Evid Digest 1

8/13/2019 Evid Digest 1

1/11

AIR FRANCE vs. CARRASCOSO18 SCRA 155SANCHEZ; Sep 28, 1966(athe)NATURE : Review on ce tio a iFACTSCa a!co!o, a civi" en#inee , wa! a $e$%e o& a # o'po& 8 i"ipino pi"# i$! that "e&t *ani"a &o +o' e! on*a ch -., 1958/0n *a ch 28, 1958, the e&en ant, Ai ance, th o'#hit! a'tho i e a#ent, hi"ippine Ai +ine!, 3nc/, i!!'e top"ainti&& a 4&i !t c"a!!4 o'n t ip ai p"ane tic et & o$*ani"a to Ro$e/ o$ *ani"a to an# o , p"ainti&& t ave"e in 4&i !t c"a!!4, %'t at an# o , the *ana#e o& the e&en ant ai "ine &o ce p"ainti&& to vacate the 4&i !tc"a!!4 !eat that he wa! occ'p7in# %eca'!e, in the wo !o& the witne!! E ne!to / C'ento, the e wa! a 4white$an4, who, the *ana#e a""e#e , ha a 4%ette i#ht tothe !eat/ hen a! e to vacate hi! 4&i !t c"a!!4 !eat, thep"ainti&&, a! wa! to %e e pecte , e&'!e , an to"

e&en ant4! *ana#e that hi! !eat wo'" %e ta en ovehi! ea %o 7; a co$$otion en!'e ; p"ainti&&

e"'ctant"7 #ave hi! 4&i !t c"a!!4 !eat in the p"ane/A&te t an!&e in# to the to' i!t c"a!! !eat, one &"i#htatten ant app oache hi$ an e 'e!te & o$ hi$ hi!tic et an !ai that !he wi"" note o& hi! t an!&e / He

e&'!e %eca'!e &o hi$ it i! tanta$o'nt to acceptin#hi! t an!&e / +ate , he went to the pant 7 that wa! ne tto hi$ an the p' !e wa! the e/ He to" hi$ that he

eco e the inci ent in hi! note%oo / He ea it ant an!"ate to hi$ < %eca'!e it wa! eco e in ench/< = i !t c"a!! pa!!en#e wa! &o ce to #o to the to' i!tc"a!! a#ain!t hi! wi"", an that the captain e&'!e tointe vene/= Ca a!co!o, ' in# t ia", inc"' e thi!inci ent in hi! te!ti$on7/ISSUES1/ 0N Ca a!co!o wa! entit"e to the &i !t c"a!! !eathe c"ai$!

2/ 0N the CA e e in &in in# that the p' !e$a ean ent 7 in hi! note%oo ! ea in# = i !t c"a!!pa!!en#e wa! &o ce to #o to the to' i!t c"a!!a#ain!t hi! wi"", an that the captain e&'!e tointe vene= i! p e icate 'pon evi ence which i!inco$petent, the e&o e not a $i!!i%"e (because thedefendant was saying that the best evidence in thiscase is the entry and not the testimony)HELD1/ >ES/ ?he te!ti$on7 o& the e&en ant@! witne!!e! thatthe i!!'ance o& &i !t c"a!! tic et wa! no #'a antee thatthe pa!!en#e wo'" have a &i !t c"a!! i e, %'t !'chwo'" epen 'pon the avai"a%i"it7 o& &i !t c"a!! !eatcannot ho" wate / 0 a" evi ence cannot p evai" ovew itten evi ence, in thi! ca!e, the &i !t c"a!! tic et! o& the p"ainti&& witho't an7 e!e vation whateve an even$a e with 0 , $eanin# con&i $e /2/ N0/ ?he !'%Bect o& in 'i 7 i! not the ent 7, %'t theo'!te inci ent/ ?e!ti$on7 o& the ent 7 oe! not co$ewithin the p o!c iption o& the %e!t evi ence '"e/ S'chte!ti$on7 i! a $i!!i%"e/

e!i e!, & o$ a ea in# o& the t an!c ipt B'!t 'ote ,when the ia"o#'e happene , the i$pact o& the!ta t"in# occ' ence wa! !ti"" & e!h an contin'e to %e&e"t/ ?he e cite$ent ha not a! 7et ie own/State$ent! then, in thi! envi on$ent, a e a $i!!i%"e a!pa t o& the e! #e!tae/ o , the7 # ow =o't o& thene vo'! e cite$ent an $enta" an ph7!ica" con itiono& the ec"a ant=/ ?he 'tte ance o& the p' !e

e#a in# hi! ent 7 in the note%oo wa! !pontaneo'!,an e"ate to the ci c'$!tance! o& the o'!te inci ent/3t! t '!two thine!! ha! %een #'a antee / 3t th'!e!cape! the ope ation o& the hea !a7 '"e/ 3t &o $! pa to& the e! #e!tae/*o eove , i& it we e ea""7 t 'e that no !'ch ent 7 wa!$a e, the epo!ition o& the p' !e co'" have c"ea e'p the $atte /DISPOSITION : eci!ion o& CA a&&i $e /


2/11

NAPOCOR v. HON. RAMON G. CODILLA, JR.[BANGPAI SHIPPING COMPANY, & WALLEMSHIPPING, INC.]

/R/ No/ 1D. 91CH3C0 NAZAR30; Ap i" , 2..D(e e")Nat !" : Ce tio a i 'n e R'"e 5Fa#ts :

*FG i%ena in, a ve!!e" o& &o ei#n e#i!t 7 owne anope ate %7 an#pai a""e#e "7 %'$pe an a$a#eNA 0C0R@! owe a #e 2.9 which wa! then $oo eat the Ce%' 3nte nationa" o t/

NA 0C0R then &i"e %e&o e the Ce%' R?C a co$p"aint&o a$a#e! a#ain!t an#pai &o the a""e#e a$a#e!ca'!e on the powe %a #e!/

NA 0C0R &i"e an A$en e Co$p"aint ate 8 '"71996 i$p"ea in# a""e$ a! a itiona" e&en ant,conten in# that the "atte i! a !hip a#ent o& an#pai/

an#pai I a""e$ &i"e thei e!pective *otion! toi!$i!! which we e enie %7 / Co i""a/NA 0C0R a&te a 'cin# evi ence ' in# the t ia" o&

the ca!e, &i"e a &o $a" o&&e o& evi ence %e&o e the"owe co' t con!i!tin# o& E hi%it! =A= to =G= to#ethewith the !'% $a e po tion! the eo&/ Con!e 'ent"7,

an#pai an a""e$ &i"e thei e!pective o%Bection! to!ai &o $a" o&&e o& evi ence/

/ Co i""a enie (th o'#h an o e ) the a $i!!ion ane c"' in# & o$ the eco ! NA 0C0R@! E hi%it! =A=,=C=, = =, =E=, =H= an it! !'% $a in#!, =3=, = = an it!!'% $a in#!, = =, =+=, =*= an it! !'% $a in#!, =N=an it! !'% $a in#!, =0=, = = an it! !'% $a in#!, =J=an it! !'% $a in#!, =R= an =S= an it! !'% $a in#!/

Acco in# to the co' t a 'o: K?he eco !how! thatthe p"ainti&& ha! %een #iven eve 7 oppo t'nit7 top e!ent the o i#ina"! o& the Le o o photocopie! o& the

oc'$ent! it o&&e e / 3t neve p o 'ce the o i#ina"!/ ?he p"ainti&& atte$pte to B'!ti&7 the a $i!!ion o& thephotocopie! %7 conten in# that =the photocopie!

o&&e e a e e 'iva"ent to the o i#ina" o& the oc'$ent=M Mthe Le o copie! o not con!tit'te thee"ect onic evi ence e&ine in Section 1 o& R'"e 2 o& theR'"e! on E"ect onic Evi enceM M Howeve , the!ee c"' e evi ence !ho'" %e attache to the eco ! o& thi! ca!e to ena%"e the appe""ate co' t to pa!! 'ponthe$ !ho'" an appea" %e ta en & o$ the eci!ion onthe $e it! to %e en e e 'pon the te $ination o& thet ia" o& thi! ca!e/K

NA 0C0R@! *R wa! enie an !o the &i"e a petition&o Ce tio a i via R6 %e&o e the Co' t o& Appea"!$aintainin# that / Co i""a acte with A a$o'ntin# to"ac o e ce!! o& B' i! iction in en7in# the a $i!!iono& it! e hi%it! an it! !'% $a in#!/

CA i!$i!!e the petition a! it appea e that the ewa! no !'&&icient !howin# %7 NA 0C0R that the e wa!

A / 3t appea e that the piece! o& oc'$enta 7evi ence which we e enie a $i!!ion we e notp ope "7 i enti&ie %7 an7 co$petent witne!!/ A"!o,the7 &o'n that the B' #e acte within the pa"e o& hi!

i!c etion when he enie a $i!!ion o& !aioc'$enta 7 evi ence &o in Sec - o& R'"e 1-. o& the

RoC, when the !'%Bect o& in 'i 7 a e the content! o& oc'$ent!, no evi ence !ha"" %e a $i!!i%"e othe than

the o i#ina" oc'$ent! the$!e"ve!, e cept in ce tainca!e! !peci&ica""7 !o en'$e ate the ein, an thepetitione ha! not !hown that the non p e!entation onon p o 'ction o& it! o i#ina" oc'$enta 7 piece! o& evi ence &a""! 'n e !'ch e ception!/ +a!t"7, the CA!ai that the in&o $ation (in !ai e hi%it!) we e not

eceive , et ieve o p o 'ce e"ect onica""7 an thatNA 0C0R ha not p ope "7 a'thenticate !'chevi ence a! e"ect onic oc'$ent!/

Hence, the in!tant petition whe ein NA 0C0R in!i!t!that the photocopie! it p e!ente a! oc'$enta 7evi ence act'a""7 con!tit'te e"ect onic evi ence %a!eon it! own p e$i!e that an =e"ect onic oc'$ent= a!

e&ine 'n e Section 1(h), R'"e 2 o& the R'"e! on


3/11

E"ect onic Evi ence i! not "i$ite to in&o $ation that i!eceive , eco e , et ieve o p o 'ce

e"ect onica""7/ Rathe , =e"ect onic oc'$ent= can a"!oe&e to othe $o e! o& w itten e p e!!ion that i!

p o 'ce e"ect onica""7, !'ch a! photocopie!, a!inc"' e in the !ection ! catch a"" p ovi!o: =an7p into'to o'tp't, ea a%"e %7 !i#ht o othe $ean!=/ISSUE : 0N the photocopie! a e in ee e"ect onic

oc'$ent! a! conte$p"ate in RA No/ 8D92 o the 3RRo& the E"ect onic Co$$e ce Act, a! we"" a! the R'"e! onE"ect onic Evi enceF 0N !ai e"ect onic oc'$ent!

'a"i&7 'n e the one o& the e ception! o& e!tEvi ence R'"e !o that tho!e $a7 %e a $itte a!

oc'$enta 7 evi enceHELD : N0FN0/R"as$% %' :

A pe '!a" o& the in&o $ation containe in thephotocopie! !'%$itte %7 NA 0C0R wi"" evea" that nota"" o& the content! the ein, !'ch a! the !i#nat' e! o& thepe !on! who p' po te "7 !i#ne the oc'$ent!, $a7%e eco e o p o 'ce e"ect onica""7/ 7 no !t etch o& the i$a#ination can a pe !on@! !i#nat' e a&&i e$an'a""7 %e con!i e e a! in&o $ation e"ect onica""7

eceive , eco e , t an!$itte , !to e , p oce!!e ,et ieve o p o 'ce / Acco in# to the SC, the ?C i not co$$it an e o

when it enie the a $i!!i%i"it7 o& the photocopie! a!oc'$enta 7 evi ence a! Napoco &ai"e to e!ta%"i!h

that it! o&&e &a""! 'n e the e ception! (a! he einen'$e ate )/B"st Ev ("%#" R )"

hen the o i#ina" oc'$ent ha! %een "o!t oe!t o7e , o cannot %e p o 'ce in co' t, the o&&e o ,

'pon p oo& o& it! e ec'tion o e i!tence an the ca'!eo& it! 'navai"a%i"it7 witho't %a &aith on hi! pa t, $a7p ove it! content! %7 a cop7, o %7 a ecita" o& it!

content! in !o$e a'thentic oc'$ent, o %7 thete!ti$on7 o& witne!!e! in the o e !tate / ?he o&&e oo& !econ a 7 evi ence i! %' ene to p ove thep e icate! the eo&: (a) the "o!! o e!t 'ction o& theo i#ina" witho't %a &aith on the pa t o& thep oponentFo&&e o which can %e !hown %7ci c'$!tantia" evi ence o& o'tine p actice! o&

e!t 'ction o& oc'$ent!; (%) the p oponent $'!tp ove %7 a &ai p epon e ance o& evi ence a! to ai!e a

ea!ona%"e in&e ence o& the "o!! o e!t 'ction o& theo i#ina" cop7; an (c) it $'!t %e !hown that a i"i#entan %ona &i e %'t 'n!'cce!!&'" !ea ch ha! %een $a e&o the oc'$ent in the p ope p"ace o p"ace!/

Hi!to 7 o& ER: e&o e the on!et o& "i%e a" '"e! o& i!cove 7, an $o e n techni 'e o& e"ect onic cop7in#,

the %e!t evi ence '"e wa! e!i#ne to #'a a#ain!tinco$p"ete o & a' '"ent p oo& an the int o 'ction o& a"te e copie! an the withho" in# o& the o i#ina"!/ 'tthe $o e n B'!ti&ication &o the '"e ha! e pan e & o$the p evention o& & a' to a eco#nition that w itin#!occ'p7 a cent a" po!ition in the "aw/ ?he i$po tance o& the p eci!e te $! o& w itin#! in the wo " o& "e#a"

e"ation!, the &a""i%i"it7 o& the h'$an $e$o 7 a!e"ia%"e evi ence o& the te $!, an the ha a ! o&

inacc' ate o inco$p"ete 'p"icate a e the conce n!a e!!e %7 the %e!t evi ence '"e/ (+ee v/ o& the

hi"!)-DEFINITION: *")"#t!$% # ($# +"%t* e&e ! toin&o $ation o the ep e!entation o& in&o $ation, ata,&i#' e!, !7$%o"! o othe $o e"! o& w itten e p e!!ion,

e!c i%e o howeve ep e!ente , %7 which a i#ht i!e!ta%"i!he o an o%"i#ation e tin#'i!he , o %7 which a&act $a7 %e p ove an a&&i $e , which i! eceive ,

eco e , t an!$itte , !to e , p oce!!e , et ieve op o 'ce e"ect onica""7/ 3t inc"' e! i#ita""7 !i#ne

oc'$ent! an an7 p into't, ea a%"e %7 !i#ht o othe$ean! which acc' ate"7 e&"ect! the e"ect onic ata$e!!a#e o e"ect onic oc'$ent/


4/11

?he '"e! '!e the wo =in&o $ation= to e&ine ane"ect onic oc'$ent eceive , eco e , t an!$itte ,!to e , p oce!!e , et ieve o p o 'ce e"ect onica""7/

?hi! wo'" !'##e!t that an e"ect onic oc'$ent i!e"evant on"7 in te $! o& the in&o $ation containe

the ein, !i$i"a to an7 othe oc'$ent which i!p e!ente in evi ence a! p oo& o& it! content!/Howeve , what differentiates an e ectronic document from a !a!er-based document is the manner by whichthe information is !rocessed" c ear y# the informationcontained in an e ectronic document is received#recorded# transmitted# stored# !rocessed# retrieved or

!roduced e ectronica y$O N0?E: 3t wa! a"!o !ai that NA 0C0R contin'e too% ' ate"7 i! e#a the oppo t'nitie! #iven %7 the ?C&o it to p e!ent the o i#ina"! o& the photocopie! itp e!ente P? at the SC it p a7e that it %e a""owe top e!ent the o i#ina"! o& the e hi%it! that we e eniea $i!!ion o in ca!e the !a$e a e "o!t, to "a7 thep e icate &o the a $i!!ion o& !econ a 7 evi ence/Howeve , SC enie !ai p a7e /DISPOSITI E : etition EN3E / CA EC3S30N o& 9Nove$%e 2..5 A 3R*E / Co!t! a#ain!t petitione /

P"$-)" vs D")+"%($ N$v"+/"! 01, 23425

+'i! an "o entino e"$en o have vo"'ntee e to onate thei

%"oo to A"& e o 'ccat who ha ie in hi! ho'!e/ +'i! i! acc'!eo& $' e / ?he a&&i avit! o& *a# a"ena 'ccat, wi&e, an !on E"pi iowe e #iven 16 a7! a&te the !hootin#/ ?he7 we e cha #e with*' e 'a"i&ie %7 t eache 7/ *iti#atin# ci c'$!tance o&

'n enne!! to o&&!et a## aviatin# ci c'$!tance o& we""in#/ +i&ei$p i!on$ent Q $o a" a$a#e!, e e$p"a 7 a$a#e!/

?wo acc'!e appea"e %'t we e e oneo'!"7 t an!$itte to CA/

E o ! a!!i#ne :

a/ 3n &in in# i!tance o& 9 $ete ! when +'i! &i e at theecea!e /

%/ +'i! wa! po!itive &o pow e %' n!

c/ E o in po!itive i enti&ication o& %oth acc'!e an that thee&en!e o& a"i%i i! wea

/ ?hat "o entino con!pi e /

e/ Conviction o& c i$e o& $' e 'a"i&ie /

?he7 we e in in# %a!i that *a# a"ena !e ve to the wo e !which he"pe epai the ho'!e o& *a# a"ena an A"& e o/ ?hen

"o entino ha a 'a e" with % othe e e ico an the7 a"$o!t%o"oe each othe / *a# a"ena a vi!e e e ico to #o ho$e towhich "o entino "e&t !o e at he &o !en in# hi! % othe ho$e/

hi"e havin# inne with &a$i"7 the acc'!e went 'p to the ho'!ewhi"e "o entino !too %e!i e A"& e o/ ?hen he vo$ite ca'!in# the!po'!e! to co$p"ain/ Acc'!e "e&t/ A&te !'ppe the7 !hot A"& e o/

?he p incipa" witne!!e! &o the p o!ec'tion a e *a# a"ena 'ccat,

the wi ow, an E"pi io 'ccat, !on o& the victi$/

+'i! wa! po!itive in the pa a&&in te!t/ "o entino wa! ne#ative/

e&en!e te!ti$on7: "o entino wa! ca""e %7 +'i! to epai the"atte @! %i e/ A&te &i in#, the7 went to the !to e o& *a# a"ena anha a in / ?he7 went on thei wa7 to the ho'!e o& the %a iocaptain/

?e!ti$onie! &o the e&en!e: a io captain a"en: Hea the#'n!hot! an p ocee e 'pon %ein# to" %7 chi" en that i on#

wa! !hot/ He % o'#ht the victi$ to the ho!pita"/ oth acc'!e we eat the ho!pita" %'t he i n@t now what the7 we e oin# the e/

e o Ga"$onte: %a io co'nci"$an o& A#tipa": he hea #'n!hot!an he"pe in "oa in# victi$ to the ti e/ He !tate & o$ *a# a"enaan E"pi io i& the7 new the a!!ai"ant! an the7 ep"ie in thene#ative/

R?C conc"'!ion: +'i! an "o entino we e #'i"t7/ o!itive"7 i enti&ie%7 the witne!!e!, i entit7 co o%o ate %7 Co" *ina o inone!%eca'!e o& po!itive &o pow e %' n!/


5/11

?he te!ti$onie! o& *a# a"ena an E"pi io, even i& the7 a e thewi ow an !on, e!pective"7, o& the ecea!e co o%o ate eachothe in an e!pect!/ ?he7 have %een !hown not to %e pe B' e anno $otive o ea!on wa! eve &aint"7 !'##e!te wh7 the7 wi""pe B' e thei te!ti$onie!/ 3n ee , the acc'!e hi$!e"& a $ittethat %e&o e the inci ent, the7 we e in the %e!t o& te $! with the

ecea!e / A!i e & o$ the!e, the te!ti$on7 o& *a# a"ena an

E"pi io o& the !hootin# a! we"" a! the p"ace whe e +'i! &i e & o$wa! &' the !'%!tantiate %7 the te!ti$on7 o& po"ice Co po a"*o e!to E!peBo who te!ti&ie that he ecove e !i e$pt7 !he""!the eat p"'! a !"'# e$%e e on the & a$e o& the ea!te n win owo& the # o'n &"oo o& the victi$4! ho'!e

Iss " : 0N the te!ti$onie! o& the wi ow an !on e"ative to thei entit7 o& the $a"e&acto ! cannot %e %e"ieve an e"ie 'pon/

a/ a an i&&ic'"t &o he to eco#ni e/

%/ She !ai !he !aw one o& the acc'!e ai$ the #'n ath'!%an %'t i not !ho't a wa nin#

c/ ?hat !he wa! a%"e to eco#ni e the co"o ! o& the !hi t!/

/ ?hat when inve!ti#ate !he i not even $ention the na$e!o& the acc'!e /

HELD6 >e!, the7 cannot %e %e"ieve /

3n convictin# the two acc'!e &o the $' e o& the victi$ in thi!ca!e, the conviction $'!t %e %a!e on evi ence that i! c"ea ,po!itive an !t on# c eatin# a $o a" ce taint7 a! to the #'i"t o& theacc'!e / ?he cha #e a#ain!t the$ $'!t %e p ove %e7on

ea!ona%"e o'%t/ Since the two a""e#e e7ewitne!!e! to theco$$i!!ion o& the c i$e a e the wi ow an !on o& the victi$, theite!ti$onie! pointin# to the acc'!e a! the pe pet ato ! $'!t %e!'%Becte to a i#i te!t which !ho'" e$on!t ate %e7on cavi"thei t 'th&'"ne!!, hone!t7 an ectit' e a! act'a" e7ewitne!!e! tothe pe pet ation o& the c i$ina" act/ ?he e $'!t neve %e an7!ha ow o& o'%t, an7 c"o' o& !'!picion o eception to concea" the&act! an i!#'i!e the t 'th/ ?he &i !t, i& not the %a!ic &o'n ation

'pon which the p o!ec'tion %'i" ! it! ca!e a#ain!t the acc'!e i!p oo& %e7on ea!ona%"e o'%t that it i! the !ai acc'!e who

co$$itte the c i$e cha #e / 3n othe wo !, the 3 entit7 o& theacc'!e i! the &i !t 't7 o& the p o!ec'tion/

hat i! the '"e in c i$ina" "aw B' i!p ' ence in !i$i"a oana"o#o'! ca!e! whe e the e i! e"a7 o &ai"' e to i enti&7 theacc'!e at the ea "ie!t oppo t'nit7

eop"e v! a 'i an: The natura reaction of one who witnesses acrime and recogni%es the offender is to revea it to the authoritiesat the ear iest o!!ortunity / S'!picion i! no i enti&ication/

eop"e v! C'nanan: ?he nat' a" eaction o& one who witne!!e! ac i$e i! to evea" it to the a'tho itie! 'n"e!!, o& co' !e, he i! thea'tho the eo&/ 3t e&ie! c e '"it7 that not one o two %'t &ive !'chwitne!!e! $a e no e&&o t to e po!e C'nanan i& the7 ea""7 newthat he wa! the a'tho the eo& ?hi! !t'"ti&ie !i"ence ca!t! # ave

o'%t! a! to thei ve acit7/(?he e !ho'" %e a va"i e p"anation a!to wh7 eop"e@! witne!!e! i not epo t the i entit7 ' in# a "on#pe io o& ti$e)/

eop"e v! Ro a!: e"a7 o vaci""ation in $a in# a c i$ina"acc'!ation oe! not nece!!a i"7 i$pai the c e i%i"it7 o& thewitne!!, i& !'ch e"a7 i! !ati!&acto i"7 e p"aine /

An S#t/ Ca$i"o *a 'e , a !econ co'!in o& the victi$ who tooove the inve!ti#ation & o$ Cp"/ E!peBo, i not inte view the wi owa""e#e "7 %eca'!e !he wa! c 7in#/ >et, the po"ice waite 'nti"*a ch 1 , 1969, 16 a7! a&te the !hootin#, to e!'$e it!inve!ti#ation when the a&&i avit! o& the witne!!e! we e ta en, on"7

to %e !'%!c i%e an !wo n to 5 a7! the ea&te , on *a ch 19,1969/ o$ thi! in eci!ion an he!itanc7, it can %e ea!ona%"7in&e e that the evi ence then at han wa! in!'&&icient an

o'%t&'" to &o $a""7 cha #e the acc'!e /

Now, to the $otive/ ene a""7, p oo& o& $otive i! 'nnece!!a 7 topin a c i$e on the acc'!e , i& the evi ence o& i enti&ication i!convincin#; howeve , whe e the p oo& o& i enti&ication i! notconvincin#, then p oo& o& $otive i! nece!!a 7/

*otive to i"" a!!'$e! pe tinence on"7 when the e i! o'%t a! to

the i entit7 o& the c'"p it, ( eop"e v!/ Sa"e!, SCRA 89; eop"ev!/ a!'e", SCRA 2.D)/ oo& o& $otive i! i$po tant in nowin#


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the ea!on! &o the co$$i!!ion o& a c i$ina" act/ ( eop"e v!/C'!to ia D SCRA 289)/ A%!ence o& $otive i! i$po tant in

ete $inin# the t 'th a! %etween con&"ictin# ve !ion! o& theinci ent o%Bect o& the acc'!ation/

3n ee , the in!'&&icienc7 o& the $otive, na7 it! i$p o%a%i"it7 %7no $a" !tan a !, wea en! the p o!ec'tion4! i enti&ication o& theacc'!e / 3n &act, it !t en#then! the e&en!e c"ai$ that the acc'!ewe e not the a!!ai"ant!/

A"i%i i! a wea e&en!e that cannot p evai" ove po!itivei enti&ication o& the acc'!e %7 e7ewitne!!e! ( eop"e v!/ E!t oca aD5 SCRA 295; eop"e v!/ Ronca" D9 SCRA 5.9)/ A"i%i a!!'$e!i$po tance whe e evi ence &o p o!ec'tion i! wea an %et a7!"ac o& conc etene!! on 'e!tion o& whethe o not the acc'!eco$$itte the c ane cha #e / An acc'!e cannot %e convicte onthe %a!i! o& evi ence which, in epen ent"7 o& hi! a"i%i i! wea ,'nco o%o ate , an inconc"'!ive/ ?he '"e that a"i%i $'!t %e

!ati!&acto i"7 p oven wa! neve inten e to chan#e the %' en o&p oo& in c i$ina" ca!e!; othe wi!e, the e wo'" %e the a%!' it7 o&an acc'!e %ein# p't in a $o e i&&ic'"t po!ition whe e thep o!ec'tion4! evi ence i! va#'e an wea than whe e it i! !t on#/

Re !tate othe wi!e, the wea ne!! o& the e&en!e o& a"i%i oe! note"ieve the p o!ec'tion o& the e 'i e %' en o& p oo&/ ( eop"e v!/

A 'ino, 9- SCRA D4. 2; eop"e v!/ Sa"a a , 9- SCRA D96)/ Ana"tho'#h a"i%i i! the wea e!t e&en!e that an acc'!e can avai" o&,it ac 'i e! co$$en!' ate !t en#th whe e no po!itive an p opei enti&ication ha! %een $a e %7 the witne!!e! o& the o&&en e / ?hep o!ec'tion ha! the onus !robandi in e!ta%"i!hin# the #'i"t o& theacc'!e an the wea ne!! o& the e&en!e oe! not e"ieve it o& thi!

e!pon!i%i"it7/

hi"e the e&en!e o& a"i%i & e 'ent"7 e!e ve! "itt"e con!i e ation%eca'!e it i! ea!i"7 &a% icate , it i! not a"wa7! &a"!e an witho't$e it ( eop"e v!/ '"$one!, 61 hi"/ 68.) a! in the ca!e at han ,an when co'p"e with the i$p o%a%i"itie! an 'nce taintie! o& thep o!ec'tion evi ence, !'&&ice to ai!e ea!ona%"e o'%t a! to thei

e!pon!i%i"it7/

e $'!t ac 'it the two acc'!e not %eca'!e thei e&en!e o& a"i%ii! wea , a"tho'#h !'ch e&en!e ha! ac 'i e co$$en!' ate!t en#th 'e to &ai"' e o& po!itive an p ope i enti&ication o& theo&&en e ! %7 the witne!!e!, %'t on the # o'n that the p o!ec'tionha! &ai"e to i!cha #e it! e!pon!i%i"it7 o& p ovin# thei #'i"t%e7on ea!ona%"e o'%t/ o in ee , the 't7 o& the p o!ec'tionto p ove the #'i"t o& the acc'!e %e7on pe a vent' e o& o'%t i! a

p i$a 7 one, an 'nti" an 'n"e!! !'ch 't7 ha! %een pe &o $e ,the con!tit'tiona" p e!'$ption o& innocence to which the acc'!ei! entit"e $'!t %e 'phe" , whethe hi! e&en!e o& a"i%i i! wea o!t on#/

hi"e the p o!ec'tion i! not e 'i e to !'%$it !'ch a e# ee o&p oo& a!, e c"' in# po!!i%i"it7 o& e o , p o 'ce! a%!o"'te ce taint7%'t on"7 $o a" ce taint7 i! e 'i e , o that e# ee o& p oo& whichp o 'ce! conviction in an 'np eB' ice $in /

?hat the p e!ence o& #'npow e e!i 'e (nit ate!) on %oth han ! o&

the acc'!e +'i! o not conc"'!ive"7 p ove that he ha ecent"7&i e a #'n i! a $itte %7 the /C/ e pe t, Co"/ *ina o inone!who te!ti&ie a"!o &o the e&en!e/ ?he $o!t !i#ni&icant te!ti$on7 o&Co"/ inone! i! that the e i! no i&&e ence in !i e %etween#'npow e e!i 'e an one ca'!e %7 con!tant han "in# o&che$ica"! (t/!/n/, p/ -59, *a ch 5, 19D. Hea in#) an that thecontin'e han "in# o& che$ica"! containin# nit ate!, pota!!i'$nit ate, !o i'$ nit ate an a$$oni'$ nit ate wi"" #ivecha acte i!tic co"o o& %"'e !pec ! on a pe !on han "in# !aiche$ica"! (t/!/n/, p/ -62, *a ch 5, 19D. Hea in#); an that one who&i e a #'n $a7 #ive a ne#ative e!'"t an a"!o one who i notact'a""7 &i e a #'n i! ne#ative &o pa a&&in te!t %eca'!e acco in# tohi$, =the e i! a &a"!e po!itive an a &a"!e ne#ative/ a"!e ne#ative i!when he &i e a #'n an i! ne#ative &o pa a&&in te!t; an &a"!epo!itive when he neve &i e a #'n %'t i! po!itive &o pa a&&in te!t/

h7 %eca'!e he ha! %een han "in# !o$e che$ica"! "i e pota!!i'$nit ate an a$$oni'$ ch"o i e, epen in# on the e tent o&conta$ination/ Nat' a""7 when te!te with 7phen7" a$in

ea#ent!, it wi"" !how cha acte i!tic! o& %"'e !pec !, an thi! i!!i$i"a to #'npow e %' n!/=

C t /a%7 vs Sa/"% a%$ O#t$/"! 28, 09985


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etition &o Review on Ce tio a i 'n e R'"e 5 o& the eci!ion o&CA/

Citi%an (p ev NC ) "aw! o& A$e ica "icen!e to o co$$e cia"%an in# an pe &o $ t '!t &'nction in the hi"/ 3nve!to @! inanceCo p, a&&i"iate an !'%!i ia 7 o& Citi, han "in# $one7 $a etp"ace$ent! &o it! c"ient!/ 3 C ( NC inance) i! now oin# %'!ine!!a! pa t o& it! !'cce!!o in inte e!t 3/

Sa%eniano c"inet o& %oth Citi an NC inance/

A'#'!t 1985, e!p &i"e co$p"aint < $a e !'%!tantia" epo!it! an$one7 $a et p"ace$ent! with petitione ! a! we"" a! $one7$a et p"ace$ent! with A3 C (A7a"a 3nve!t an ev Co p) an thep ocee ! & o$ A3 C we e !'ppo!e "7 epo!ite a'to$atica""7 an

i ect"7 to e!p@! acco'nt! with Citi/ Citi, a! e!p !ai , e&'!e toet' n he epo!it! an the p ocee ! o& he ** e!pite epeatee$an ! th'! the cici" ca!e/

Citi an inance a $itte epo!it! an ** inc"i in# o""aacco'nt with Citi eneva %'t that e!p o%taine !eve a" "oan! & o$Citi an N! we e e ec'te an !ec' e %7:

a/ ec"a ation o "e #e o& he o""a acco'nt in Citi eneva

%/ ee ! o& A!!in#n$ent with NC inance

Re!p &ai"e to pa7 he "oan! e!pite epeate e$an ! an Citie e ci!e i#ht to o&& !et o co$pen!ate o't!tan in# "oan! with

epo!it! p' !'ant to ec"a ation an ee o& a!!i#n/ Citi in&o $e

e!p th o'#h "ette !/

Si 7ea ! "ate , e!p epeate e 'e!t! &o with awa" o& e!pepo!it! an ** inc"i in# Citi #enva/ Citi an inance i!$i!!a"

an &o a$a#e! an att7! &ee!/ No co$p o$i!e ' in# p et ia"hence t ia"/ 1. 7ea ! a&te , eci!ion wa! &ina""7 en e e /

' #e Gito io: R?C * ati:

a/ 3""e#a", n'"" an voi o&& !et on o""a epo!it with Citieneva/ Re&'n with "e#a" inte e!t/

%/ Re!p in e%te to %an &o 1*Q an pa7 a$o'nt with nointe e!t an pena"t7 & o$ ti$e o& i""e#a" o&& !et/

c/ i!$i!! a"" othe c"ai$!/

oth appea"e / RE!p that !he i! not in e%te an that R?C &ai"e too e CitiF in to en e acco'ntin# o& epo!it! an ** /CitiF inance va"i co$pen!ation %eca'!e o& ec"a ation/

CA: a&&i $e an $o i&ie / 1 an 2 a&&i $e / A itiona": Citi &ai"eto acco'nt ** , !avin#! acco'nt an c' ent acco'nt!, hence

et' n the !a$e evi ence %7 ce ti&icate! o& inve!t$ent!/

3!!'e!: 1 a!!i#n$ent o& e o !/ 0N the e wa! an e o in B' #$ent/

He" : Not enti e"7/ SC a&&i $e CA %'t with $o i&ication/

As an exception to the general rule, this Court takes

cognizance of questions of fact raised in the Petition at bar.3t i! a" ea 7 a we"" !ett"e '"e that the B' i! iction o& thi! Co' t inca!e! % o'#ht %e&o e it & o$ the Co' t o& Appea"! %7 vi t'e o& R'"e

5 o& the Revi!e R'"e! o& Co' t i! "i$ite to eviewin# e o ! o&"aw/ in in#! o& &act o& the Co' t o& Appea"! a e conc"'!ive 'ponthi! Co' t/ ?he e a e, howeve , eco#ni e e ception! to the&o e#oin# '"e, na$e"7: (1) when the &in in#! a e # o'n e enti e"7on !pec'"ation, !' $i!e!, o conBect' e!; (2) when the inte &e ence$a e i! $ani&e!t"7 $i!ta en, a%!' , o i$po!!i%"e; (-) when the ei! # ave a%'!e o& i!c etion; ( ) when the B' #$ent i! %a!e on a

$i!app ehen!ion o& &act!; (5) when the &in in#! o& &act a econ&"ictin#; (6) when in $a in# it! &in in#!, the Co' t o& Appea"!went %e7on the i!!'e! o& the ca!e, o it! &in in#! a e cont a 7 tothe a $i!!ion! o& %oth the appe""ant an the appe""ee; (D) when the&in in#! a e cont a 7 to tho!e o& the t ia" co' t; (8) when the&in in#! a e conc"'!ion! witho't citation o& !peci&ic evi ence onwhich the7 a e %a!e ; (9) when the &act! !et &o th in the petition a!we"" a! in the petitione 4! $ain an ep"7 % ie&! a e not i!p'te %7the e!pon ent; an (1.) when the &in in#! o& &act a e p e$i!e onthe !'ppo!e a%!ence o& evi ence an cont a icte %7 the

evi ence on eco /


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?hi! % in#! '! to the 'e!tion o& whether the fact alone thatthe RTC Decision was rendered b a !udge other than the

!udge who actuall heard and tried the case is sufficient !ustification for the appellate court to disregard or setaside the findings in the Decision of the court a quo"

He" : No/

hat e!e ve! !t e!!in# i! that, in thi! B' i! iction, the e e i!t! ai!p'ta%"e p e!'$ption that the R?C eci!ion wa! en e e %7 the

B' #e in the e#'"a pe &o $ance o& hi! o&&icia" 'tie!/ hi"e the!ai p e!'$ption i! on"7 i!p'ta%"e, it i! !ati!&acto 7 'n"e!!cont a icte o ove ca$e %7 othe evi ence/ 29 Enco$pa!!e in thi!p e!'$ption o& e#'"a it7 i! the p e!'$ption that the R?C B' #e, in

e!o"vin# the ca!e an a&tin# hi! eci!ion, eviewe , eva"'ate ,an wei#he a"" the evi ence on eco / ?hat the !ai R?C B' #e i!not the !a$e B' #e who hea the ca!e an eceive the evi encei! o& "itt"e con!e 'ence when the eco ! an t an!c ipt! o&

!teno# aphic note! (?SN!) a e co$p"ete an avai"a%"e &ocon!i e ation %7 the &o $e /

A"tho'#h it i! t 'e that the B' #e who hea the witne!!e! te!ti&7 i!in a %ette po!ition to o%!e ve the witne!!e! on the !tan an

ete $ine %7 thei e$eano whethe the7 a e te""in# the t 'th o$o'thin# &a"!ehoo , it oe! not nece!!a i"7 &o""ow that a B' #e whowa! not p e!ent ' in# the t ia" cannot en e a va"i eci!ion!ince he can e"7 on the t an!c ipt o& !teno# aphic note! ta en

' in# the t ia" a! %a!i! o& hi! eci!ion/

At an7 ate, the te!t to ete $ine the va"'e o& the te!ti$on7 o& thewitne!! i! whethe o not !'ch i! in con&o $it7 with now"e #e ancon!i!tent with the e pe ience o& $an in ( &eo! e vs$ 'orre , 21DSCRA 219 T199-U)/ ' the , the c e i%i"it7 o& witne!!e! can a"!o %ea!!e!!e on the %a!i! o& the !'%!tance o& thei te!ti$on7 an the!' o'n in# ci c'$!tance! ( &eo! e v$ on%a es , 21. SCRA T1992U)/ A c itica" eva"'ation o& the te!ti$on7 o& the p o!ec'tionwitne!!e! evea"! that thei te!ti$on7 acco ! with thea&o e$entione te!t!, an ca ie! with it the in# o& t 'th enpe &o ce, $'!t %e #iven &'"" wei#ht an c e it/

in in# o& &act! o& the Co' t:

Citi%an i!!'e N@! to ep"ace the one! which $at' e / etitioneCiti%an i not en7 the e i!tence no 'e!tione the a'thenticit7o& N! No/ 2--56 an 2--5D it i!!'e in &avo o& e!pon ent &o he$one7 $a et p"ace$ent!/ 3n &act, it a $itte the #en'inene!!an 'e e ec'tion o& the !ai N!, %'t 'a"i&ie that the7 we e no"on#e o't!tan in#/ 3n &act, the pa7$ent o& Citi, a! a""e#e %7 the%an , wa! '!e %7 e!p to open two ti$e epo!it! (? ) with Citi/

7 the a $i!!ion o& the #en'inene!! an 'e e ec'tion o& anin!t '$ent, a! p ovi e in thi! !ection, i! $eant that the pa t7who!e !i#nat' e it %ea ! a $it! that he !i#ne it o that it wa!!i#ne %7 anothe &o hi$ with hi! a'tho it7; that at the ti$e it wa!!i#ne it wa! in wo ! an &i#' e! e act"7 a! !et o't in the p"ea in#o& the pa t7 e"7in# 'pon it; that the oc'$ent wa! e"ive e ; anthat an7 &o $a" e 'i!ite! e 'i e %7 "aw, !'ch a! a !ea", anac now"e #$ent, o even'e !ta$p, which it "ac !, a e waive %7hi$/

Hence, !'ch e&en!e! a!:a/ that the !i#nat' e i! a &o #e 7

%/ o that it wa! 'na'tho i e , a! in the ca!e o& an a#ent!i#nin# &o hi! p incipa", o one !i#nin# in %eha"& o& apa tne !hip o o& a co po ation

c/ o that, in the ca!e o& the "atte , that the co po ation wa!a'tho i e 'n e it! cha te to !i#n the in!t '$ent

/ o that the pa t7 cha #e !i#ne the in!t '$ent in !o$eothe capacit7 than that a""e#e in the p"ea in# !ettin# ito't

e/ o that it wa! neve

a e c't o&& %7 the a $i!!ion o& it! #en'inene!! an 'e e ec'tion/

?he e&&ect o& the a $i!!ion i! !'ch that in the ca!e o& a p o$i!!o 7note a p i$a &acie ca!e i! $a e &o the p"ainti&& which i!pen!e!with the nece!!it7 o& evi ence on hi! pa t an entit"e! hi$ to a

B' #$ent on the p"ea in#! 'n"e!! a !pecia" e&en!e o& new $atte ,!'ch a! pa7$ent, i! inte po!e %7 the e&en ant/
http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/oct2006/gr_156132_2006.html#fnt29http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/oct2006/gr_156132_2006.html#fnt29


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Since #en'inene!! an 'e e ec'tion a e 'nconte!te , e!p wa!a%"e to e!ta%"i!h p i$a &acie that Citi i! "ia%"e to he &o thea$o'nt! !tate the ein/ ?he a!!e tion o& Citi o& pa7$ent o& !ai Ni! an a&&i $ative a""e#ation o& a new $atte , the %' en o& p oo& a!to !'ch e!t on Citi/ Re!p p ove the e i!tence o& the o%"i#ation,%' en o& p oo& wa! 'pon Citi that ha %een i!cha #e /

A! a #ene a" '"e, one who p"ea ! pa7$ent ha! the %' en o&p ovin# it/ Even whe e the p"ainti&& $'!t a""e#e non pa7$ent, the#ene a" '"e i! that the %' en e!t! on the e&en ant to p ovepa7$ent, athe than on the p"ainti&& to p ove non pa7$ent/ ?he

e%to ha! the %' en o& !howin# with "e#a" ce taint7 that theo%"i#ation ha! %een i!cha #e %7 pa7$ent/

hen the e i!tence o& a e%t i! &'""7 e!ta%"i!he %7 the evi encecontaine in the eco , the %' en o& p ovin# that it ha! %eene tin#'i!he %7 pa7$ent evo"ve! 'pon the e%to who o&&e ! !'ch

e&en!e to the c"ai$ o& the c e ito / he e the e%to int o 'ce!!o$e evi ence o& pa7$ent, the %' en o& #oin# &o wa with the

evi ence < a! i!tinct & o$ the #ene a" %' en o& p oo& < !hi&t! tothe c e ito , who i! then 'n e the 't7 o& p o 'cin# !o$eevi ence o& non pa7$ent/

Citi%an &ai"e to p ove that N 56 an 5D ha a" ea 7 %een paian that the a$o'nt !o pai wa! act'a""7 '!e to open one o& e!p

? @! acco'nt with petitione %an /

?e!ti$onie! o& two witne!!e! we e p e!ente %7 Citi: 1) * / 'Be a,the 03C o& "oan! an p"ace$ent! at the ti$e the t n! too p"ace (Gat ti$e o& te!ti$on7) 2) * / ?an, &o $e AG o& Citi who i ect"7

ea"t with e!p e epo!it! an "oan! (A!!t * in H %an at ti$eo& epo!ition)/ A eca e ha pa!!e when te!ti$onie! we e #iven/eca'!e o& thi!, Co' t i! e"'ctant to #ive $'ch wei#ht to the

te!ti$onie! %eca'!e o& !'%!tantia" "en#th o& ti$e %etween the t n!an the witne!!e! te!ti$onie! p"'! $'"tip"e c"ient!/

?he e we e no oc'$enta 7 evi ence p e!ente to p ove pa7$ento& the "a!t two N! an the '!e o& the p ocee !/ ape t ai" en ewith N! 56 an 5D an no evi ence a! to the openin# o& the ? !'!in# the pa7$ent/ A! Citi &ai"e to p e!ent p oo& o& pa7$ent o&

N!, the7 a e !ti"" o't!tan in# an Citi i! !ti"" "ia%"e to e!p/ ?i$eepo!it! we e opene with Citi(which acco in# to Citi, e!p

p ete $inate an e!p t an!&e e p ocee ! to NC inance &o** )/ ?he o%"i#ation o& Citi a! to the N i! !epa ate an i!tinct& o$ the o%"i#ation! o& NC a i!in# & o$ the ** o& e!p with the"atte /

ES? EG3 ENCE RP+E

?hi! Co' t i!a# ee! in the p ono'nce$ent $a e %7 the Co' t o&Appea"! !'$$a i"7 i!$i!!in# the oc'$enta 7 evi ence!'%$itte %7 petitione ! %a!e on it! % oa an in i!c i$inateapp"ication o& the %e!t evi ence '"e/

3n #ene a", the %e!t evi ence '"e e 'i e! that the hi#he!tavai"a%"e e# ee o& p oo& $'!t %e p o 'ce / Acco in#"7, &o

oc'$enta 7 evi ence, the content! o& a oc'$ent a e %e!tp ove %7 the p o 'ction o& the oc'$ent it!e"&, 11- to the e c"'!iono& an7 !econ a 7 o !'%!tit'tiona 7 evi ence/ 11

?he %e!t evi ence '"e ha! %een $a e pa t o& the evi!e R'"e! o&

Co' t, R'"e 1-., Section -, which ea !

Evid Digest 1

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