Every Biodiversity Question

7/23/2019 Every Biodiversity Question

1/43

1. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is becoming an increasing problem.

Describe how a sulfonamide-resistant population of bacteria could develop.

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[Total 4 marks]

Macmillan Academy 1


2/43

2. Hospitals can check to see if a strain of bacteria causing an infection is resistant to arange of antibiotics b using a multodisc. A multodisc contains different antibiotics.

The bacteria are isolated from a patient. The bacteria are spread on nutrient agar in a !etri dish. The multodisc is placed on the agar.

The figure below shows a !etri dish with the bacteria" in which is placed a multodisccontaining si# different antibiotics.

$

%

&

4

'

(

m u l t o d i s c

b a c t e r i a p r e s e n t

c l e a r a r e a

! e t r i d i s hw i t h n u t r i e n ta g a r

) e *

$ t e t r a c c l i n e

% a m o # i c i l l i n

& n e o m c i n

4 s t r e p t o m c in

' p e n i c i l l i n

( s u l f o n a m i d e

+i, #plain wh there are clear areas of agar in the !etri dish.

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+ii, sing the figure above" name the antibiotic that is most effective against thebacteria causing the infection.

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Macmillan Academy 2


3/43

+iii, /uggest threereasons wh a hospital might use a multodisc to select the mostsuitable antibiotic for treating a patient.

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[Total ' marks]

3. Drugs" such as antibiotics" are often first discovered in the natural environment.

#plain wh it ma become increasingl difficult to discover new drugs in the future.

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[Total % marks]

Macmillan Academy 3


4/43

4. 0ig. $ below shows a photograph of a part of a heathland habitat. A stud was carriedout on the biodiversit of this habitat.

Fig. 1

Macmillan Academy 4


5/43

+a, Define the terms*

habitat .............................................................................................................

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biodiversity ......................................................................................................

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+b, 1n this stud" a student placed his 2uadrat on areas he considered to have themost biodiversit.

#plain what is wrong with this techni2ue.

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Macmillan Academy 5


6/43

+c, The student looked at the abundance of three plants at different distances fromthe bottom of the slope.

The results table drawn b the student is shown below.

distance frompercentage cover of each plant species

bottom of slopecotton grass ling bracken

3 m ( 3 3

$3 m (5 3 3

%3 m 3 % 3

&3 m 3 &' 3

43 m 3 '3 3

'3 m 3 (3

(3 m 3 43 $

3 m 3 $3 4%

53 m 3 3 (5

63 m 3 3 $

$33 m 3 3 4

+i, The format of the student7s table is incorrect.

/uggest onewa in which the student could correct the table.

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Macmillan Academy 6


7/43

0ig. % is a graph showing the distribution of cotton grass and bracken at differentdistances from the bottom of the slope.

' 3

3

3 $ 3 3

$ 3 3

c o t t o n g r a s sb r a c k e n

b o t t o m

o f s l o p e

d i s t a n c e + m , t o p o f

s l o p e

8

c o v e r

Fig. 2

+ii, sing the information given in the table above" sketch on Fig. 2a curve toshow the distribution of ling.

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+iii, Describe the distribution of bracken.

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Macmillan Academy 7


8/43

+d, +i, The student was asked to calculate the biodiversit using /impson7s 1nde#of Diversit.

/uggest what additional data he would need to collectin order to calculate

/impson7s 1nde# of Diversit in this habitat.

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+ii, The student calculated /impson7s 1nde# as 3.%. This is a low value.

/tate the significanceof this low value for this habitat.

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[Total $4 marks]

Macmillan Academy 8


9/43

5. 1n 1ndia" the population of the white-backed vulture" Gyps bengalensis" has fallen b

68 to an estimated 3334 vultures. This vulture is now considered to be 9criticall

endangered7. :easons for the decline in numbers include*

; vultures feed on carcasses including those from farm animals.

; hese farm animals ma have been treated with a pain killer. This particular painkiller causes kidne failure in the vultures.

; the use of this pain killer is being phased out. However" man farmers continue touse up their stocks of the drug.

; this pain killer is not easil biodegradable and will remain in the environment forman ears.

+i, /uggest what is meant b critically endangered.

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+ii,


10/43








1n an effort to save the white-backed vulture" a captive breeding programme has beenset up.

Three centres in 1ndia have been built" each housing up to 43 individuals. Thesevultures have been collected from different areas of the 1ndian subcontinent.

+i, #plain wh the decision was made to conserve the species in captivit +e sit!,rather than in the wild +in sit!,.

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Macmillan Academy 1"


11/43

+ii, #plain wh the white-backed vultures in the captive breeding programme were"

; collected from several different areas

; housed in three separate centres.

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[Total marks]









Three centres in 1ndia have been built" each housing up to 43 individuals. Thesevultures have been collected from different areas of the 1ndian subcontinent.

Macmillan Academy 11


12/43

>utline threereasons wh the conservation of the white-backed vulture is important.

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13/43


Three centres in 1ndia have been built" each housing up to 43 individuals. These

vultures have been collected from different areas of the 1ndian subcontinent.

/uggest threemeasures that could be taken in the long termto preserve thenumbers of white-backed vultures" once the captive bred individuals have beenreleased into the wild.

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14/43

9. The figure below shows a section of a leaf from a pear tree that is infected b themildew fungus#

m e s o p h l lc e l l s

u p p e r

e p i d e r m i s

n u c l e i

w a l l

c h l o r o p l a s t

f u n g a l h p h a+ s e c r e t e s e n ? m e s

t o d i g e s t c e l l ,

s p o r e

+i, /tate onefeature" shown in the figure above" that e#cludes boththe pear treeand mildew from the kingdom !rokarotae.

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+ii, /tate tworeasons wh mildew should be placed in the kingdom 0ungi.

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15/43

+iii, /tate tworeasons wh the pear tree should be placed in the kingdom !lantae#

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+iv, @ame twokingdoms other than !rokarotae" 0ungi and !lantae.

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[Total marks]

10. The mildew fungus also infects wheat plants" causing disease.

; ost wheat plants in the ) show little resistance to this disease.

; /ome 1ranian wheat plants are resistant.

; The ield from these resistant wheat plants is ver low.

+i, An investigation into the resistance of the 1ranian wheat plants to mildewproduced the results shown in the figure below.

n u m b e r s o f

p l a n t s

l o wr e s i s t a n c e

h i g hr e s i s t a n c e



16/43

/tate the tpe of variation that is shown in the figure above anddescribe itscharacteristics.

type o$ variation ..............................................................................................

characteristic o$ this type o$ variation

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17/43

+ii, >utline how a breeding programme could be carried out to produce wheat plantswhich have both high ield andresistance to mildew#

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18/43

11. >ver a period of time" mildew can overcome the resistance bred into the wheat.

se the theor of natural selection to e#plain how the mildew fungus adapts toovercome this resistance#

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[Total 4 marks]

12. An antibod is an e#ample of a protein molecule which has a specific &-dimensionalshape.

The diagram below shows the structure of an antibod molecule.

h e a v p o l p e p t i d ec h a i n s

l i g h t p o l p e p t i d ec h a i n

c o n s t a n t r e g i o n v a r i a b l e r e g i o n



19/43

+i, >utline how the structure of an antibod molecule is related to its function.

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+ii, /uggest wh the base se2uence in the genes for human antibodies is moresimilar to that found in a chimp than to that found in a mouse.

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20/43

1!. A group of students carried out some fieldwork to investigate the diversit of insects inthree habitats*

; a field of barle

; a field of wheat

; the vegetation under a hedge.

Their results are shown in the table below. The table also shows how the used theirdata to calculate /impson7s 1nde# of Diversit +D, for each habitat.

D = $ B +C+n%,%,

where @ = the total number of insects found" and n is the number of individuals of aparticular species.

number of individuals of eachspecies

in each habitat

speciesbarlefield

wheatfield

underhedge

a &% 4 3

b 5 3 $

c 3 $%( %

d 3 ' $%

e 3 3 5

f 3 3 6

g 3 %' &

h 3 $3 &

i 3 3 %

" 3 3 '

k 5( '( 3

l 3 3

species richness & ( $3

total number ofinsects +@, $6( %%( '%

/impson7s 1nde#of Diversit +D, 3.($ 3.5(



21/43

+a, /tate what is meant b the term species richness.

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+b, +i,


22/43

+c, Describe how the students ma have determined the numbers of individuals ofeach species in each habitat.

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[Total $$ marks]

1$. /tudies of biodiversit are an integral part of an environmental impact assessment+1A,.

+i, Discuss the role of an 1A as part of a local planning decision.

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23/43

+ii, /uggest wh some conservationists might obEect to these studies.

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15. The leopard" &anthera pard!s" is a large member of the cat famil.


24/43

16. The leopard belongs to a kingdom in which all members are eukarotic. !lants are alsoeukarotic.

@ame two other kingdoms that contain eukarotic organisms.

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[Total % marks]

17. Historicall" all organisms were classified into Eust two kingdoms. 1n $655 a five-kingdom sstem of classification was accepted. 1n $663 a three domain sstem wasproposed.

Discuss" with reference to the )rokar'otes" the reasons wh classification sstems arenot universall accepted and wh the change over time.

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[Total 4 marks]



25/43

18. +a, 'taphylococc!s a!re!s is a species of bacterium that is found on the skin.

+i, Describe how variation ma arise within a species of bacterium such as'# a!re!s#

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+ii, /uggest wh such variation alters the characteristics of the individualorganism.

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+b, Discuss the difficulties that variations arising in '# a!re!s ma cause to themedical profession.

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26/43

19. The black rhinoceros" (iceros bicornis" is an endangered species whose numbershave fallen to appro#imatel &333 in the past thirt ears. 0or this reason" the specieswas placed on Appendi# 1 of the


27/43

20. >utline the potential benefits to agriculture of maintaining the biodiversit of wildanimals and plants.

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[Total 4 marks]

21. Antibiotics can be used to artificiall prevent bacterial infections. However" resistance toantibiotics is common among bacteria. 0or e#ample" the so-called 9superbug7 :/A+methicillin-resistant 'taphylococc!s a!re!s, is resistant to man antibiotics.

+i, /tate the wa in which a bacterium develops resistance to an antibiotic.

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+ii, /uggest twomeasures" a*art from use of antibiotics" that could be taken in ahospital to combat possible infection with :/A.

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28/43

22. The figure below shows some deadwood that has been colonised b fungi.

+i, Gist threefeatures of organisms belonging to the )ingdom 0ungi.

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+ii, /tate twofeatures that fungi have in common with plants.

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29/43

2!. 1n 0inland" a national campaign in $655 led to a reduction in the use of the antibioticerthromcin.

The figure below shows the number of doses of erthromcin used per thousand

people per month over the eleven ear period $654B64.

The percentage of infections each ear caused b the bacterium 'treptococc!spyogenes that were resistant to erthromcin is also shown.

3 . 3

e a r

$

6

5

4

$

6

5

'

$

6

5

(

$

6

5

$

6

5

5

$

6

5

6

$

6

6

3

$

6

6

$

$

6

6

%

$

6

6

&

$

6

6

4

3

'

$ 3

$ '

% 3

$ . 3

$ . '

% . 3

d o s e s o f

e r t h r o m c i n

p e rt h o u s a n d

p e o p l e p e r

m o n t h

p e r c e n t a g e

o f

b a c t e r i a li n f e c t i o n s

r e s i s t a n t t o

e r t h r o m c i n

% . '

& . 3

k e * d o s e s o f e r t h r o m c i n

p e r c e n t a g e o f b a c t e r i a l i n f e c t i o n s r e s i s t a n t t o e r t h r o m c i n

3 . '



30/43

+i, ith reference to the information in the figure" e#plain the changes in thepercentage of infections of '# pyogenes that are resistant to erthromcin.

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+ii, Describe two was in which resistance to erthromcin ma arise in a populationof '# pyogenes.

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31/43

2$. The illennium /eed Iank !roEect +/I!, is a global conservation programmeconceived" developed and managed b the /eed


32/43

26. usk deer occur throughout forested mountain habitats in Asia and eastern :ussia.The live in small groups" normall three individuals in a group" and are primaril activeat night.

The deer are hunted illegall for traditional medicine and also threatened b habitatdestruction. !opulations of musk deer in


33/43

28. Hedgerows are important in farming as the act as sites of refuge for beneficial insects"provide protection for the crop from adverse weather conditions and act as wildlifecorridors.

0armers are advised to leave strips of land between hedgerows and the crops in thefields to encourage biodiversit.

Describe how ou would investigate whether leaving strips of land around fieldsencourages *lantbiodiversit.

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34/43

29. hen hedgerows are destroed there is a loss of biodiversit.

/uggest wh this loss of biodiversit is of concern.

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!0. The tiger" &anthera tigris) is the largest and most distinctive cat in the world.


35/43

!1. /eed banks maintain the genetic diversit of plant populations.

/tate twomethods used to preserve seeds in seed banks.

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!2. hen Darwin first came to the Jalapagos there were some &333 tortoises which hadbeen reduced to $4 b $6('. /ince then each tpe of tortoise has been kept on its ownisland as part of a captive breeding programme. The spanola Tortoise wassuccessfull bred so that there are now about $333 of them on /anta


36/43

+c, /tate twoproblems encountered when releasing captive bred individuals into thewild.

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37/43

+d, A further stud of $&4 individuals was carried out on the tortoise population. 1twas found that the population had a ver low genetic diversit. This was causedb an introduced male tortoise from the /an Diego Koo who fathered nearl 53 ofthe individuals sampled.

/uggest how a low genetic diversit ma be damaging to the population.

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38/43

!!. The illennium /eed Iank !roEect is an international plant conservation proEect. 1ts aimis to prevent the e#tinction of about %4 333 plant species.

/uggest twobenefits of preventing e#tinction of plant species.

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!$. !apaa fruit are an important commercial crop in man tropical countries. The wildrelatives of *# papaya are found in tropical /outh America.

+i, #plain the im*ortanceof keeping seeds of the wild relatives of commercial cropplants" such as papaa" in a seed bank.

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39/43

+ii, >utline the main steps b which disease resistance could be selectivel bred intocommerciall grown papaa.

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!5. The black rhinoceros" (iceros bicornis" is an endangered species whose numbershave fallen to appro#imatel &333 in the past thirt ears. 0or this reason" the specieswas placed on Appendi# 1 of the


40/43

!6. The clearing of tropical forests across the arth has been occurring on a large scalebasis for man centuries. This process" known as deforestation" involves the cuttingdown" burning and damaging of forests. The loss of tropical rain forest is moreprofound than merel destruction of beautiful areas. 1f the current rate of deforestationcontinues" the world7s rain forests will vanish within $33 ears" causing unknown effects

on global climate and eliminating the maEorit of plant and animal species on theplanet.

/tate threereasons for the decline in rain forest.

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!7. >ver half of the species of plants and animals comprising the biodiversit of the arthare thought to e#ist in tropical rain forests.

hat are the economic and ethical reasons for maintaining biodiversitN

economic reasons

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ethical reasons

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41/43

!8. 1n this 2uestion" one mark is available for the 2ualit of spelling" punctuation andgrammar.

The figure below shows a green alga" *hlamydomonas" and a canobacterium"Microcystis.

s l i m e l a e r

c o n t r a c t i l e v a c u o l e

c e l l w a l l

s t a r c h g r a n u l e

c e l l w a l l

D @ A

l o c a t i o n o f

p h o t o s n t h e t i c

p i g m e n t s

M i c r o c y s t i s

* h l a m y d o m o n a s

% mO

f l a g e l l u m

n u c l e u s



42/43

Jreen algae and canobacteria +blue-green bacteria, were once classified in the )ingdom!lantae. As more information became available" ta#onomists re-classified these organisms

into separate kingdoms. The green algae are now in the )ingdom !rotoctista. Althoughcanobacteria and green algae share certain structural and functional features" the areplaced in different kingdoms.

/uggest wh the green algae and canobacteria were originall considered to beplants ande#plain wh ta#onomists decided to re-classif them into se*aratekingdoms.

se the information given in the figure above and the bo# to help ou. Pou maannotate the figure if ou wish.

[]

Lualit of ritten ne isthe Dartmoor Iiodiversit !roEect" part of which is the Habitat Action !lan for moorland"which covers almost '38 of the @ational !ark.

This Action !lan specifies man obEectives" all of which aim to maintain the range ofhabitats on Dartmoor and ensure that all native plants and animals continue to breedsuccessfull and maintain health populations.

+a, /tate what is meant b the term biodiversity#

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43/43

+b, 1n this 2uestion" one mark is available for the 2ualit of spelling" punctuation andgrammar.

>utline the ecological" economic and ethical reasons behind initiatives such asthe Dartmoor Iiodiversit !roEect and other similar proEects around the world.

+Allo+ one line page,

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Lualit of ritten

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