Every Plant Question

8/20/2019 Every Plant Question

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1. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below showsa potometer, an apparatus used to estimate transpiration rates.

w a t e rr e s e r v o i r

l e a f ys h o o t

s c r e w c l i p

a i r b u b b l e

s c a l e

(a) Transpiration itself is not measured directly by a potometer.

State what is measured by this apparatus.

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[1]

(b) escribe how the apparatus should be set up to ensure that valid measurements

can be made.

In your answer, you should make clear how the steps in the process aresequenced.

(Allow one lined page).

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2. $ student investigated the transpiration rates of two different plants A and B.

The results of the investigation are shown in the table below.

reading estimate of transpiration rate % arbitrary units

plant A plant B

1 &' 1!

*+ ++

* &1 1

& & 11

' *" 1*

mean &

(i) -alculate the mean estimated transpiration rate for plant B.

/press your answer to the nearest whole number and write it in the shaded bo/in the table.

[1]

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(ii) The student prepared a temporary slide of a transverse section through one ofthe leaves. The figure below shows a diagram the student drew of the lowerepidermis from one of the leaves.

State from which plant, A or B, the leaf was ta#en. /plain your answer.

0lant ...............................................................................................................

/planation .....................................................................................................

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(b) The student determined the rate of o/ygen upta#e for the three organisms in cm*

of o/ygen g :1

h :1

. The student found that the results were

1. cm*

g :1

h :1

.' cm* g

:1 h

:1

!. cm* g

:1 h

:1

State which of the three figures is most li#ely to be the value for the rate ofo/ygen upta#e for organism C.

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[1]

(c) ;one of the organisms A, B or C has a transport system.

/plain why organisms larger than organism C need to have transport systems.

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4. Transpiration may be defined as the loss of water vapour by diffusion from a plant to itsenvironment.

The diagram below shows apparatus that can be used to estimate transpiration rates of

a leafy shoot.

w a t e r l o s s b y t r a n s p i r a t i o n

r e s e r v o i r s y r i n g e

a p p a r a t u s f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r

c a p i l l a r y t u b e

m e n i s c u s

g r a d u a t e d s c a l e

(i) State the name of the apparatus shown in the diagram.

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(ii) $ student was told that any results gained by using the apparatus shown in thediagram above are not measures of the actual transpiration rate, but only givevalues from which transpiration can be estimated.

7ith reference to the definition of transpiration and the apparatus in the diagram

above, e/plain why the results gained by using the apparatus are not measuresof the actual transpiration rate.

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(iii) escribe the precautions you would ta#e when setting up and using theapparatus shown in the diagram above in order to get valid readings from whichthe transpiration rate can be estimated.

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5. The diagram below shows the results gained from an e/periment to compare the ratesof transpiration in two species, P and Q. 8oth species were #ept under the sameconditions during the course of the e/periment.

( " ( ( ( + ( ( 1 ( ( (

t i m e o f d a y % h

r a t e o f

t r a n s p i r a t i o n

P

Q

1 1 ( ( 1 ) ( (

m i d d a y

(i) 5ive two possible e/planations for the increase in the rate of transpiration inboth species P and Q over the course of the e/periment.

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(ii) Species P has smaller leaves than species Q. The student had predicted that therate of transpiration would be lower in P than in Q due to its smaller leaves.

Suggest and e/plain one possible reason why the results are not as the student

predicted.

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6. The figure below is a diagram showing some of the cells in the root of a dicotyledonousplant.

r o o t h a i r

A B C D

s e v e r a l c e l l s o m i t t e d / y l e m v e s s e l

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(a) -omplete the table below by indicating which of the letters A to indicates

< a cell from the endodermis

< a cell from the phloem.

letter

endodermis

phloem

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(b) State two features of root hair cells which adapt them for water upta#e.

1 ......................................................................................................................

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(c) =n this >uestion, one mar# is available for the >uality of spelling, punctuation andgrammar.

0lants absorb water from the soil via their roots.

escribe the pathways and mechanisms by which water passes from the soil tothe /ylem vessels in the root.

(Allow one lined page).

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?uality of 7ritten -ommunication [1]

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(d) $fter water has entered the /ylem vessels in the root, it passes through them tothe rest of the plant.

escribe how two features of /ylem vessels adapt them for water transport.

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!. The table below shows the appro/imate si@e and number of stomata in the leaves ofthree plant species.

The data were collected by ta#ing photographs of pieces of leaf placed under amicroscope. The length and width of a large number of stomata visible on thephotographs were measured.

species

meannumber

of stomataper

mm on

lower epidermis

mean lengthof fully openstomata % Am

mean width of fullyopen stomata % Am

mean areaavailable for water loss

through fully open

stomata % Am

per mm

haseolusvulgaris (bean)

"1 ! * ' +1

edera heli* (ivy)

1'" 11 & +'

+riticum sp.(wheat)

1& 1" ! 1 !&

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(a) (i) /plain why a large number of stomata are measured in order to calculatea mean.

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(ii) Suggest two ways in which photographing the leaf surfaces ma#esmeasuring the stomata easier.

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". The diagram below is a vertical section through part of a leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.

.

B

5

C

=

Deproduced by #ind permission of .5. 3ac#ean

-omplete the table below to identify /ylem and phloem from the tissues labelled to #.

tissue letter

/ylem

phloem

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$. (i) efine the term transpiration.

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(ii) /plain why transpiration in plants cannot be avoided.

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(iii) The leaves of /erophytes show a variety of modifications that are not shown inthe diagram below.Bor instance, they may be covered in epidermal hairs.

.

B

5

C

=

Deproduced by #ind permission of .5. 3ac#ean

/plain how a covering of leaf epidermal hairs helps /erophytes survive in theirhabitat.

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1%. =n this >uestion, one mar# is available for the >uality of spelling, punctuation andgrammar.

/plain how water travels up the stem and into the leaf of a dicotyledonous plant.

(Allow one lined page)

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?uality of 7ritten -ommunication [1]

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11. 8elow is a diagram of a cross section of an organ from a dicotyledonous plant showing

some of the tissues.

A

B

C

D

(i) ;ame the plant organ shown in the diagram above.

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[1]

(ii) State which of the regions A to D is phloem tissue.

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(ii) Eutline how P and Q are involved in the transport of carbohydrate inphloem.

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13. -arbohydrate moves from regions of plants called sources to regions called sin#s.

/plain how, at different times, the same plant root may be a source or a sin#.

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(iii) Eutline the process by which water enters the cells of the root from the soil.

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16. Blowering plants have two tissues to transport materials, /ylem and phloem. Thediagram below shows the outline of a transverse section of the root of adicotyledonous flowering plant.

S#etch in and label the areas occupied by the /ylem and phloem.

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1!. The diagram below is a scanning electron micrograph of some /ylem vessels.

8iophoto $ssociates

Select two features that are *isible in the ele(tron mi(rograph and e/plain howthese features help with the functioning of /ylem vessels.

feature 1 ...................................................................................................................

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feature ...................................................................................................................

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1". Farious hypotheses for the mechanism of transport in phloem have been suggested.Ene hypothesis proposes that movement between sources and sin#s occurs entirelypassively by the process of mass flow.

The diagram below shows a physical model to illustrate the principle of mass flow.

t u b e w a t e r

s u g a r

s o l u t i o n

w a t e r r i g i d p a r t i a l l y p e r m e a b l e

m e m b r a n e s

s o u r c e s i n #

(i) 5ive an e/ample in plants of

a source ..........................................................................................................

a sin# ...............................................................................................................

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(ii) 6se the information in the diagram to e/plain how mass flow of materialsbetween the source and the sin# would be brought about.

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1$. There is evidence that sugar transport from sources to sin#s in plants does not onlyinvolve passive movement by mass flow. There is also an active part to themechanism.

(i) State one piece of evidence for the involvement of an active process.

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(ii) escribe an active mechanism which could possibly be involved in the transportof sugars from sources to sin#s.

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2%. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below showsa potometer, an apparatus used to estimate transpiration rates.

l e a f y s h o o t

a i r b u b b l e

s c a l e

s c r e w c l i p

w a t e r r e s e r v o i r

2!


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(i) escribe how the apparatus should be set up to ensure that valid measurementscan be obtained.

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(ii) Transpiration itself is not measured by the potometer. State pre(isel) what ismeasured by using the apparatus.

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[1]

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21. Transpiration is the loss of water from plants by evaporation. The diagram below showsa potometer, an apparatus used to estimate transpiration rates.

l e a f y s h o o t

a i r b u b b l e

s c a l e

s c r e w c l i p

w a t e r r e s e r v o i r

2"


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(a) $ student investigated transpiration rates of a plant under two conditions, A andB, in the laboratory using a potometer. =n both cases the temperature, thehumidity, and the duration were the same. $ fan was placed ne/t to the potometer and was turned on for condition B, but not for condition A.

The results are shown in the table below.

reading estimate of transpiration rate % arbitrary units

condition A condition B

1 &' 1!

*+ ++

* &1 1

& & 11

' *" 1*

mean &

(i) -alculate the mean estimated transpiration rate for condition B. /press youranswer to the nearest whole number and write it in the table above.

[1]

(ii) /plain why the mean estimated transpiration rate for condition B is greater thanthat for condition A.

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23. Gerophytes are plants that are adapted for survival in areas where there is not muchwater available in the soil.

Gerophytes have various modifications that reduce water loss from their leaves.

State two such adaptations that reduce water loss and e/plain how the reduction inloss is achieved.

adaptation 1 .............................................................................................................

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adaptation .............................................................................................................

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24. Big. 1 shows the distribution of some of the tissues in a transverse section of a plantorgan. Big. is a photograph showing details of two cells, D and , from one of thetissues.

.

8

-

$

+ig. 1 +ig. 2

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(a) ;ame the plant organ shown in Big. 1

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(b) ;ame the tissue shown in Big. .

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(c) State in which region, A to C of Big. 1, you would e/pect to find the tissue shownin Big. .

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(d) -omplete the table below by

< stating three features or properties of cells D or in Big. which adaptthem to their functionH

< e&plaining how the features or properties you have given help the tissue tocarry out its function.

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3a#e it clear in your answer which cell, D or , you are describing for eachfeature you give.

feature or property how the feature or property helps the tissueto carry out its function

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(b) The leaves of some plants are reduced to spines or needles.

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(c) The epidermis may be covered by hairs.

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26. The graph below shows the results of an investigation to compare rates of transpirationand water absorption by a plant during a hot day in summer. There was no shortage ofsoil water available to the plant throughout the investigation, which was carried out over & hours starting at midnight.

(i) efine the term transpiration.

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(ii) 6sing the graph above, describe how the rate of transpiration varied over the& hour period and compare it with the rate of water absorption.

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(iii) -alculate the percentage of the & hour day in which the rate of water absorptione/ceeds the rate of transpiration.

Show your wor#ing and gi*e )our answer to the nearest whole number .

$nswer ......................... I

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2!. /plain how transpiration results in the movement of water up a plant stem.

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