EVs 101 Electric Vehicles 101 An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009.
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Transcript of EVs 101 Electric Vehicles 101 An Introduction By Dan Lauber Nov 13, 2009.
EVs 101EVs 101
Electric Vehicles 101
An IntroductionBy Dan LauberNov 13, 2009
EVs 101EVs 101
Electric Vehicles 101
A Brief History Advantages Challenges Meeting the Challenge EV’s Today EV’s at MIT
EVs 101EVs 101
Kinds of Electric Vehicles
Locomotives Golf Carts Fork Lifts
Busses Nuclear Submarines Elevators
Sources: www.umcycling.com/mbtabus.html, GE, Toyota
EVs 101EVs 101
Kinds of Electric Cars
Hydrogen Fuel CellSolar Racer Hybrid
Full-Size Battery Electric
Neighborhood Electric
MIT CityCar
Sources: Honda, Toyota, GEM, MIT
EVs 101EVs 101
History of EV’s 1830’s
Battery electric vehicle invented by Thomas Davenport, Robert Anderson, others - using non-rechargeable batteries
Davenport’s car holds all vehicle land speed records until ~1900
1890’s EV’s outsold gas cars 10 to 1,
Oldsmobile and Studebaker started as EV companies
1904 First speeding ticket, issued to driver of
an EV Krieger Company builds first hybrid
vehicle 1910’s
Mass-produced Ford cars undercut hand-built EV’s
EV’s persist as status symbols and utility vehicles until Great Depression
Ford Electric #2
Detroit ElectricSource: http://www.eaaev.org/History/index.html
EVs 101EVs 101
1968 – Great Electric Car Race
Trans-continental race between MIT and Caltech 53 charging stations, spaced 60 mi apart MIT’s car used $20k of NiCd batteries ($122k in 2008
dollars), CalTech’s cost $600
EVs 101EVs 101
1970 - Clean Air Car Race 50+ cars raced from MIT to Caltech
using many alternative powertrains CalTech – Regenerative braking Boston Electric Car Club – Battery
Swapping Toronto University – Parallel hybrid
design very similar to modern Prius architecture
MIT – Series hybrid and electrically commutated motor
Sources: see http://mit.edu/evt/CleanAirCarRace.html
EVs 101EVs 101
1990’s – EV1:Who Killed the Electric Car?
Program cost > $1bn 800 units leased $574/mo. Lease without
state rebates 2 seats 80-140 mi. range
MSRP $33,999
Real Pricetag(estimated)
$80,000+
GM’s actual cost per vehicle leased
$1,250,000
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Motors_EV1
AKA: Would you have bought it? REALLY?
EVs 101EVs 101
What is an EV?And how does it work?
EVs 101EVs 101
Electrification
Motor/Generator
Battery Fuel
Transmission
Engine
Fuel
Transmission
Engine
Battery
Transmission
Motor/Generator
Battery ElectricHybridConventional
EVs 101EVs 101
Degrees of HybridizationThe vehicle is a….
If it…Automatically stops/starts the engine
in stop-and-go traffic
Uses regenerative braking and operates above 60 volts
Uses an electric motor to assist a combustion engine
Can drive at times using only the electric motor
Recharges batteries from a wall outlet for extended all-electric range
Source: http://www.hybridcenter.org/hybrid-center-how-hybrid-cars-work-under-the-hood.html
Micro Hybrid
Citroën C3
Mild Hybrid
Honda Insight
Plug-in Hybrid
Chevy Volt
Full Hybrid
Toyota Prius
Efficiency
EVs 101EVs 101
Energy Loss : City Driving
Engine Loss76%
Engine Loss76%
EngineEngine
Standby8%
Standby8%
DrivelineLosses
3%
DrivelineLosses
3%
DrivelineDriveline
Aero3%
Aero3%
Rolling4%
Rolling4%
Braking6%
Braking6%
Fuel Tank100%
Fuel Tank100%
16% 13%
POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
Urban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryUrban Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry
EVs 101EVs 101
Energy Loss : Highway Driving
Engine Loss77%
Engine Loss77%
EngineEngine
Standby0%
Standby0%
DrivelineLosses
4%
DrivelineLosses
4%
DrivelineDriveline
Aero10%Aero10%
Rolling7%
Rolling7%
Braking2%
Braking2%
Fuel Tank:100%
Fuel Tank:100%
23% 19%
POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
Highway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota CamryHighway Drive Cycle Energy Balance2005 3 L Toyota Camry
EVs 101EVs 101
•Can eliminate engine entirely•Can eliminate engine entirely
•Engine downsizing•Decoupling of engine and wheel•Engine downsizing•Decoupling of engine and wheel
Energy Saving : Hybrid Systems
Engine Loss76%
Engine Loss76%
EngineEngine
Standby8%
Standby8%
DrivelineLosses
3%
DrivelineLosses
3%
DrivelineDriveline
Aero3%
Aero3%
Rolling4%
Rolling4%
Braking6%
Braking6%
Fuel Tank:100%
Fuel Tank:100%
16% 13%
Micro Hybrid Eliminates
Micro Hybrid Eliminates
Mild Hybrid Reduces
Mild Hybrid ReducesPlug-inPlug-in
Full Hybrid Reduces
Full Hybrid Reduces
EVs 101EVs 101
Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle
Motor Loss10%
Motor Loss10%
MotorMotor
DrivelineLosses
14%
DrivelineLosses
14%
DrivelineDriveline
Aero29%Aero29%
Rolling35%
Rolling35%
Braking11%
Braking11%
Batteries100%
Batteries100%
90% 76%
POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
Urban Drive Cycle Energy BalanceUrban Drive Cycle Energy Balance
EVs 101EVs 101
Well-to-Wheels Efficiency
Generation33%
Generation33%
Transmission94%
Transmission94%
Plug-to-Wheels76%
Plug-to-Wheels76%
Refining82%
Refining82%
Transmission98%
Transmission98%
Pump-to-Wheels16%
Pump-to-Wheels16%
23%
13%
31%
80%
Well-to-TankWell-to-Tank Tank-to-WheelsTank-to-Wheels
31% 76% = 23%
80% 16% = 13%
[http://www.nesea.org/]]
Source: http://www.nesea.org
EVs 101EVs 101
How PHEV’s Work
All-electric range Get home with exactly
no battery left Charge-sustaining
mode
[Tate, Harpster, and Savagian 2008]
EVs 101EVs 101
Technical
EVs 101EVs 101
What is an EPA rating? Conditions
Drive cycle: e.g. city or highway cycle, real-world, or constant speed
Test temperature Start: (warm or cold)
Fuel: convert to gasoline-equivalent
Test mass: (accounts for passengers and cargo)
MPGe rating PHEV’s
EVs 101EVs 101
Terminology State of charge (SOC)
Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum capacity Depth of Discharge (DOD)
The percentage of battery capacity that has been discharged Capacity
The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC
Energy The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is
discharged at a specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC
Specific Energy (Wh/kg) The total Watt-hours (Wh) per unit mass
Specific Power Maximum power (Watts) that the battery can provide per unit
mass, function of internal resistance of battery
EVs 101EVs 101
Benefits
EVs 101EVs 101
Benefits of EVs and PHEVs
More efficient, lower fuel costs, lower emissions
Simpler transmission, fewer moving parts Fuel Choice Oil/energy independence Emissions improve with time Emissions at few large locations is easier to
control than millions of tailpipes
EVs 101EVs 101
V2G (Vehicle to Grid) Technology Allows communication between utility and vehicle Allow integration of more renewables like wind Used EV batteries could be used as stationary
batteries for utilities With so much focus on energy efficiency reducing
electricity sales and expensive renewable energy generation mandated, EVs could be a welcome new segment for utilities They could still be a nightmare
Batteries could provide ancillary services
Source: McKinsey
EVs 101EVs 101
Night-time Charging
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
7:12 AM 12:00 PM 4:48 PM 9:36 PM 2:24 AM 7:12 AM 12:00 PM
MW
Dem
and
.
Peak wind power production
EVs 101EVs 101
Electricity Sources
EVs 101EVs 101
Power Grid Capacity
Source: McKinsey, Mike Khusid
When BEV’s represent 20% of the vehicle market, they comprise only 2% of the power market
EVs 101EVs 101
Operating Costs
On-board energy consumption 300 Wh/mile
Charging Efficiency 90%
Electricity consumption 333 Wh/mile
Electricity Cost 10 cents/mile
Driving Cost (electricity only) 3.3 cents/mile
Fuel economy 25 MPG
Fuel Cost $2.00/gallon
Driving Cost (fuel only) 8.0 cents/mile
Conventional Gasoline Vehicle
Battery Electric Vehicle
At 15,000 miles/year, you would save $700/year on fuel
The estimated price range for advanced batteries is $500 - $1,000 per kWh
~ buying 1 kWh of battery energy (~3 miles of electric range) each year
EVs 101EVs 101
CO2 Emissions
EVs 101EVs 101
Biofuels vs. Biomass, Solar Biomass Electricity about 80% more efficient
than Biofuel Solar Panels to charge a car would fit on your
roof.
EVs 101EVs 101
ChallengesWhy don’t they catch on? A conspiracy?
EVs 101EVs 101
Gasoline: The (almost) perfect fuel
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_density
EVs 101EVs 101
Energy Equivalency
135 MJ of energy
21 Li-ion batteries(Car battery size)
2.7 kg340kg
Gas1 Gallon
Batteries
54 gal
EVs 101EVs 101
Challenges
Limited Range Large battery weight/size
Long Charge times High initial cost Battery life Consumer acceptance Grid Integration
EVs 101EVs 101
Operating Costs
In Europe, $60/barrel oil is enough, In the US, $4/gal gas is needed to be price competitive
EVs 101EVs 101
Addressing customer perception
Accepting limited range Most people drive less than 40 mi/day Most cars are parked 23 hours of the day anyway
Smaller vehicles & reduced performance In the last 30 years, nearly 100% of efficiency
improvements have gone to increasing vehicle size and performance, not reducing consumption
How do you get people to charge at the right time?
Source: On the Road in 2035, Heywood, et.al.
EVs 101EVs 101
Meeting the Challenges
EVs 101EVs 101
Range Anxiety Battery Swapping vs. Fast Charging
Source: http://pneumaticaddict.wordpress.com/2009/03/10/hybridcarscom-mercedes-rejects-electric-car-battery-swapping/
EVs 101EVs 101
Better Place ModelBusiness plan like that of mobile phone
Better Place owns the batteries, the consumer pays for energy (miles)
Plan includes charging stations and battery swapping
So far: Israel, Denmark Australia, California, Hawaii, and Canada
100,000 charging stations planned for Hawaii by 2012
EVs 101EVs 101
Rapid Charging
Batteries Altairnano A123
Balance of system Rapid Charge Stations – Don’t need many Refueling a car is ~10MW going through your hand
EVs 101EVs 101
Batteries Lithium sources
We’re not Lithium constrained Abundant Recyclable
Recycling – 90% recoverable Extending battery life Battery management systems Weight/Volume reductions Alternative chemistries
EVs 101EVs 101
Battery Cost : Learning Curves
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve
EVs 101EVs 101
Initial Cost
Companies that sell cars, but lease the batteries
Leases like Power Purchase Agreements Split operating cost savings with financer
Charging Infrastructure Charging subscription plans
EVs 101EVs 101
2008 Federal Plug-in Electric Drive Vehicle Tax Credit
$0
$2,000
$4,000
$6,000
$8,000
$10,000
$12,000
$14,000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Battery Energy (kWh)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Mil
es
Tax Credit ValueBattery Cost (Low)Battery Cost (Mid)Battery Cost (High)Electric Range (Estimate)
EVs 101EVs 101
Adoption Rate of EV’s
Source: Thomas Becker, UC Berkeley, 2009
EVs 101EVs 101
Looking Forward Tipping point will be ~2020 when 10% of vehicles sold
will be BEV’s Battery cost: ~$700-$1,500 / kWh, down to $420 by
2015, but still too high. Price Premium
PHEV40 $11,800 > ICE EV100 $24,100 > ICE
Long-term PHEV’s will beat out HEV’s PHEV’s likely to dominate BEVs A 30-50% reduction in fuel consumption by 2035
*Heywood 47% reduction by 2030 *McKinsey
Source: McKinsey Quarterly: Electrifying Cars: How three industries will evolve ; http://newenergynews.blogspot.com/2009/08/mckinsey-looks-at-coming-ev-phenomenon.html
EVs 101EVs 101
EVs NOWWhen can I get one?
EVs 101EVs 101
EV’s Today
EVs 101EVs 101
Tesla Roadster
Top speed: 125 mph
Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec
Range: 244 mi
MSRP: $110,000
Top speed: 125 mph
Acceleration: 0-60 in 3.7 sec
Range: 244 mi
MSRP: $110,000
EVs 101EVs 101
EV’s Available Soon
Fisker Karma (PHEV50)$87,900 Delivery 2010
Tesla Model S$57,400 Delivery ~2012
2011 Chevy Volt (PHEV40)$40,000
EVs 101EVs 101
EV’s Available Soon
2010 Mitsubishi I MIEV $24,000 (Japan)
2010 Aptera 2e ~$25,000 (PHEV100)
Th!nk City ~$25,000 (europe)
2010 Nissan Leaf$25,000 (30 min charge)
And many others…
EVs 101EVs 101
@MITEVs Around the Institute
EVs 101EVs 101
MIT Electric Vehicle Team (EVT) Porsche elEVen eMoto TTXGP
EVs 101EVs 101
MIT EVT
EVs 101EVs 101
MIT Vehicle Design Summit Student team working
towards a 100+ mpg vehicle Series hybrid architecture Lightweight body and
chassis Life cycle cost analysis and
minimization Shared use model for
transportation efficiency Contact Anna Jaffe,
EVs 101EVs 101
MIT Solar Electric Vehicle Team Founded in 1985 Design, build and race
solar cars Just placed 2nd in the
10th World Solar Challenge
mitsolar.com
EVs 101EVs 101
MIT Vehicle Stuff EVT SEVT Vehicle Design Summit Transportation @ MIT Sloan Lab Seminars Media Lab – City Car, course Spinoffs
A123 Solectria Genasun
EVs 101EVs 101
Thank You “No single technology development or alternative fuel can solve the problems
of growing transportation fuel use and GHG emissions.” – John Heywood
Dan Lauber – [email protected]
http://mit.edu/evt http://mit.edu/evt