid water and snow

20. Which of the following statements about proteinoid microspheres is FALSE?They are thought to be the first forms of life.

21. Which of the following statements concerning primitive cells is FALSE?They constructed new cells from organic molecules made via photosynthesis.

22. A heterotroph: is exemplified by a fungus.

23. Which of the following statements about photosynthetic autotrophs is FALSE?

They obtain their required organic compounds from external sources.

24. Which of the following statements concerning the earliest photosynthetic organisms is FALSE?

They have been found in rocks 4 billion years old.

25. The oxygen gas released in photosynthesis originates from:water.

26. Atmospheric levels of oxygen gas approached modern levels approximately ______ years ago.a. 500 million

27. Ozone in the outer layer of the atmosphere has important consequences for living things in that it:absorbs ultraviolet rays from sunlight.

28. Respiration refers to the process by which organisms:break down molecules under aerobic conditions.

29. Prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells in that prokaryotic cells: lack a nuclear envelope.

30. Which are prokaryotic organisms?cyanobacteria and archaea

31. The first cells on Earth were most likely:archaeans.

32. Which of the following is NOT an adaptation of photosynthetic organisms to rocky coasts?pigment systems

33. The function of the cuticle is:retarding water loss.

34. The function of stomata is:regulating the exchange of gases.

35. Which of the following statements concerning stomata is FALSE?.They form a waxy covering on all aboveground portions of the plant.

36. In perennials, the ______ is most similar in function to the cuticle-covered epidermis of annuals.cork

37. Water is transported upward through the plant body in the:xylem.

38. The food manufactured by photosynthesis is transported throughout the plant body in the:phloem.

39. The function of phloem is to ______.transport food

40. If a plant is a vascular plant, then by definition that plant must contain ______.phloem

41. Secondary growth refers to growth:originating from lateral meristems.

42. The activity of the ______ results in a thickening of stems, branches, and roots.lateral meristems

43. A seed is composed of three parts: seed coat, embryo, and food supply.

44. Natural communities of organisms of wide extent, characterized by distinctive, climatically controlled groups of plants and animals, are called:biomes

45. What organisms are found at the base of productivity in almost all ecosystems?photosynthetic bacteria, algae, and plants only

46. In all ecosystems, heterotrophs are completely dependent on the productivity of all the following groups of organisms EXCEPT:animals.

47. Humans first appeared about ______ years ago.2 million

48. The development of agriculture started at least ______ years ago.10,000

49. Cytology is the study of:cell structure, function, and life histories.

50. The projected human population of the Earth by 2050 is _____ billion.9

51. The greenhouse effect refers to the:trapping of heat radiated from Earth.

52. Phytoremediation refers to the process by which plants:clean up polluted environments.53. In which domain would you find only single celled organisms?a) Eukaryab) Bacteriac) Archaead) both b and c

54. Atoms that belong to the same element have the same number of:protons

55. The atomic number of is the number of ________an atom.protons 56. Atomic mass is determined mainly by the mass of:protons and neutrons

57. Isotopes of an element differ in the number of _________.neutrons58. A cation has: less electrons than protons

59. Energy level K (lowest energy) has: an s orbital

Answers to questions Chapter 1

2. What criteria would you use to determine whether an entity is a form of life? Four criteria characterize living things: a cellular organization, and the ability to grow, to reproduce, and to pass on their characteristics to subsequent generations.

4. What advantages do terrestrial plants have over their aquatic ancestors? Can you think of any disadvantages to being a terrestrial plant?

Because oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals are generally more abundant on land than in water, terrestrial plants have greater access to these substances for growth and development. Water is often in short supply on land, however, and thus terrestrial plants have a much greater risk of drying out than do aquatic plants.

6. A knowledge of botany--of plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria--is key to our understanding of how the world works. How is that knowledge important for dealing with today's and tomorrow's problems?

A knowledge of botany helps us, for example, 1) better utilize plants and algae as food to support the increasing human population, 2) develop crop plants that can thrive under conditions of ozone depletion, global warming, and pollution, 3) control the bacteria and fungi that cause disease, and 4) preserve species threatened with extinction.

Chapter 2 quiz

1. Which of the following statements about monosaccharides is false?c. They have a carbonyl group at every carbon atom except one.

2. In most plants the storage polysaccharide is ______ and in fungi and prokaryotes it is ______.c. starch; glycogen

3. Cellulose hydrolysis:c. occurs in very few animals.

4. Which of the following statements about fats is false?c. Unsaturated fat molecules tend to pack closer together than do saturated fat molecules.

5. A(n) ______ is a lipid characterized by the presence of four interconnected hydrocarbon rings.c. steroid

6. All amino acids are similar in that they have _______ bonded to a central carbon atom.e. one --COOH group and one --NH2 group

7. A common ______ structure of proteins involves a single polypeptide chain that loops back and forth such that adjacent portions line up in parallel.b. secondary

8. Which of the following could not be a subunit of a nucleotide?e. glycerol

9. The largest class of secondary metabolites is the:c. terpenoids.

10. The ______ are responsible for many of the red, blue, and purple colors of flowers.a. anthocyanins

Answers to chapter 2

2. What advantage is there to a plant to store food energy as fructans rather than as starch? As oils rather than as starch or fructans?

Within the plant cell, fructans can be stored in much higher concentrations than starch. The advantage of oils is that, on average, they contain more energy per gram than do carbohydrates such as starch and fructans.

4. What aspect of their structure do all amino acids have in common? What part of an amino acid determines its identity?

All amino acids have an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom, each bonded to a central carbon atom. An amino acid's identity is determined by the structure of the "R" group also attached to the central carbon.

6. The coagulation of egg white when an egg is cooked is a common example of protein denaturation. What happens when a protein is denatured?

When a protein is denatured, its polypeptide chain unfolds and the tertiary structure is disrupted.

8. Lignin, a cell wall constituent, is believed to have played a major role in the evolution of terrestrial plants. Explain in terms of all the presumed functions of lignin.

Because lignin adds strength and stiffness to the cell wall, lignification made it possible for terrestrial plants to grow tall and to develop branch systems capable of supporting leaves. Because lignin waterproofs the cell wall, terrestrial plants could more efficiently transport water upward over long distances. Because lignin increases the resistance of cell walls to mechanical penetration, terrestrial plants were better able to resist invasion by fungi.

Extra Questions

11. The idea that all living things are composed of cells and that all cells come from other cells defines:D. cell theory

12. As cell size increases, the B. volume increases faster than the surface area

13. Which of the following cells would have the greatest surface-to-volume ratio?A. bacterium

14. A cell is exposed to a substance that prevents it from dividing. The cell becomes larger and larger. This situation volume of the cell increases C. will eventually be problematic since the cell's ability to absorb nutrients through its outer membrane will not keep increasing as quickly as its cytoplasmic needs to other processes

15. Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?A. a membrane- bound nucleus

16. Which of the following structures are used by prokaryotes for attaching to surfaces? E. both pili and capsules

17. The nucleoid region of a prokaryotic cell A. contains the cell's DNA

18. Cells that lack a membrane-bound nucleus are ... cells C. prokaryotic

1. You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and membrane-bound organelles. You conclude that the cells A. are plant cells

2. Unlike animal cells, plant cells have ... and .... Unlike plant cells, animal cells have ...A. chloroplasts ... cell walls ... centrioles

3. Which of the following statements about cellular metabolism is false? Cellular metabolism D. occurs in animal but not plant cells

4. The membranous compartmentalization of a cellB. allows different metabolic processes to occur simultaneously

5. In eukaryiotic cells, internal membranes A. greatly increase a cell's total membrane area B. provide additional area where many metabolic processes occur C. form membranous compartments called organellesD. contain proteins essential for metabolic processes E. all of the choices are correct

6. The nucleus of a cellD. contains DNA

7. Long fibers of DNA and protein are called a A. chromatin

8. During cell reproduction, chromatin fibers coil up into structures called D. chromosomes

9. The function of the nucleolus is B. to help manufacture ribosomes

10. Which one of the following statements is false? The endomembrane system D. is a system of interrelated membranes that are all physically connected

11. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum A. stores calcium ions in muscle cells

12. The cells that produce hair contain a lot of ... The cells that produce the oils that coat the hair contain a lot of ...B. rough endoplasmic reticulum ... smooth endoplasmic reticulum

13. The two main functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum are the production of D. membrane and proteins to be secreted by the cell

14. Secretory proteins are D. released from the cell through the plasma membrane

15. The golgi apparatus B. stores, modifies, and packages proteins

16. Which one of the following statements is false? The Golgi apparatus C. decreases in size when a cell increases its protein production

17. Lysosomes A. help to digest worn-out or damaged organelles B. recycle materials within the cell C. fuse with food vacuoles to expose nutrients to lysosomal enzymes D. destroy harmful bacteria engulfed by white blood cells E. all of the choices are correct

18. When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release their contents into the cell. As a result of this, that cell will E. undergo self-digestion and die

19. The functions of the central vacuoles of plant cells include A. helping increase the size of cells by absorbing water B. storing pigments that will help attract pollinating insects C. storing waste products D. storing poisons E. all of the choices are correct

20. Contractile vacuoles C. prevent cells from bursting as a result of the influx of excess water

21. Which one of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?E. ribosomes

22. The stroma is the A. thick fluid enclosed by the inner chloroplast membrane

23. The function of chloroplasts is E. intracellular digestion

24. The function of mitochondria is A. cellular respiration

25. The ... of a mitochondrion is/are an adaption that increases the surface area and enhances a mitochondrion's ability to produce ATP. D. cristae

26. Cyanide inhibits mitochondrial function; as a result, the rate of B. ATP synthesis would decrease

27. Mitochondria differ from chloroplasts in that mitochondria C. contain membrane folds called cristae, whereas chloroplasts contain dislike vesicles in stacks called grana

28. Microfilaments differ from microtubules in that microfilamentsC. are mainly composed of actin whereas microtubules are composed of tubulin

29. Which one of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is false?B. once laid down, the elements of the cytoskeleton are fixed and remain permanently in place

30. Intermediate filaments can be found C. surrounding a nucleus

31. Cilia differ from flagella in that D. cilia are typically more numerous and shorter than flagella

32. A basal body is B. identical in structure to centrioles

33. Dynein arms C. are found on microtubules in cilia and flagella and cause movement by grabbing and pulling at adjacent microtubule doublets

34. Which one of the following statements about plant cell walls is false?D. plant cell walls protect plant cells by forming an impermeable layer around the cell

35. Plasmodesmata A. penetrate plant cell walls B. are one type of cell junction in plants C. carry chemical messages between plant cells D. carry nutrients between plant cells E. all of the choices are correct

36. Which of the following would be most affected by a mutation that prevented cells from forming tight junctions?C. integrity of the inner lining of the digestive tract

37. Most animal cells are D. embedded in an extracellular matrix

38. It is essential for heart muscle cells to beat in a coordinated fashion. The cell junctions that would best facilitate this are D. communicating junctions

39. Skin cells are attached to the extracellular matrix by B. anchoring junctions

40. Which of the following cell structures is not associated with the breakdown of harmful substances or substances that are no longer needed by the cell?B. mitochondria 41. All cells on EarthA. are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions different from the surroundings B. have DNA as the genetic material C. can interconvert forms of energy D. can interconvert chemical materials E. all of the choices are correct

42. A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its D. nucleoid region

43. Archaea are composed of ... cells. B. prokaryotic

44. Which of these is not a component of the endomembrane system?C. mitochondria

Chapter 3Extra

7 Characteristics that make up living things 1. Cellular organization2. Order3. Sensitivity4. Growth,development, and reproduction5. Energy Utilization6. Evolutionary adaptation7. Homeostasis

Cell Theory All organisms are composed of one or more Cells Cells are the smallest living things and the basic units of all live All cells come from other cells

Chapter 8Quiz:

1. Which of the following statements about the two homologs is false? d. Both come from the same parent.

2. Bivalents are: a. paired homologous chromosomes.

3. Which of the following statements about crossing-over is false? e. It results in the formation of identical sister chromatids.

4. The longest and most complex phase of meiosis is: d. prophase I.

5. Homologous pairs of chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles during: c. anaphase I.

6. New nuclear envelopes form around single-stranded chromosomes during: a. telophase II.

7. Compared with asexual reproduction, the principal advantage of sexual reproduction is that it: c. produces genetic diversity.

8. Which of the following statements concerning Mendel's experimental method is false? c. He focused on the offspring of the first generation.9. If W represents the allele for purple flower color, and w represents the allele for white flower color, a purple-flowered plant must have the genotype: d. WW or Ww.`10. In peas, green pod color is dominant over yellow pod color. What phenotypes would you expect in the offspring of a cross between two plants heterozygous for pod color? d. 3/4 with green pods and 1/4 with yellow pods

11. What gametes could be formed by an individual having the genotype MmNn? e. MN, Mn, mN, and mn only

12. Suppose that a plant has two genes that are linked, with Ab on one homolog of a homologous pair of chromosomes and aB on the other homolog. What gametes could the plant produce if there was no crossing-over between these genes during meiosis? a. Ab and aB only

13. ______ are mutations that result from unequal crossing-over during meiosis. a. Deletions and duplications

14. In ______, a trait is the result of the cumulative effects of many genes. d. polygenic inheritance

Extra:What are the characteristics of homologous chromosomes?1. Members of a pair of chromosomes2. resemble each other is size, shape and mostly in hereditary information3. Each come from different parent4. Present in zygote5. determine the genetic characteristics

Questions:2. Distinguish between chiasma and crossing-over; between synaptonemal complex and synapsis.Crossing-over is the exchange of segments of a chromosome with corresponding segments from its homologous chromosome, and a chiasma is the X-like configuration that occurs during crossing-over. Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes, and the synaptonemal complex is the zipperlike protein that holds the homologous chromosomes together during synapsis.

4. In what ways is meiosis different from mitosis?Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis 1) involves two nuclear divisions instead of one, 2) results in haploid cells instead of diploid cells, and 3) results in nuclei having different-instead of identical-gene combinations.

6. Why is a homozygous recessive always used in a testcross?The homozygous recessive is always used as one of the parents in a testcross in order that its alleles not mask either of the alleles in the other parent.

8. A pea plant that breeds true for round, green seeds (RRyy) is crossed with a plant that breeds true for wrinkled, yellow seeds (rrYY). Each parent is homozygous for one dominant characteristic and for one recessive characteristic. (a) What is the genotype of the F1 generation? (b) What is the phenotype? (c) The F1 seeds are planted and their flowers are allowed to self-pollinate. Draw a Punnett square to determine the ratios of the phenotypes in the F2 generation. How do the results compare with those of the experiment shown in Figure 8-15?(a) The genotype of the F1 generation is RrYy.(b) The phenotype is round and yellow.(c) The Punnett square and the resulting phenotypes are identical to those shown in Figure 8-15; that is, 9 round yellow: 3 round green: 3 wrinkled yellow: 1 wrinkled green.

10. Explain what is meant by cytoplasmic inheritance; maternal inheritance.Cytoplasmic inheritance is the inheritance of genes located in the cytoplasm, specifically in plastids and mitochondria. Maternal inheritance is the inheritance of traits determined solely by the female parent, for example when plastids and mitochondria are not present in sperm cells.