Evaluation of medicinal plants used in Hungarian...

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Evaluation of medicinal plants used in Hungarian ethnomedicine, with special reference to the medicinally used food plants

BABULKA Peter NATURLAND Co., Fondation Franco-Hongroise de Phytothérapie, Budapest, Hungary

Orsova u. 6, H-1213 Budapest

RÉSUMÉ L‘étude donne un court aperçu sur les recherches ethnobotaniques des dernières dizaines d’années et d’environ 20 O00 don- nées ethnobotaniques portant sur l’estimation de l’utilisation en médecine traditionnelle hongroise - connue par l’auteur - de 420 plantes utilisées en médecine humaine et 150 en médecine vétérinaire. L‘auteur mentionne les champs principaux de leur application et présente les espèces les plus utilisées. Il compare les plantes médicinales utilisées en médecine humaine aux données des pharmacopées hongroise, allemande, française et européenne en vigueur, ainsi qu’àla liste des études de l’ESCOP, des monographies de la Commission E., des collections de plantes médicinales du British Herbal Compendium et aussi à l’index des drogues utilisées librement en Hongrie. Dans un tableau récapitulatif, il indique les plantes alimentaires à usage pharmaceutique et les domaines de leur emploi. Par ailleurs, l’auteur présente la banque de données en modèle logique, dénommée HERB, des données ethnobotaniques du bassin carpathique àtitre documentaire et avec appréciation des données.

INTRODUCTION AND SHORT HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Assembling and recording of the treatments applied in Hun- garian ethnomedicine has begun at the end of last century. A comprehensive study volume was published by Aurél VAJKAI’ on the research findings up to the year 1945. After the World War II intensive ethnographical assembling work has been started within Hungary and among the Hun- garian populations living beyond the border of the country. These works, especially during the recent decades payed attention to the ethnobotanical knowledge, as well. When con- sidering the geographical distribution of these material assembled, we find the most researched and known areas are Transsylvania (today belonging to Rumania) and the South- Eastern counties (Békés, Csongrid) of Hungary. During the recent decades more comprehensive works have been published by Rumanian and Hungarian authors (living in Transsylvania), serving us by patterns to be followed2-6. Similarly rich and valuable experiences, assembled during tens of years mostly on Transsylvanian localities, were summarized in his thesis by pharmacist Géza KOCZIAN’, excellent ethnobotanical scientist, departed in his young age, Who bestowed great attention to the revelation of interethnical contacts, too.

We must be grateful for the start of ethnobotanical works in Slovakia to Mihfily MARCUS*, and in Burgenland to Istv6n A W L E R g . Beginning the work targeted the systematization of ethnomedical and ethnobotanical knowledge is connected to e.g. Mihdy HOPPh, Balhs GÉMES, Gibor R k Z , Jdzsef SPIELMANN, Éva POCS, Andor OLAH and Istvh GRABARIT.S’0-17. The names of Tamis GRYNAFNS and Jdzsef PAPP’* must be mentioned in the first place in the historical review of the herbs, and the same can be said in the theoretical systematization, phytochemical and pharmacological examination of the latter, with the names of the researchers of the Pharma- ceutical and Medical University of Marosvishhely, Gibor FdCZ, Erzsébet RkZKOTILLA, Jdzsef FÜZI and Kholy CSEDO19-21

The present study summarizes the experiences gained during the first steps of the work, that promises to be longlasting, and targeted the systematization and theoretical valuation of data referring to the ethnomedical use of herbs, recorded during the last 100-150 years. It also aims to create an ethnopharmacobotanical data base. The material assembled, so far systematized manually, contains ccu. 20 O00 ethnopharmacobotanical data (describing the ethnomedical application of herbs), recorded in more than

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200 localities, from more than 1200 documented informants (name, age, religion, occupation, address 7, . This mass of data taking into consideration the disproportionate dispersion of the provenances, the coexistence of different ethnical communities and their mutual influence is suitable for characterizing in their main lines the medicinal herb application of the Hungarians living within the Carpathian-basin, to serve as a starting point and guidelines for building up the data base HE-, and to proceed with further analysis.

BOTAMCAL APPROACH The material elaborated shows, that the thoroughness and accuracy of the investigators do not always represent the same level. Therefore systematization of the material and identification of the scientific name of the herbs will raise several problems due to the things as follows: - popular names of herbs are greatly varied at different areas - some popular names represent different species, - occurrence of foreign names of herbs in areas connected with nationalities, - investigators were using botanical works published in different era, - botanical worlrs published on the territories of the countries formed on the area of Hungary before World War 1. represented different aspects, besides, these books were different as to the herbal taxonomy, - constant development and change of the botany resulted in the revaluation of several taxonomical questions, - new plant identifications and monographs have k e n published, - constant experiments are going on, in order to uni@ botany of Europe and the World from the aspect of systematics and taxonomy. (e.g. DAHL@EBEEN)60. During the elaboration and botanical valuation of the material, it was Our basic principle to rely upon data only strictly defiied (and possibly documented with herbarium). Taking into consideration the above mentioned, we attempted to reevaluate Our data. m e n registering the scientific names of herbs given in the study, we toolr the plant identification by TUTIN and his colleagues6', and Rezso" SO6 as our starting point. Names of the identified species of herbs -used in human and veterinary medicine- taking into consideration the facts and aspects enlisted, are contained in the Appendix 1. and 2.

PHAIPMACOGNOSTICAL AND ETHNOPHA APPROACH When studying the different forms of medicine (popular material medica), it can be experienced that simple people and heal- ers practice kind of an art, when preparing different forms of medicines of the material of vegetable, animal, mineral and

Table 1 Plant parts, extractants and additives used for preparing the

different plant medicines, and forms of their application

Plant parts used: almost al1 kinds Mode of use of plant parts: fresh, dried, boiled, steamed, butmt, fried Extnctants used: water, beer, wine (made from grapes or other fruits), fruit brandies at differing concentration, petroleum, vinegar, vegetable oils, milk, lard Mode of extraction: maceration, infusion, decoction Additives used: more than 50 kinds of plant and non-plant origin products werelare used. The most frequently used were/are fruit brandies, honey, Salt and vinegar Brug forms used: (containing one or more plant or plant extracts as well as additives of plant and non-plant origin): infusion, decoction, extraction, ointment, plaster, compress, syrup, powder, and other specialities Forme of application: infemally: herbal tea, extract, syrup, raw plant parts consumed as food, and other specialities extemally: plaster, compress, poultice, wash, embrocation, enema, medicinal and steam-baths, inhalation, stimulation therapy especially in veterinary practice

human origin. Plant parts, extractants, additives and charact- eristic forms of mnteria vzedicn used, are contained in Table 1.

OGRAPHICAL APPROACH There are different actions of customary character, beliefs connected with the gathering, preparing of herbs used for curing and treatment itself. Their analysis demands common work

Table 2 Magic elements in the healing methods

1. Noted points in time - healing of a given illness at a defined time of a day - the collection of herbs at a prescribed date, such as e.g.

Saint George's Bay (April 23rd), or the Feast of Saint Stephen, King of Hungary (Aug. 20th)

- the preparation of medicinal baths may also be prescribed for a certain tirne of a day

2. Noted locations - the place ai whick the act of healing takes place is also

frequently prescribed (garden, threshold, fireplace, well)

- the number of times the act of healing has to be repeated

- composite herbal remedies often consist of 3, 7, or 9 items 4. Healing using verbal fomulae (faith in the magie power of word)

- spells, curses 5. The expulsion of illnesses 6. Procedures based on analogy

- symbolic analogy - colour analogy

3. Important n ~ t ~ ~ b e r s

is often prescribed (3, 7, 9)

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of more fields of science. More frequently occurring magic Table 4 elements of the processed collection are contained in Table 2.63. Most frequently used plants in human medecine

Basic principles of ethnomedicine of humans and animals are greatly similar, it is important, however, to mention a differ- ence concerning this field. There can be found more rational elements in veterinary medicine methods, since there is a minor role of the psychotherapy and magic practices.

Table 3 Most important fields of application of plant remedies

Fields of application Number of species used in human in veterinary practice practice

Wounds of different origin 200 Diseases of the digestive tract 150 Diseases of the respiratory system 120 Rheumatic diseases 80 Diseases of the urogenital system 70 Diseases of the heart

and circulatory systern 40 Neurosis and other neurogenic

complaints 30 Fever 30 Abortives, gynaecological complaints 30 lnfectious diseases X

40 90 20 - 30

- X

X 25

x= not yet studied

THERAPEUTICAL APPROACH It turns out during the analysis of the application fields of the certain herb species, that there were used more herbs of stron- ger effect in veterinary medicine, than in human medicine. Most important application fields of herbs and herbal forms of medicine are summarized in Table 3. When estimating the number of used species, number of species in the processed material was considered as a starting point6472. Herb species most frequently used in human and veterinary medicine, and their fields of applications are contained in Tables 4. and 5. Revelation and strict establishment of therapeutical values concealed in ethnopharmacobotanical data represent a great

Names of plants Fields of application 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Achillea millefolium (yarrow) o . . o . . Agrimonia eupatoria (agrimony) o . Allium cepa (onion) o . . o . Allium sativum (garlic) o . . o . Aristolochia clematitis (birfhworth) O Armoracia rusticana (horse-radish) 0 0 0 O Artemisia absinthium (absinth) 0 0 0 Betula pendula (wheeping birch) 0 o . Brassica oleracea [garden gabbage) 0 0 0 0 Capsicum annuum (paprika) 0 . 0 . . 0 Carum carvi (caraway) o . Centaurium erythrzea (centaury) 0 0 0 0 Chelidonium majus (celandine) 0 0 0 Cichorium intybus (chicory) 0 o . Daucus carota (carrot) o . . 0 Equisetum arvense (horsetail) 0 . 0 . Helleborus purpurascens (hellebore) 0 0 Hyosciamus niger (henbane) 0 Hypericum perforatum

Juglans regia (walnut) 0 . 0 . . 0 Juniperus communis (juniper) 0 0 . Leonurus cardiaca (motherwort) o . 0 Lilium candidum (white My) 0 Linum usitafiskimum (flax) o . Lycopersicon esculentum (fomato) 0 0 0 Matricaria recutita (chamomile) 0 0 0 0 Mentha sp. (mints) 0 . 0 . Petroselinum crispum (parsley) o . Picea, Pinus, Abies sp. (pine-free) 0 0 0 0 0 Plantago sp. (plantain) o . 0 Rosa canina (rose hips) o . 0 . Rumex sp. (dock) o . Sambucus ebulus (dwarfelder) o . Sambucus nigra (elder) o . . Solanum tuberosum (potato) o . 0 . Symphyfum officinale (compfrey) 0 0 Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) 0 O 0 0 Thymus sp. (thyme) o . . 0 Tilia sp. (lime-tree) o . 0 . Triticum sstivum [wheat) o . . Tussilago farfara (coltsfoot) o . . Urtica dioica (stinging neffle) 0 0 . Verbascum sp. (Mullein) o . . o . Zea mavs (maizel o . . 0 .

(St. John’s Wort) . o . o .

deal of diffkulties. More researchers have been working on = (Wounds) 2 = (Digestive tract)

gained during systematization and analysis of the Hungarian 5 = (Urogenital system) 6 = (Heart and circulatory system) ethnobotanical material mentioned above, offer great help for 7 = (Neurosis and other 8 = (Fever) the further assembling and evaluating work. neurogenic complaints)

these question^^^-^'. Their knowledge and the experience we 3 = (Respiratory system) 4 = (Rheumatic diseases)

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Table 9 Most frequently used plants in veterinary practice

Names of plants Fields of application 1 2 3 4 5

Achillea sp. [yarrow) Allium cepa [onion) Allium sativum [garlic) Armoracia rusticana [horse-radish) Artemisia sp. [atiemisia) Brassia oleracea [garden gabbage) Cannabis sativa [hemp) Capsicum annuutm [paprika) Chelidonium majus [celandine) Euphorbia sp. [spurge) Gentiana sp. [gentian) Helleborus purpurascens [red hellebore) lnula helenium [alant) Juglans regia [walnut) Juniperus cornmunis liyniper) Levisficum officinale [Iovage) Lycopersicon esculentum [tornato) Mafricaria recutita [charnomile) Pefroselinum crispum [parsley) Quercus sp. [oak-free) Rumex sp. (dock) Sambucus sp. (elder) Symphytum officinale [comfrey) Zea mays [rnaize)

1 = (Diseases of the digestive tract) 2 = (Wounds of different ouigin) 3 = (Diseases of the urogenital system) 4 = (Infectious diseases) 5 = (Respiratory system)

According to Our experience, comparative ethno(phar- maco)botanical examinations also could be helpful for the therapeutical evaluation of given herb species.

Harmlessness and efficiency of medicinal herbs applied in traditional medicine can be supported, if a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine is simultaneously enlisted in pharmacopoeias of more countries and or there is such a monograph existing, based on scientific research proving the above mentioned convincingly. Al1 these can promote evaluation of the traditional pharmacopoeia of a country. More than 1/3 of the medicinal plants of Appendix 1 ., applied in Hungarian (human) ethnomedicine complies with this, since they can be found in pharmacopoeias of Hungary

and other countries of Europe and/or can be distributed in Hungary without re~tr ic t ion~~-*~. These plants can be perfect sources of the development of new “herbal rnedicines”. Ac- cording to the regulations existing, a majority of these products is registered in the categories Nutriments/Cosmetics or Product of Curative Effects, respectively. In this latter case efficiency of the products -accordhg to the indication- must be supported by data of the traditional medicine or phamxwological and or clinical tests. Certification of the harmlessness of the products is obligatory in both ase es*^-^^. Simultaneously with the unification of the European countries present system of the registration of products of herbal base will also be changed in Hungary. Category of the Products Of Curative Effect will be seized, probably resulting in the decrease of the number of herbal medicines. Elaboration of a European traditonal pharmacopoeia would probably help the evaluation of secure and effective application of medicinal herbs, and also promote elaboration of a registration system acceptable both by the manufacturers and the authorities.

It is always a difficult task to define the concept of herbs as it is a fact h o w n centuries ago that several plants used as nutriments have also explicit medical effect making them possibly be utilized as medical herbs as well. Just to mention a few of them: onion, garlic, beetroot, cabbage, potato, carrot, parsley, celery, banana, limon, pineapple, papaya, tur- meric, cinnamom etc.

The role of these plants or active ingredients produced of them is keep increasing in the modem phytotherapy and nourish- ment therapy of natural medicine. Curative effect and effL ciency of the therapeutical use of several nutriment plants is supported by the fact that nutrition plays an importamt role in treatment of certain ailments occuring with larger statistical frequency (essential hypertony, hyperkolesterolemia, rheumatic diseases, chronic obstipation, gastric and duodenic ulcer, lithiasis, diabetes, psoriasis).

Therapeutical applicability of more plants, first of ail lcnown as nutritional ones, is supported by several clinical experiments and it is also ceaified by the large number of products containing active ingredients of nutritional plants. In the light of these facts it becomes especially interesting for a researcher interested in etlmobotany to examine nutritional habits of a population, to systematize and evaluate lcnowl- edge gathered in connection with them, in the hope of pro- moting research of medicine of natural origin.

Examination of the Hungarian ethnobotanical materid from this approach offers the proposal and debate of a great deal of

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interesting questions, together with a chance to elucidate several kinds of connection.

Ethnic dietetics and ethnic phytotherapy contain a number of common elements; therefore examination of these fields cannot be sharply separated. It is supported also by the fact that Hungarians living within Carpathian-basin knew and consumed at least 130 kinds of plants, partly regularly, partly

Table 6 Classification of plants used as nutriments by Géza

K 6 C Z m

1. Plant that can gives floor, used for making bread a. plant used for making bread b. plant used for porridges, subsituting bread, or other kinds of

foods 2. Vegetables

a. cultivated b. wild-living

3. Spice plants a. cultivated b. wild-living



6. Mushrooms 7. Preserved plant parts

a. drying

4. Plants for gaining oils

5. Fruits

- al1 plant parts used in tea - dried fruits - dried mushrooms

b. pickling, acetifying - plants - mushrooms

c. plant parts preserved in alkohol d. plant parts preserved by bottling - plant parts preserved by sugar - jam - syrup - medicinal honey - bottled vegetables

- tea - coffee substitute - wine - beer - distillated alkohol

f . refreshment drinks - al1 syrups - special drinks

e. beverages

g. plant materials used for pickling

occasionally, in connection with certain periods of time during recent century ( cg . consumption of salad plants in the spring or liquids of different trees, the so called “virics” in Transsylvania etc., or as a food in years of scarcity). More than two thirds of these plants -that is cca. 100 species - were also used in human and veterinary medicine.

Géza K O C Z I h made his doctoral thesis on the ethnobotanical evaluation of cultivated plants of traditional agriculture and that of plants gathering livelihood-supported by his huge material collected by his own- in which he discussed utilization of nutriment plant in details as well.

Table 6 shows the plant classification system he used, indi- cating places of origin (source of acquisition) and ways of application of the plants used in nutrition.

It is obvious from the Hungarian ethnobotanical material 1 had revealed so far and processed partly with the help of my colleagues that the plants first of al1 known and consumed as nutriments play a determinative role in treating certain human and animal diseases. Besides varied forms of medicines are extensively utilized also in prevention.

Collected material mentioned contains cca. 420 plants used in human and ccu. 150 ones used in veterinary medicine (see Appendix 1 and 2). List of medicinal plants used in the treatment of humans and animals is available on request to the author, from among ccu. 100 nutritional plants are also used for medicinal aim. The most important groups of nutriment plants used in medicine are summarized in Tables 7- 11. There are the fruits and vegetables represented in the greatest number, where in the most cases the same plant parts are used for medical and nutritional aims. However, in some cases the parts applied in medicine are different from these used for nutrition. Examples for this last case could be the walnut’s leaves, tomato’s stems, or the blackcurrant’s leaves. The therapeutical value of the nutritional plant is indicated in the Tables 12-17, containing most frequently applied plants of Hungarian ethnomedicine, thus designating the most important fields of application.

It can be easily recognized that besides the vegetables used as nutritional and medicinal plant (onion, garlic, cabbage, carrot, parsley, horseradish, tomato, paprika, etc.) and fruits (walnut, rose-hips, elder) there are also spices (caraway) and plant occasionally consumed as salads (chicory, dandelion, nettle, plantain).

In addition to this, examples of unusual methods of utilization can be found too, such as honey made of dandelion’s flowers, horseshoe flowers, or pine-resin consumed by children as adelicacy and by adults as amedicine. These products are used in many places as a medicine for treatment of cough, other symptoms and diseases of the respiratory system, even today.

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When examining the therapeutical application areas of these plants, it becomes obvious that al1 of them possess at least two, but in many cases four or five Ends of indication.

Onion, the fruit of tomato, potato's bulb, cabagge leaves, lin- seed, and plantain leaves have an outstanding importance in the treatment of wounds.

These plants are most frequently applicated as a plaster made of raw plant parts (tomato, cabbage, paprika, potato, onion). Another well lrnown way of application is pulpy packing prepared from one or more plant parts and products of plant (flour, honey) or that of animal origin (milk, Sour-cream). Herbal digestants and spasmolytics play important role in the treatment of diseases of digestive system. Most plants enlisted possess such properties. It must be emphasized that juices made of raw cabbage, potato and carrot for treating gastric ulcer were h o w n in many places and applied for a long time ago in Hungarian ethnomedicine.

There is a great importance of onion, garlic and horse-radish in the treatment of diseases of respiratoly system, due to their strong antibacterial effect. Besides, among the widely used mucilage containing plants, horseshoe and plantain given in the form of a tea or occasionally that of a syrup. As sources of vitamin they suggested rose-hip juice or tea or the juice of pickled cabbage.

It must also be mentioned that in both external and internal treatments for complaints of rheumatic origin, one can find more kinds of nutritional plants. They are usually made of alcoholic extracts of species containing pungent aromatic agents like paprika and horse-radish. An interesting and wide- spread application method in this field to use baths made of the stem of paprika and tomato.

Several nutritional plants. well known in European phytotherapy, have been used in the treatment of the urinary tract and that of the diseases of the heart and the circulatory system.' '

There is also a large rate of nutritional plants in most frequently used plant species in veterinary medicine, that means Our cultivated plants play important role both in food consumption and medicine. Table 5 contains plants frequently used in veterinary medicine. There is treatment of diseases of the digestive system that of wounds and anuria in focus when examining therapeutical application fields of nutritional plants.

The aim of this short paragraph was to illustrate the role nutritional plants played in Hungarian ethnomedicine and to show the fact that nutritional plants have been applied in many cases as medicinal herbs.

Complete exploration of therapeutical values of these plants and the examination of their applicability however still demands a lot of worlts.

THE CONCEPT OF DATABASE HEM 1) Introduction and definition l3Elt.B is an acronym of the Hungarian Ethnopharmacobo- tanical Records data Base and is in Hungarian language, due to its ethnographic and linguistic dimension, which has a great role in traditional herbal medicinesh. In spite of the fact, it is in Hungarian. we are trying to elaborate a method to convert data into English, for a wider and possible international use of it. The aim of Our data base, which at preseat is in an embryonal phase, is to contain -based mainly on the howledge of Hungarian ethnomedicine, fïxed and published by researchers- basic botanical, pharmacognostical, ethnopharmaceutical and the ethnographical (in the narrower sense folldoristicalj howledge referring to the curing method and the preparing of drugs.

The data base has been set up to make it possible for the rep- resentatives of the branches and specialities of sciences (medicine, ethnography, linguistics, botany, pharmacology, etc.) to use it from their point of views as an additional source for their basic research. One of Our guidelines of the setting up was to give the sys- tematic discovery a chance to find the following relations, based on our accessible sources: a) Pointing out diseases occurring at a certain geographical unit cured by phytotherapy, and fixing their frequency (aspects: human and animal diseases, language, ethnics, etc.j;

b) Enumeration of herbs used for curing a certain disease (constituents, etc. j;

c) Recording the herbs used for curing at a certain geographical unit;

d) Recording of the different preparing and application methods of a given species of herb (external and internal application, materia medica, extractants and additives used);

e) Recording from the folkloristic point of view of beliefs, actions of habitua1 character related to the collecting, preparing or application of a given herb, or the curing of a given disease respectively;

f) Linguistic examination of the ethnie names of herbs, methods related to the preparing of herbs, foms of herbal medicines, and popular names of symptoms and diseases;

2) Sources of information incorporated to the data

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Sources to be used: a.) primary sources: periodicals, monographies; conference proceedings, thesis, field work notes,

Table 7 Cereals used as medicines in Hungarian ethnomedicine

Latin names Vernacular English of plants name name

Avena sativa Zab oat Hordeunt vulgare *a barley Oryza sativa riZS rice Panicum miliaceum koles millet Secale cereale rozs rye Tnticum œstivunl b6za wheat Zea mays kukorica maize

Table 8 Fruits used as medicine in Hungarian ethnomedicine

a. cultivatedfiuits

Latin names Vemacular English of plants name name

Amygdalus communis mandula almond Cerasus avium cseresznye cherry Cerasus vulgaris meggY s o u cherry Citrus limon citrom limon Corylus avellana mogyor6 hazel-nut Cydonia oblonga birs quince Fragaria vexa szam6ca strawbeny Jrcglarrs regia di6 walnut Malus domestica alma aPPle Morus albahigra eperfa mulbeny Prunus domestica szilva plum Pyrus commrcnis korte Pear Ribes nigrum fekete black ribizli currant Rubus idœus mana raspberry Vitis vinifera szôlô P P e b. Wild-livingfiLits


Cerasus sp. vadcseresznye wild-cheny, Cornus nlas/sanguinea Som corne1 Crategus monogym oxyacanthagalagonya hawthorn Corylus avellana mogyor6 hazel-nut Malus silvestris vadalma wild-apple Prunus spinosa kokény blackthorn Pyrus pyraster vadkorte wild-pear Rosa canina csipkebogy6 rose-hips Rosa sp. r6zsa fajok roses Rubus sp. szeder blackberry Sambucus nigra fekete bodza elderberry Sorbus aucuparia madkberkenye sorbapple Vuccinium myrtillus fekete gonya black billbeny Vuccinium vitis-idœa voros fifonya red billberry

manuscripts, notes on herbarium sheets, recordings (made on field work) b.) secondary and tertiary sources: abstracting indexing periodicals, encyclopedias, maps, vocabularies, data- bases in museums, bibliographies

Sources of Our data base are based mainly on the written material of ethnographical and ethnomedical research assembled during the last 100 years, in which the botanical definition of herbs applied for curing has been made on a satisfying manner (based on accepted plant identification book or species of herbarium).

Table 9 Vegetables used as medicine in Hungarian ethnomedicine

a. cultivated species

Latin names of plants

Vemacular English name name

AlIiunl cepa Allium sativwn Allium schœnoprasum Anethum graveolens Apium grnveolens Armoracia lapathifolia Asparagus oficinalis Beta vulgaris Brassica oleracea Capsicm annuum Citntll~ls lanatus Cucumis sativus Cucwbita maximdpepo Daucus carota Lnctuca sativa Lycopersicon esculentum Pastinaca sativa Pisrrn sativunl Phaseolus vulgaris/coccineu Raphanus sativus R. sativus convaI: niger Rheum rhabarbarum Rumex ncetosa Solanum tuberosum

b. wild-living species

‘S

voroshagyma fokhagyma metélolagyma kapor zeller tonna spfirga cékla fejeskiposzta paprika gorogdinnye uborka tok skgarépa saliita paradicsom pasztin6k zoldbors6 bab retek feketeretek rebarbara s6ska burgonya

onion garlic chives dill celery horse-radish . asparagus red-betroot cabbage paprika water-melon cucumber pumpkins carrot cabbage lettuce tomato wild parsnip

beans common-radish black-radish rhubarb sorrel potato

~ ~~ ~

Latin names of plants name name

~ ~~~

Vemacular English ~~ ~~

Anthriscus cerefolium turbolya chervil Armoracia lapathifolia tonna horse-radish Cichorium intybus kathg chicory Ficaria verna saliitabogl6rka buttercup Humuhs Iupuhs koml6 hop Taraxacum oflcinale gyermeklhcfii dandelion Tussilago farjara martilap6 horseshoe

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Table 10 Spices used as medicine in Hungarian ethnomedicine

a. cultivated species


Artemisia dracunculus Carthamus tincforia Carum carvi Cinnarnomum cassia Coriandrum sativunl Crocus sativm Eugenia caryophyllata Fmniculunl vulgare Levisticum oficinale Laums nobilis Majorana hortensis Ocimurn basilicml Origanum vulgare Pimpinella anisum Piper nigrurn Satureja vrdgaris Thymus vulgaris Zingiber ofJicinale

b. wild-livim svecies

tkkony s6frhyos szeldice komény fahéj koriander shfr5ny

kdeskomkny lestyin babkr majorana bazsalikom szurokfü 5nizs felcetebors borsika kerti lcakul&" gyombkr

szegfiijzeg

french tarragon safflower caraway cinnamom coriandrum safran clove fennel lovage

marjoram basil oregano anis black-pepper savory garden thyme ginger

baY

Y 1


Juniperus comnmnis bor6ka juniper Lcpidiuna draba zskzsa cress Thymus serpyllwn vadlsakuklcft? wild-thyme Verbena ofJicinalis vasfit common vervain

Experience has been gained during the manual data process- ing, accepted systematizing principles, and getting acquainted with the aims and structure of foreign data bases of similar profile (NAPRALERT, MEDFLOR, etc.) supported us in creating the logical mode1 of the data base.

Due to the increasing interest in Hungary towards natural rnedicine and use of material of natural origin, and Our sur- vey on the composition of the expectable users, the data base has been elaborated to make searches possible by the names

Table 11 Oil containing plants used as medicines in Hungarian

ethnomedicine


Helianthus annuus napraforg6 sunflower Lirzum usitatissimm len lin Papaver sotnni,fermz mkk POPPY

Table 12 Most frequently used food plants in the treatment of the

wounds of different origin

Latin names of plants Plant parts used

Alliurn cepa bulbus Brassica oleracea folium Juglans regia folium Linun1 usiratissimtm semen Lycopersicon esculentum fructus Plantago sp. folium R w m x sp. folium, radix Solanutn tuberosum tuber

and qualities of the plants. Beyond the revelation possibili- ties of botanical and ethnopharmacognostical aspect, stress has been placed within the data base on the strict and au- thentic recording of ethnographic and linguistic facts indicated in the source. 3 ) Structure of the data base, introduction of masterfiles

a) Herb (plant) masterfiles contain data conceming the herb in question from the point of view of botany. Besides botanical approach, however, researcher can gain information about different names of the herb in connection with the geographical unit it can be found.

b) Bibliography masterfiles contain the most important bib- liographieal data.

c) Application masterfiles serve searchers by information first of al1 from the point of view of medicine. Both traditional application and modern categorization of plant medicines according to WHO therapeutical system are mentioned here.

Table 13 Most frequently used food plants in the treatment of

diseases of the digestive tract


~ s c ~ t l u s hippocastanurn';' semen Allium cepa bulbus Brassica oleracea folium Carum carvi fructus Cichoriwz intybus herba, folium Quemu sp.::: folium, semen Rwnex sp. flos, folium, fructus,

Solanum tuberosum tuber Vaccinium myrtilhs fructus. leaves

:> seeds were eaten in the years of scarcity

semen, radix

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MÉDICAMENTS ET ALIMENTS : L’APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE w 137

d) Ethnographical masterfiles contain fokloristic facts in connection with the given herb, following the source.This aspect likely can be of interest in the approach of ethnogra- phers and linguists. Besides strict analysis of the custom or belief by spot, time, person, etc. Some original field informations concem the ethnographic connections of the herb in question. At the end of this masterfile’s list one can find other ethnic names of the plant parts, processes of herbal medicines, etc.

e) Pictorial and graphical masterfiles contain the pictures and drawings of the herb in question.

Further research on the ethnomedical knowledge of the Hun- garians living in the Carpathian-basin and beyond them, as well as the evaluation work on the Hungarian ethnomedical- (botanical) data will probably contribute to the establishment of an European traditional pharmacopoea and ethnobotanical data base.


diseases of the respiratory system

Latin names of plants Plant parts used Avena sativa semen Alliwn cepa bulbus AIlium sativum bulbus Amoracia lapatltifolia radix, folium Brassica oleracea folium Plantago lartceolata folium Pinus sp.* resina Sambucus nigra flos, fructus Thynus sp. herba Tussilago far&ara flos, folium Zea mays semen * pine-resin is eaten by children as delicacy


rheumatic diseases


Esculus hippocastanunz semen Annoraciu lapathifolia folium, radix Caps icm ammm fructus Juniperus comnrtnis fructus Lycopersicon esculentm stipes, Urtica dioica folium, herba


diseases of the urogenital system

Latin names of plants Cerasus aviunl Citrullus lanatu Cucumis sativus Juniperus co~n~n~rnis Petroselinwt crispunz Sambucus nigra Tarmacwn oficinale Zea mavs

Plant parts used

stipes semen semen fructus folium, fructus, radix folium, flos folium, radix stigma, semen

Table 17 Most frequently used food plants in the treatment of the

heart and the circulatory system

Alliurn sativum bulbus Cratœgus monogyndoxyacantha flos, folium, summitas Artemisia dracunculus herba Ribes nigrum folium

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138 HMÉDICAMENT5 ET ALIMENT5 : L'APPROCHE ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIQUE

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Actes du 2e Colloque Euop&n d'Ethnophmacologie et de la 1 le Conférence internationale d'Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.

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Actes du 2e Colloque Européen d'Ethnopharmacologie et de la 1 le Conf6rence internationale d'Ethnomédecine, Heidelberg, 24-27 mars 1993.

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