Events/Battles of WWII

Ch. 17 Sec. 1-5Events/Battles of WWII1From Appeasement to WarCh. 17 Sec. 12Aggression Goes UncheckedAggressive actions by Germany, Japan and Italy were met with verbal protestsHitler, leaders of Japan, and Mussolini saw desire for peace as a weaknessJapan overruns Manchuria and Eastern ChinaItaly Invades EthiopiaHitler went against Treaty of Versailles-Built up German militarySent troops in demilitarized RhinelandQuit paying WWI reparationsAll these actions were met with appeasement3Rome-Berlin-Tokyo AxisAgreed to fight Soviet CommunismAgreed to not interfere with one anothers plans for territorial expansionSet the path for these anti-democratic aggressor powers to take bolder steps4Spain Collapses into Civil WarStarting in 1931 unrest boiled over polarized public opinion over setting up a republic after forcing the king to abdicate1936 Francisco Franco led a revolt that started the civil warOther nations soon jumped in to support both sidesSoviet Union, anti-Nazi Germans, and anti-Fascist Italians joined Spanish LoyalistUS, Britain, and France remained neutralHitler used his modern warfare to help Franco take powerOnce in power- Franco set up a Fascist dictatorship similar to Hitler and Mussolini5Continued German AggressionOne of Hitlers goals- bring all German people into the Third ReichTook steps to gain more living space for GermansAnnexed Austria1938 Ready to engineer the AnschlussViolated Treaty of VersaillesSome Austrians favored AnnexationWestern democracies took no actionAnnexed Sudetenland3 mill Germans lived in SudetenlandWestern democracies did nothing6Peace for Our Time1938: Munich ConferenceBritish and French leaders chose to appease HitlerGave Hitler SudetenlandHitler assured Britain/France he had no further plans of expansionPeace for Our Time Chamberlain thought he had fixed the problems of EuropeWinston Churchill- They choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor; they will have a war.7Europe Plunges Toward WarMarch 1939: Hitler broke promise- took over rest of CzechoslovakiaRealized appeasement would not work- promised to protect PolandAugust 1939: Nazi-Soviet PactHitler announced a non-aggression pact with enemy- Joseph StalinBased not on friendship but mutual need- Hitler feared communism as Stalin feared FascismEach man felt he was protecting his countrySeptember 1, 1939: Germany invaded PolandTwo days later Britain and France declared war on Germany8The Axis AdvancesCh. 17 Sec. 29Axis Powers AttackSept. 1, 1939: Nazi forces stormed into Poland from the WestStalins forces invaded from the EastWithin 1 month, Poland surrenderedBritain and France declared war on GermanySoviet Union set up military bases in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania and seized part of Finland10Miracle at DunkirkApril 1940: Hitler launched Blitzkrieg against Norway and DenmarkNext he took Netherlands and BelgiumMay 1940: German forces surprised French and British by attacking through Ardennes Forest (Belgium) Trapped between Nazi army and English StraitEnglish sent any available vassal to pick up troopsSaved more than 300,000 troops to Britain11

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14France FallsGermans headed South to Paris Italians declared war on France and attacked from the southJune 22, 1940: France signed surrender papers in same train car Germany signed armistice to end WWISome French escaped to Britain to set up a Government in Exile under Charles de GaulleThey worked to liberate their homeland15

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18Operation Sea LionWinston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime MinisterHitler made plans for Operation Sea Lion- invasion of BritainAugust 1940: Germany began daily bombing of southern coast of BritainAfter a month, Germany began bombing London instead of military in southCitizens carried on with everyday life- did not let Germans see them sweat19

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2121Children of an eastern suburb of London, who have been made homeless by the random bombs of the Nazi night raiders, waiting outside the wreckage of what was their home." September 1940, Sea Lion, Africa, and BalkansMay 1941: Operation Sea Lion deemed a failureGermans could not get air superiority over BritainBritish morale remained highSept. 1940: Axis Armies moved in to North Africa and BalkansItalys colony in Libya attacked Egypt- British resistedHitler sent General Erwin Rommel Desert Fox who pushed British back to Cairo, EgyptOct. 1940: Italians invaded Greece- needed German reinforcements by 19411941: Axis Powers held most of Europe22

23Germany Invades the Soviet UnionHitler turned forces from failure to take Britain to invade Soviet UnionOne of his costliest mistakesJune 1941: Hitler nullified Nazi-Soviet Pact- Operation Barbarossa (named after Frederick Barbarossa)About 3 million German soldiers invaded- caught Stalin unpreparedStalled at Leningrad (St. Petersburg)- 2 year battleBritain opened a second front to relieve StalinHitler failed to take Leningrad 24Japan attacks USUS sympathizers found ways around Neutrality Acts to help British when they stood aloneMarch 1941: FDR and Congress passed Lend-Lease ActAug. 1941: Roosevelt signed Atlantic Charter with ChurchillJapan was frustrated at USs Neutrality Acts because if affected their progress into French Indochina and Dutch East Indies25

26With talks at a standstill, Gen. Tojo ordered an attack on USDec. 7, 1941: Japanese planes bombed American fleet at Pearl Harbor, HawaiiUS declared war on JapanDec. 11, 1941: Germany and Italy declared war on US as Japans alliesJapanese initially successful capturing Philippines and other US islands and British lands27

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30The Allies Turn the TideCh. 17 Sec. 331Allies Turn to Total WarGovernments increase political powerFactories started making war productsPrograms to ration foodRaised money with War Bonds drivesProduction ended unemployment from depressionGovernment limited rights of citizens, censored the press, used propaganda to win public supportWomen replaced men in the factories and helped in war efforts32

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34Allies Forge Ahead1942-1943 Turning point in the warAllies win victories on four fronts- Pacific, North Africa and Italy, Soviet Union, and FrancePacific- Battle of Coral Sea- First set back for JapaneseEnemy ships never even saw each other: battle fought by plane from aircraft carriersContinued wins at Battle of MidwayJapan was unable to launch any more offensive attacks

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Battle of Midway36

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38Big Three Plot their StrategyBig Three (US, Britain, France) agreed to focus on finishing the war in Europe before ending the war in AsiaChurchill and Roosevelt feared Stalin wanted to dominate Europe/ Stalin believed West wanted to end communismNazi-Soviet Pact borders stood Churchill/Roosevelt would not open a second front against Germany to relieve Soviet Union troops39Allied Victory in North AfricaBritish led by General Bernard Montgomery fought Desert Fox RommelNov. 1942: Battle of El Alamein- Allies halted Axis advances and drove them back to Libya and TunisiaMay 1943, General Dwight Eisenhower advanced into Tunisia and forced Rommel to surrender

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41Allies Advance through ItalyAllies from North crossed to Mediterranean into ItalyAmerican/ British troops landed first in Sicily and then southern Italy Defeated Italian forces within a monthItalians overthrew Mussolini and signed armisticeHitler sent troops to aid northern Italy and rescue MussoliniAllies fought next 18 months to take the north- helped to weaken German army 42

43Germans Defeated at StalingradGerman troops stalled outside Leningrad 19411942 Hitler launched new offensive- aimed for the rich oil fields of the southOnly made it to StalingradOne of the costliest battles of the warHitler and Stalin both determinedNov. 1942: Soviets encircled their attackers and cutoff supply linesJan. 1943: German commander surrenderedBy early 1944: Soviet troops advancing to East Europe44

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47Allies Push Towards GermanyJune 6, 1944: D-DayParatroopers dropped in night before At dawn, thousands crossed English Channel under fire towards NormandyAug. Gen. Patten helped Brit./Amer. Troops break through German forces towards ParisOther Allied forces sailed in from ItalyFrench resistance rose in Paris to helpAug. 25, 1944 Allied troops entered ParisRest of France was free within a month

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54Allies Continue to AdvanceAllied forces entered Belgium as Germany launched a massive counterattackBattle of the Bulge- lasted more than a monthBoth sides took terrible lossesGermans could not break through/ delayed the Allied advance from the WestSoviet Union battled through Germany and advanced on Berlin from the EastHitlers support was in declineBy 1945 defeat of Germany seemed inevitable55

56Agreement at Yalta Feb. 1945: Big Three planned strategy in atmosphere of distrustStalin wanted to maintain control of East to protect Soviet Union in the futureChurchill/Roosevelt wanted self-determination of EastAgreed: Soviet Union would enter war against Japan 3 months after fall of Germany- in return Stalin would keep possession of Southern Sakhalin Island, Kuril Islands, & part of KoreaGermany would be divided into 4 zones- US/Fr/Br/SU- free elections in all zones57

58Victory in Europe and the PacificCh. 17 Sec. 459Nazis DefeatMarch 1945: Allies crossed Rhine from West, Soviets closed in on Berlin from East- met and shook hands at the Elbe RiverIn Italy- Guerrillas captured/executed MussoliniHitler committed suicideMay 7, 1945: Germany surrenderedMay 8, 1945: War officially ended in Europe (V-E Day: Victory in Europe)60

61Successes for the AlliesLocation of Germany forced it to fight on multiple frontsHitler held sole power of decision making and made some poor choicesHitler underestimated Soviets armiesUS productivity doubled all Axis powers combinedAllied bombing hindered German productionOil became scarce grounding the Luftwaffe62Struggle for the PacificAfter battles of Midway & Coral Sea- Americans took the offensiveSummer 1942: US Marines landed at Guadalcanal- Victory at Guadalcanal marking beginning of Island Hopping campaignRecapture some islands while bypassing othersLed by Gen. Douglas MacArtherBy 1944: US Navy led by Admiral Chester Nimits blockaded Japan with US bombers pounding cities and industriesBritish fought Japanese in Burma and Malaysia63Defeat of JapanMid-1945 most of Japanese Navy and Air Force had been destroyedWith V-E Day Allies poured all resources into fighting JapanFeb. March 1945: Battle of Iwo JimaApril-July 1945: Battle of Okinawa1944: Started Kamikaze missionsManhattan Project offered a solution to end the warJuly 1945: 1st Atom bomb successfully tested

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Kamikaze plane sliced through US ship during Okinawa68Ending the WarPresident Truman (Took office April 12, 1945) decided Atom bomb would save American lives and to use the weapon against JapanUS warned Japanese officials of complete destruction & utter devastation Aug. 6, 1945: Enola Gay dropped Little Boy on HiroshimaAug. 8, 1945: Soviets declared war on Manchuria69Ending the War ContAug. 9, 1945: Laggin Dragon dropped Fat Man on NagasakiAug. 10, 1945: Emperor Hirohito intervened and surrenderedSept. 2, 1945: Formal treaty signed on US Missouri in Tokyo Bay

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The energy released by the bomb was powerful enough to burn through clothing. The dark portions of the garments this victim wore at the time of the blast were emblazoned on to the flesh as scars, while skin underneath the lighter parts (which absorb less energy) was not damaged as badly.[75

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80The End of WWIICh. 17 Sec. 581Wars AftermathOver 50 million dead/30 mill Europeans/ 20 mill. RussiansDealing with horrors of the HolocaustAllies were aware but did not know the extent until the wars endWar Crime Trials in NuremburgAxis leaders tried for crimes against humanityNearly 200 German/Austrians found guiltyShowed military leaders could be held accountable for actions in wartime82Nuremburg Trials

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84Establishing the United NationsApril 1945 delegates from 50 nations met to draft the charter from the UNEach member country had one vote in the general councilSecurity Council can veto and decision by the general council The US, SU (Russia), GB, FR, Ch were permanent members of the Security CouncilDealt with World problems, not just peacekeeping85

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87Alliance Break ApartGermany defeatedFrance and Britain exhaustedUS and Soviet Union emerge as new world leadersConflicting ideologies and mutual distrust led to the Cold War

88Cold WarStalins troops occupied Eastern EuropeHe wanted to spread Communism to those areasUS/Britain occupied Japan and ItalyThey had set up democratic governments, power of the peopleUS/Britain made Stalin promise free elections in Eastern Europe Stalin ignored this pledgeBy 1948, pro-Soviet communist governments were in place throughout Eastern Europe89New Conflicts DevelopTruman Doctrine: I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

90Marshall PlanWestern Europe was fertile ground for communist ideasUS funneled food and economic assistance into Europe to strengthen democratic governmentsWe even attempted to help Stalin and Eastern European nations- which he declined91A Divided GermanyFrance, Britain, US wanted to rebuild Germany and make a democratic nationSoviet Union opposed the ideaFR, GB, US combined their lands and extended the Marshall Plan to Western EuropeWestern Germany was allowed to write their own constitution and regain self-governmentTensions continued further into the Cold War92

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