Evolution and BiodiversityEvolution and Biodiversity

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 5

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 5

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Origins of life Origins of life

Evolution and Evolutionary processes Evolution and Evolutionary processes

Ecological niches Ecological niches

Species formation Species formation

Species extinction Species extinction

Origins and Early Evolution of LifeOrigins and Early Evolution of Life

Chemical evolutionChemical evolution

Biological evolutionBiological evolution

Fig. 5-2 p. 88Fig. 5-2 p. 88

Evolution and AdaptationEvolution and Adaptation

MicroevolutionMicroevolution

MacroevolutionMacroevolution

Gene poolGene pool

MutationMutation

Natural selectionNatural selection

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Differential reproductionDifferential reproduction

Adaptive traitAdaptive trait

CoevolutionCoevolution

Ecological Niches and AdaptationEcological Niches and Adaptation

Fig. 5-4 p. 91Fig. 5-4 p. 91

Ecological niche Ecological niche

Habitat Habitat

Fundamental niche Fundamental niche

Realized niche Realized niche

Broad and Narrow NichesBroad and Narrow Niches

Generalist speciesGeneralist species

Specialist speciesSpecialist species

Refer to Spotlight p. 92Refer to Spotlight p. 92

Figure 5-5Page 92-93Figure 5-5Page 92-93

Black skimmerseizes small fishat water surface

Flamingofeeds on minuteorganismsin mud

Scaup and otherdiving ducks feed onmollusks, crustaceans,and aquatic vegetation

Brown pelican dives for fish,which it locates from the air

Avocet sweeps bill throughmud and surface water in search of small crustaceans,insects, and seeds

Louisiana heron wades intowater to seize small fish

Oystercatcher feeds onclams, mussels, and other shellfish into which it pries its narrow beak

Dowitcher probes deeplyinto mud in search ofsnails, marine worms,and small crustaceans

Knot (a sandpiper) picks upworms and small crustaceansleft by receding tide

Herring gull is atireless scavenger

Ruddy turnstone searchesunder shells and pebbles for small invertebrates

Piping plover feedson insects and tinycrustaceans on sandy beaches

Figure 5-6Page 93Figure 5-6Page 93

Unknown finch ancestor

Insect and nectar eatersFruit and seed eaters

Greater Koa-finch

Kona Grosbeak

Akiapolaau

Maui Parrotbill

Kuai Akialoa

Amakihi

Crested Honeycreeper

Apapane

Speciation, Extinction, and BiodiversitySpeciation, Extinction, and Biodiversity

SpeciationSpeciation Geographic isolationGeographic isolationReproductive isolationReproductive isolation

Fig. 5-7 p. 94

Click to view animation.

Example of directional selection animation.

AnimationAnimation

AnimationAnimation

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Stabilizing selection animation.

AnimationAnimation

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Disruptive selection animation.

ExtinctionExtinction

Background extinctionBackground extinction

Mass extinctionMass extinction

Adaptive radiationAdaptive radiation

Mass depletionMass depletion

Human ImpactsHuman Impacts

Human Impacts on EvolutionHuman Impacts on Evolution

Artificial Selection

Genetic Engineering

Concerns about Genetic Engineering

Artificial Selection

Genetic Engineering

Concerns about Genetic Engineering

AnimationAnimation

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Evolutionary tree of life animation.

AnimationAnimation

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Evolutionary tree diagrams interaction.