Evolution
description
Transcript of Evolution
EvolutionThe change in a population’s genetics over
time
The history of Evolution
• People first thought that life originated by spontaneous generation
– Nonliving material gives rise to living material
– i.e. that maggots and flies spontaneously appear in rotted food
web.utk.edu/.../5rubrics/graphics/04_01.gif
History continued
• Redi- tested the spontaneous generation hypothesis-1668– Discovered that rotting meat does NOT produce maggots– Thought this only applied to large organisms, not microbes
History continued- mid 1800s
• Pasteur- demonstrated that microorganisms are not spontaneously generated
The Control:
The Experiment:
Biogenesis
• Living organisms can only come from other living organisms
http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/images/cell_division.gif
http://www.kingsstilecottage.co.uk/images/lion-with-cubs.jpg
So… Where did life begin?• Oparin- hypothesized that life began in the ocean from
organic molecules
– Inorganic molecules from volcanoes and evaporation were in atmosphere
– Lightning storms caused inorganic molecules to fuse – became organic
– (C, H, O)
– Rain washed organic molecules into ocean
– Life began there
http://southdakotapolitics.blogs.com/south_dakota_politics/images/2008/04/20/fertilization2.jpg
Miller and Urey• Tested Oparin’s hypothesis
Ocean
Rain
Atmosphere
Lightning
Volcanoes
Miller and Urey
– Discovered that organic molecules could be made from inorganic
– Organic molecules were produced in the closed system
Endosymbiosis TheoryPossible evolution of mitochondria (aerobic organisms)
and chloroplasts (plants)
http://faculty.ircc.edu/faculty/tfischer/images/endosymbiosis.jpg
Evolution Video
How do we know evolution happens?
Evidence for evolution
It took Charles Darwin 2 decades to develop his theory of evolution
What evidences did he look for?• Fossils-earliest record of life
– Deep are simple, oldest– Shallow are complex, newest(in undisturbed rock layers)
http://www.sculpturegallery.com/three/fossil_fish.jpg
Evidence for evolution
http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/isb200/HOMOL.GIF
http://www.citruscollege.edu/pic/46/0345l.jpg
• Anatomy:– Homologous Structures
• Same structure, different function• Ex. Bones of human, whale, crocodile
– Analogous Structures• Same function, different structures• Ex. Bird wings, butterfly wings
– Vestigial Structures• Organ with no function today, but worked in the past• Ex. Pelvic bones in snake, hip bones in whale
http://www.answersingenesis.org/assets/images/articles/ee/v2/whale-vestigial-structure.jpg
Evidence for Evolution
• Embryology– Study of developing
fetus/baby– All vertebrates have some
common characteristics– Ex. Tail bones, gill slits– Show common origins
apps.carleton.edu/.../photostock/193602.jpg
Evidence for Evolution
• Biochemistry– Compare DNA and proteins– More common points = close relationship
http://www.blog.speculist.com/archives/gem-dna.jpg
Mimio Revie
w
Cladogram
Shows evolutionary relationships based on similarities:•In characteristics•DNA or amino acids
More in common = closer COMMON ANCESTOR
Copy into lab Notebook:
Biochemical Evidence of Evolution
Results
Number of Differences in Amino Acid Sequences
Lab Questions/Analysis
• Sketch a cladogram to show the evolutionary relationships
• Which organism is most closely related to humans?
• Explain how you determined this?
• Briefly describe the process of using amino acid sequences or DNA to determine evolutionary relationships among organisms.
The Mechanism
How Does Evolution Happen?
Lamarck- Inheritance of acquired characteristics
• Organisms acquire adaptations during lifetime
• Adapt because they have to
• Use and disuse– Variation gained during
lifetime– Giraffe’s neck got longer
through use– Trait passed on to
offspring
Does variation exist in a population or is it acquired through a lifetime?
Let’s find out…
Problems with Lamarck
Expected• Cut off mouse’s tail
• Has offspring with no tail
Actual• Cut off mouse’s tail
• All offspring have tails!!!
Charles Darwin ~ 1831
• “Father of Evolution”• Studied in Galapagos Islands
• Developed theory of evolution by natural selection– First to propose logical mechanism– Organisms with favorable traits will survive to
reproduce and pass on traits to offspring
Darwin’s Giraffes
• Variation already exists
• Favorable adaptations = survival
• Avg neck length increases with time
4 aspects of Natural Selection• Overproduction – more offspring are born than can survive,
not all survive
• Variation – individuals in a population vary in characteristics
• Competition – organisms with favorable variations survive and reproduce
• Populations change – over time favorable traits (inherited traits) increase in a population
Natural selection
• Populations evolve through natural selection
• 3 main types of natural selection1. Stabilizing selection2. Directional selection3. Disruptive selection
Stabilizing selection
• Natural selection that favors the average individual
Directional selection
• Favors one extreme variation of a trait– Ex. the giraffe with the longest neck maybe able to
reach more food
Disruptive Selection
• Both extreme variations are favorable– Ex. light and dark shells blend in, medium are seen
and eaten
Variation LabPurpose: Does variation exist in a population?You will be given 10 peanuts. Open the shells and measure each shell. Record the length (in millimeters) of each shell in the data table. We will make a tally sheet from each group for the class data table.
Length in mmPeanut 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Length(mm)
Group Data
Length(mm)
16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 31 – 35 36 – 40 41 – 45 46 – 50 51 – 55 56 - 60
Class Data
Variation Lab AnalysisDue to variation, we need a large sample size (class data). Analysis:1. What is the largest peanut shell in the sample?2. What is the smallest shell in the sample?3. What is the mean value of shell lengths?4. What is the mode of shell lengths?5. Draw a bar graph of the results. Dependent variable is
# of pods, Independent variable is pod size.6. What is the shape of the curve over the bars of the
graph?7. What type of selection does this represent?
Adaptations
the process or structure that enables organisms to become better suited to their environmentwww.doe.virginia.gov/VDOE/LFB/glossary/index.html
http://www.lapshin.org/nikita/cacti/Echinocactus-grusonii2.jpg
Adaptations
• Camouflage – ability to blend into surrounding environment
http://lpmpjogja.diknas.go.id/kc/a/animal/animal-camouflage-1.jpg
http://3quarksdaily.blogs.com/3quarksdaily/images/wolfe_seal_1.jpg
Adaptations
• Mimicry - resembling another species or object to hide, for protection from predators
http://abc-rags.tripod.com/Peru/StickInsect.JPG
http://mrgrassosclass.com/images/mimicry.gif
Competition Activity
Purpose: Does variation allow for success in competition for resources?
Make a data table for your group and for the class data.
Macaroni Rubber Bands Paper Clips Toothpicks
Spoon
Scissors
Tweezers
Clip
Enter Data Here
Competition Activity Analysis
1. What strategy was used to get the most food?
2. What variation was best for each type of food? Use data to support your answer.
3. How does this relate to natural selection?a) Competition -b) Variation -c) Overproduction –
How do new species form?
• Speciation- the evolution of new species– Species can only reproduce with the same species
to produce fertile offspring
• 3 ways for speciation to occur1.Geographic isolation2.Reproductive isolation3.Adaptive radiation
www.bio.indiana.edu/.../broodxmovies/index.htm
Geographic Isolation• 2 populations separated by geography (river,
mountain, etc.)• Cannot cross barrier• Stop reproducing become 2 different species• Ex. mice separated by mountains Rocky Mountains
Reproductive Isolation
• Can occur 2 different ways1. populations become different in reproductive
(courtship) behavior and stop reproducing2. Incompatible DNA
• Ex. songbirds with different or incomplete songs
Adaptive radiation
• A common ancestor leads to many variations• Species fill many niches, cause divergent
evolution
• Ex. Galapagos finchesHawaiian birds
Common Ancestor
Convergent Evolution
• unrelated species have similar adaptations while living in different locations– Ex. Euphorbia and Organ Pipe cactus: cactus like
plants share fleshy body types and no leaves(one in deserts of Africa, other in deserts of N. and S. America)
http://cactiguide.com/graphics/x_noncacti_euphorbia_600.jpg
http://www.milosh.net/photo/usa99/organ1.jpg
How fast does speciation occur?
• 2 timeframes for speciation
1. Gradualism2. Punctuated equilibrium
• Both result in new species
http://stowa.de/shop/pix/a/z/antea365/b1.jpg
Gradualism
• Species originate gradually through a number of adaptations
Punctuated Equilibrium
• Quick rapid bursts of change (adaptations) followed by periods of stability
Fishy Frequency Lab
Purpose: Will gene frequencies change over time?
p + q = 1
Color # before selection
Frequency before selection
# after 1st selection
Frequency after 1st selection
# after 2nd selection
Frequency after 2nd selection
Blue (p)
Clear (q)
Total
Fishy Frequency Lab Analysis
1. What happened to the frequency of the blue colored fish? Why?
2. What happened to the frequency of the clear colored fish? Why?
3. Which colored fish had the advantage (selected for)? Why?
4. How would Darwin have explained these results?