Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in Lower Cretaceous Aquifer System in Sinai

Water Resources Management 15: 187–202, 2001.© 2001 Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands.

187

Technical Communication

Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in LowerCretaceous Aquifer System in Sinai

HATEM ABD EL RAHMANCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

(Received: 25 May 1999; in final form: 6 March 2001)

Abstract. The Sinai Peninsula has an area of 61000 km2 and its population is about 325000. Itis located in an arid area. Extensive development in the socio-economic, industrial and agriculturalis in process. Although Lower Cretaceous aquifer is the most prospective aquifer in Sinai, it is notyet precisely evaluated. Spatially distributed areas of good groundwater quality suitable for varioustypes of development are not identified. The current article presents a comprehensive assessmentof the hydrogeological information and hydrological data. Accordingly, three aquifer zones havebeen identified. Groundwater reserve was estimated and groundwater balance has been developed.Development potential was evaluated. Development criteria were proposed and applied. Suitableareas for domestic and irrigation purposes were delineated. Results indicated that the aquifer contains308 billion m3 of groundwater of which a considerable volume is of good quality. By lowering thepresent water level some 200 meters, the aquifer yielded 3643 million m3, which is sufficient tosupply the present rate of withdrawal for 445 years. The results are considered to be useful forpreparing groundwater master plans in Sinai. Under the proper water management, Sinai could beself sufficient in satisfying its domestic water demand.

Key words: assessment, aquifer, development, groundwater, groundwater balance, lower cretaceous,Sinai

1. Introduction

The main source of water for Sinai Peninsula is the fossil groundwater stored in theLower Cretaceous aquifer. It is the most prospective aquifer in Sinai. Since it hasnot yet been fully exploited, this aquifer represents a strategic reserve for futureeconomic development and human survival. It constitutes the most dependablesource of water for future agricultural and industrial activities in Sinai.

Recently, economic development and population growth in Sinai have led to anincrease in water demands. Accordingly, more reliance on groundwater resourceshas occurred. Consumption of nonrenewable water supply resources is taking placeat an accelerated rate in order to meet the rising demand. The growing pressure ofpopulation and economic development are focusing unprecedented attention to theLower Cretaceous aquifer potential. This attention in turn entails to exploit such

188 HATEM ABD EL RAHMAN

Table I. Hydrogeological characteristics of Lower Cretaceous aquifer in Sinai (WRRI et al. (1999)and Nour et al. (1993))

Zone Thickness s.w.l. TDS Discharge Sp. capacity Transmission

(m) (m BGL) (mg L−1) (m3 hr−1) (l/s/m) (m2 day−1)

Central Sinai 180–300 200–424 868–1768 36–45 1.70–3.20 110–560

Sheira 118–137 141–353 1050–1200 30–72 1.23–2.14 157–160

Feiran 203–286 38–67 784–972 50–75 1.60–3.00 114–312

aquifer based on reliable evaluation in order to safeguard economic developmentin Sinai Peninsula.

As a consequence, the current study has assessed the groundwater resourcesof the Lower Cretaceous aquifer relying on available hydrogeological and hy-drological data. Groundwater balance was developed, the quality and quantity ofthe stored groundwater were assessed, and water level and quality maps weresynchronized to rank the alternatives for favorable areas for future groundwaterdevelopment in Sinai. Four devisions were ranked for the development relying onevaluation matrix proposed. Accordingly, suitable areas for domestic and irrigationpurposes were determined.

2. Hydrogeology of the Aquifer

The Lower Cretaceous covers two thirds of the total area of Sinai and extendsto the neighboring country in Palestine. It is considered to be the greatest waterresources potential in Sinai aquifers. Detailed information for more than 60 wellstapping the aquifer are shown at WRRI et al. (1992, 1999), Yehia (1994, 1998),Nour et al. (1993) and Issar et al. (1972). Relying on such information, the LowerCretaceous aquifer is generally composed of shaley facies, quartzose sandstonefacies, and intercalation of sandstone and shale. It changes to carbonates to thenorth of G. El Maghara and G. El Halal. There are three main independent zones inwhich the majority of fossil water is stored. These zones are i) Central Sinai Zone;ii) Sheira Zone; and iii) Feiran Zone. The areal extents of these zones and theirhydrogeologicial characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and Table I, respectively.

2.1. CENTRAL SINAI ZONE

The Central Sinai Zone is the largest one in its horizontal extent and its thickness. Itpossesses good hydrogeological properties. It covers the central part of Sinai fromGebel El Maghara in the north to Egma and Tih Plateaus in the south. The CentralSinai Zone shown in Figure 1, is divided into three parts. 1) Dry part: extends fromthe southern scarp of the Central Sinai Zone toward the north with a width of 16 to

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN LOWER CRETACEOUS AQUIFER SYSTEM IN SINAI 189

Figure 1. Zones of Lower Cretaceous aquifer in Sinai.


24 km, where no groundwater is stored; 2) Unconfined part: close to the dry part,with 6 to 12 km width, where groundwater exists, but the aquifer is not saturatedcompletely; 3) Confined part: follows the unconfined part and occupies the mostarea of the Central Sinai Zone. Aquifer thickness varies between 180 and 300 mwith a trend of thickening towards the north direction. Depths to the top of aquiferrange from several tens of meters to about 1500 m below the ground level (m BGL).The depth to water varies from 200 to 425 m BGL. Groundwater flows towards thenorth with a gradient of 0.4/1000. Statistical analysis of the hydraulic propertiesof the aquifer indicated that the first and third quartiles for transmissivity rangesfrom 100 to 560 m2 d−1. Its specific capacity ranges between 1.7 and 3.2 l/s/m, thedischarge rate ranges between 36 and 34 m3 hr−1.

Isotopic analysis indicates that the fossil groundwater was recharged in theancient age. C-14 analysis made by Water Resources Research Institute (WRRI)and JICA (1998), for the most recent 10 wells in the aquifer drilled by WRRIindicating ages ranges from 21 000 to 34 000 yrs before present (ybp). This age isalso confirmed by scarce contents of Tritium in the groundwater (Issar et al., 1972;BRGM, 1993). Good quality water is generally stored in the southern part of Sinai.Water quality is generally less than 1770 mg L−1 of total dissolved solids (TDS).The TDS increases towards the north to more than 10 000 mg L−1 in limestonefacies. Water in this zone is generally suitable for human activities.

2.2. SHEIRA ZONE

Water is confined under the artesian condition over an area of 600 km2 in theSheira Zone. It is separated from Central Sinai Zone by an uplifting basementin both sides. On the other hand, it is cut by faults in both eastern and westernsides forming a graben. Aquifer thickness ranges from 118 to 137 m. Depths to thetop of the aquifer range from 141 to 353 m BGL. Water level ranges between 421and 467 m above sea level (ASL). Groundwater gently flows to the south with 1.2–1.5/1000 gradient. The aquifer transmissivity ranges from 157 to 169 m2 day−1 andthe specific capacity ranges from 1.23 to 2.14 l/s/m. Discharge rates range between30 and 72 m3 hr−1. Groundwater age 22 360 and 22 000 ybp. Hardly any tritium(0.1 T.U.) suggested no occurrence of groundwater recharge. TDS value rangesbetween 1000 and 1500 mg L−1.

2.3. FEIRAN ZONE

Groundwater is confined in small area of 160 km2 in the downstream of wadiFeiran. It contacts with the Precambrian basement rocks intruded densely by dykesin the east and cut by faults in the west. Quaternary wadi deposits directly overlainthe aquifer in some parts and thence enables rainfall recharge. Aquifer thicknessranges from 203 to 286 m. Water depth ranges between 38 and 76 m BGL. Moreinvestigations were required to develop flow pattern for the aquifer in this zone.


Feiran Zone stands second to the Central Sinai Zone in its importance due to itsgood hydraulic properties and water quality. It is generally the most productivezone. Transmissivity values range from 114 to 312 m2 day−1. Discharge rates rangebetween 50 and 75 m3 hr−1. Specific capacity values range from 1.6 to 3.1 l/s/m.TDS values range between 784 and 972 mg L−1.

Although all zones experienced some development the Central Sinai Zone wasconsidered the most important one. The vast virgin area near Egma and El Thiplateaus has been given some attention. Actual development has been continued inother zones, particularly the Feiran Zone.

3. Volumes of Stored Groundwater

Estimation of stored subsurface water is essential in groundwater studies as it givesa clear indication of the storage capacity of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer. Greatamounts of stored groundwater provide a better chance of obtaining water of goodquality and high productivity. The calculation of the groundwater storage in eachzone of the aquifer was performed by the following relationship:

GW =n∑

i=1

Aihini

whereGW = the total stored subsurface water in the aquifer in m3;

Ai = the differential horizontal area in km2;

hi = the average saturated aquifer thickness in m;

ni = the effective porosity corresponding to the differential area i inpercent.

To calculate the saturated volume for the aquifer, four types of maps namely, lateralextension of the aquifer, isopach map, water level map, and depth to the top of theaquifer were used (WRRI et al., 1999).

The aquifer thickness was estimated at 80% of the total thickness of the LowerCretaceous formation. The values of the effective porosity were estimated accord-ing to Freeze et al. (1979) and Fletcher (1989). Field and laboratory measurementsin comparable sandstone aquifers in Saudi Arabia, MAW (1982), and KFUPM(1985) indicate an average value between 5 and 10%. The estimated volumesof stored water of the three-aquifer zones are represented in Table II. The tableshows that the Central Sinai Zone has the highest groundwater volume among allzones. The total stored groundwater volume of the three-aquifer zones was about308×109 m3. The factually established figures did not include the limestone faciesof the aquifers. They are, therefore, a minimal assessment.


Table II. Storage capacity of the Lower Cretaceous Aquifer in Sinai

Aquifer Area Thickness Porosity Storage Average storage

capacity capacity

(km2) (m) (%) (×109 m3) (×109 m3)

Central Sinai 19150a 260 5–10 199.0–398.0 299

Sheira 600 130 6–10 4.3–7.0 6

Feiran 160 250 8–10 2.6–3.2 3

a Storage without groundwater in the unconfined part.

4. Groundwater Balance

The general evaluation of the order of magnitude of the groundwater balance com-ponents is of considerable value for quantitative evaluation of water resourcespotentialities of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer. The existence of systematic hydro-geological measurements for the Central Sinai Zone and lack of enough data forother zones confine groundwater balance determination for the Central Sinai Zoneonly. A recent analysis of the hydrogeological and hydrological situations and thedata gained, especially in 1998, have made it possible to compile the followingestimates of the quantities of the water balance components. In general terms, thewater balance of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer can be drawn tentatively for theCentral Sinai Zone as follows:

I + Rf = Qo + QSP + E + δs

in whichI = Local recharge by rainfall infiltrated through the outcrop area in

million m3 yr−1;

Rf = Recharge by floods over the exposed area in million m3 yr−1;

Qo = Subsurface outflow to the eastern boundary in million m3 yr−1;

QSP = Aquifer discharge in springs in million m3 yr−1;

E = Man made extraction in million m3 yr−1;

δs = Storage variation in million m3 yr−1.

4.1. RAINFALL INFILTRATION (I )

Rainfall Infiltration occurs from the rain falling over the outcrop area of the aquifer.The outcrop area is 2060 km2. Analyses of General Meteorological Authority(GMA) rainfall data over the exposed area are shown in Table III. The annualrainfall ranges between 22 and 40 mm. Most rainfall storms are less than 10 mm.Direct infiltration in this case can be considered zero.

Recharge occurs after the threshold that can be considered as 10 mm. Rangeof rainfall storms that exceeds the thesholds and their average number per year


Table III. Rainfall characteristics

Item Minimum Maximum

Total mean annual rainfall (mm) 22 40

Average no. of days/year with rainfall > 10 mm 0.9 1.3

Estimated rainfall/storm with rainfall > 10 mm 14.3 19.5

are shown in Table III. The rule of thumb (Recharge = 10% of rainfall) of aridhydrology applied to bare rocky terrain could be applied. As a consequence therecharge over the exposed area is between 10% × (14.3–19.5 mm) × (0.9–1.3) ×2060 km2 = 2.6–5.2 million m3 yr−1.

4.2. FLOOD INFILTRATION (RF)

The Lower Cretaceous formation area distributes at higher elevation compared withthe wadi deposits at the recharge area as shown in Figure 2. As a consequencerecharge from surface water is probably zero.

4.3. GROUNDWATER OUTFLOW (Qo)

The Lower Cretaceous aquifer discharges into the eastern boundary of Egypt. Ac-cording to the most recent observations shown at WRRI et al. (1999), the outflowrates were assessed by the use of Darcy formula (1856). For hydraulic gradient of0.0004, transmissivity ranges between 157 and 561 m2 day−1, and average front of100 km, groundwater outflow results between 2.3 and 8.1 million m3 yr−1.

4.4. GROUNDWATER EMERGENCE (Qsp )

The spring and artesian wells of Ayune Musa are the most important groundwateremergencies in the aquifer. The local inhabitants dig shallow holes at the summit ofsmall hills rising about 15–20 m above the plain area. However, no measurementsare found for discharge. According to Nour (1993) and WRRI et al. (1998), theaverage hydraulic gradient is 0.00089, the average front is 40 km, the transmissivity150 m2 day−1, thus aquifer outflow is 1.9 million m3 yr−1. Transmissivity valuesbeing quite variable; the error in its value is at least 50%, so a range of 0.95–2.85million m3 yr−1 will be considered.


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4.5. EXTRACTION (E)

Extraction was estimated at a range of one million m3 yr−1, a figure always difficultto determine directly with better than 50% accuracy. One will therefore admit arange of 0.5–1.5 million m3 yr−1.

4.6. STORAGE VARIATION (δs)

The variation in storage is calculated based on variations in groundwater levels andstorage coefficient. Water level monitoring for only one well for 1997 recorded adrawndown of about 20 cm yr−1 in the period between November 1997 to Novem-ber 1998. Although it is very important to continue the monitoring at other wells,such drawdown was considered. Results of pumping test analysis indicate storagecoefficient values range between 3.3×10−4 and 1.5×10−3 which are similar to thecomparable sandstone aquifers in the eastern Sahara of Egypt (Lloyd, 1990) andSaudi Arabia (Abdelrahman et al., 1989). Thus storage variation ranges between1.45 and 6.6 million m3 yr−1.

4.7. RESULTS

Table IV gives the summary of various components of water balance in the LowerCretaceous aquifer in million m3 yr−1. It is not seriously possible to go little beyondthese figures with such data. At least they show the feasible value ranges based onclearly established data. Thus the balance could be generalized as shown in Table V.The figures indicate that the present decrease of water balance is 3.9×106 m3 yr−1.The present extraction (0.8 million m3) represents 20% of the annual recharge.The annual outflow to the eastern boundary and Ayun Musa area is 7.10 millionm3. Although numerous structures which dissect the aquifer could be worked as aconduit allowing the transmission of water between the aquifer and others eitherupward or downward, and thence they change slightly some components, this bal-ance is globally realistic. Despite an uncertainty of up to 2 to 1 on some compountsnot more, this balance constitutes quite progress for the hydrological knowledge ofLower Cretaceous aquifer in Sinai.

5. Groundwater Potential Areas

Evaluation of groundwater potential areas relies on several criteria. Five import-ant criteria were considered: depth to water, quality, hydraulic parameters, aquiferthickness and depth to aquifer. In applying such criteria, three of them were ex-cluded.

The majority of depths to the aquifer encompassed around 1000±100 m. Yieldsof most wells that resulted from the effects of aquifer thickness and hydraulicparameters were around 50 m3/h. Thus, applying such criteria did not discern signi-ficant difference spatially. Consequently, in the selection of the evaluation criteria,


Table IV. Water balance components for the Lower Cretaceous Aquifer

Item Symbol In (106 m3) Out (106 m3)

Min. Max. Min. Max.

Direct rainfall I 2.6 5.2

Groundwater outflow Qo 2.3 8.1

Groundwater emergencies QSP 0.95 2.8

Extraction E 0.5 1.5

Storage decrease δs –1.45 –6.6

Total 2.6 5.2 2.3 5.8

Table V. Generalized water balance for the Lower Cretaceous Aquifer

Item Symbol In (million m3) Out (million m3)

Direct rainfall I 3.9

Groundwater outflow Qo 5.2

Groundwater emergencies QSP 1.87

Extraction E 0.8

Storage decrease δs –4.0

Total 3.9 3.9

references were made to water depth as well as quality. Water depth defines thecost of pumping water to the surface. Piezometric levels control accessibility ofpump and operation cost. Currently, the maximum capacity of submersible pumpis 400-m head. On the other hand, quality controls the water use, either for drinkingof irrigation.

Water level and quality maps were synchronized to rank the possible alternativesfor the abstraction sites in Sinai. Four divisions were ranked for the developmentof the groundwater and an evaluation matrix for such division was developed asshown in Table VI and Figure 3.

Since, active withdrawal of the groundwater reserves serves two major pur-poses: public water supply and agriculture sector, areas of groundwater potentialshould follow the requirement of each purpose. According to Egyptian standardsfor public water supply, water quality should be less than 1500 mg L−1, while foragriculture purposes it could be accepted at salinity less than 3000 mg L−1. Thestatic water level in both cases should be less than 400 m.

The prospective areas, which meet these requirements, are shown in Figures 3and 4. Prospective area for public water supply is about 700 km2 that is wide-


Figure 3. Groundwater evaluation for irrigation water.


Table VI. Evaluation matrix for lower cretaceous aquifer

Criteria Water depth (100 m)

<1 1–2 2–4 >4

Very good Good Fair Poor

(V) (G) (F) (P)

Salinity <1 Very good (V) VV VG VF VP

(1000 m g L−1) 1.0–1.5 Good (G) GV GG GF GP

1.5–2.5 Fair (F) FV FG FF FP

>2.5 Poor (P) PV PG PF PP

spread to southern Nakhl. The prospective area which is suitable for irrigationwater supply is a triangular area of about 1800 km2.

6. Development Potential

The great size of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer, its thickness and its huge stor-age makes it the most important aquifer in Sinai. However, groundwater develop-ment without any control will cause recession of groundwater level due to lim-ited recharge from the surface water. The development potential of the aquifer isenormous with proper management.

Abstraction from the aquifer should be economical and sustainable to main-tain the development activities relying on such a source (Hefny, 1991). As therate of extraction increases, the hydraulic head in the aquifer drops and the costof lifting water to the surface increases. The marginal cost of extracting a unitof water should not exceed the additional revenues for potentiality of any area.Therefore, the development of the Lower Cretaceous aquifer should be justifiedtentatively, keeping in mind the permissible drawdown should be less than 200 mfrom static water level to cope with the maximum ability of available submersiblepump. The extractable volumes of groundwater were estimated using the followingrelationship:

Vhl = A·hl·SwhereVhl = the extractable volume of groundwater by lowering the present

water level by hl meters;

hl = the value of the drop in the horizontal groundwater level;

A = the horizontal area of the confined or unconfined part of theaquifer;

S = the specific yield in the unconfined part and storativity in theconfined part of the aquifer.


Figure 4. Groundwater evaluation for drinking water.


Table VII. Volume of extractable groundwater in Lower Creta-ceous aquifer

Aquifer Zone Average extractable % respect to

volume of groundwater total storage

in million m3

Central Sinai Zone 3504 1.2

Sheira Zone 110 1.1

Feiran Zone 29 0.7

The volume of groundwater potential is the total volume stored in the aquiferbetween present water level and declined water level. The extractable volume ofwater in all zones was calculated by lowering the present water level by 200 mis presented in Table VII. This lowering of the groundwater level should result inlowering water level in the pump center by 5 to 20 m.

Feiran and Sheira Zones can produce about 139 million m3. The Central SinaiZone produces a huge amount of water in comparison with other zones. It canproduce a conservative value of 3.5 billion m3 of good quality water that represents1.2% of the total storage in Central Sinai Zone. The volume of extractable ground-water for Central Sinai Zone is sufficient to cover the present water withdrawal(outflow + emergencies + extraction) for about 445 years. This means that thedevelopment potential of the aquifer is enormous, with the proper management.

To assure sustainable development for 100 years, a total of 35 million m3 yr−1

from the static storage should be the annual threshold. Therefore, the total sustain-able groundwater extraction from the Lower Cretaceous aquifer is about 39 millionm3 yr−1, of which 4 million m3 is as a dynamic storage.

Since the usual well discharge in the aquifer is about 50 m3 hr−1, for 10 hrworking a day, the number of wells in the aquifer should be less than 215 wells. Thegroundwater in other zones can be used as a buffer in case of excessive abstraction.With the use of simulation techniques of groundwater flow, the location of thepumping fields, well spacing and operation can be defined precisely. Strategically, afeasible plan should be developed to implement strict water conservation measuresto maintain such abstraction and reserves the aquifer for domestic purposes.

7. Conclusion

The Lower Cretaceous aquifer covers two thirds of the Sinai Peninsula. Relyingon the comprehensive assessment of the hydrogeological information and hydro-logical data, three main independent zones in which the majority of fossil wateris stored have been identified. These zones are: Central Sinai Zone, Sheira Zone,


and Feiran Zone. Although all zones experienced some developments, the CentralSinai Zone was considered the most important one.

Quantitative evaluation of water resources potentialities of the Lower Creta-ceous aquifer has been conducted via groundwater balance technique. This balanceconstitutes quite good progess for the hydrological knowledge of Lower Creta-ceous aquifer in Sinai. The balance indicated that the storage in the aquifer isbeing reduced. The present decrease of water balance was about 3.9 × 106 m3/year.Present extraction (0.8 million m3) is still below the potential. It represented 20%of the annual recharge.

The total amount of groundwater lost through the eastern border and the Gulfof Suez is about 7.1 million m3/year.

However, groundwater in the Lower Cretaceous aquifer is abundant. Most ofthe groundwater is of good quality and can be used for development. Groundwa-ter reserve of the central Sinai zone was about 308 × 109 m3. The potential forgroundwater abstraction was about 3500 × 106 m3, which is sufficient to supply thepresent rate of withdrawal for 445 years. This means that the development potentialis, with proper management, enormous. To assure sustainable development for a100 years, a total abstraction rate of 35 million m3/year from the static storageshould be the annual threshold. This abstraction rate could be achieved through thepermission of drilling no more than 215 wells tapping the aquifer.

Five criteria were considered for evaluation of groundwater potential areas.They are: water depth, quality, hydraulic parameters, aquifer thickness and depthto aquifer. Results delineated those areas favorable for future groundwater abstrac-tion. Prospective areas suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes were estimatedat 700 and 1800 km2 respectively.

Results of the current evaluation could permit developments of projects in Sinaiand maintain rather sustainable development. Programs currently in force in Sinaistress mainly on the development of water supplies through exploitation of theLower Cretaceous water. A strategic feasible plan should be developed to imple-ment strict water conservation measures to maintain the abstraction and to optimizethe use of good quality groundwater from the aquifer.

References

Abdelrahman, W. A., Dabbagh, A. E., Edgell, H. S. and Shahalam, A. B.: 1989, ‘Evaluation ofgroundwater resources in the aquifer systems of three regions in Saudi Arabia’, InternationalWorkshop on Appropriate Methodologies for Development and Management of Groundwater Re-sources in Developing Countries, February 28–March 4, 1989, Vol. 1, A.A. Balkema/Rotterdam.

BRGM: 1993, ‘Environmental isotope study of Sinai groundwater, project technical report of Sinaiwater resources study project’, submitted to water resources research institute in coordination ofEuropean Communities.

Darcy, H.: 1856, ‘Les fontaines publiques de laville de dajon’, v. dalmont, Paris, 647 p.Fletcher, G. Driscoll: 1989, ‘Groundwater and Wells, Johnson Filtration Sys’, Inc., St. Paul,

Minnesota, 3rd ed., pp. 67.Freeze, E. A. and Cherry, J. A.: 1979, Groundwater, Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J.


Hefny, K.: 1991, ‘Groundwater Assessment in Egypt, Round Table Meeting in Planning for Ground-water Development in Arid and Semi Arid Zones’, Research Institute for Ground Water, Cairo,Egypt.

Issar, A. and Bein, A.: 1972, ‘On the ancient water of the upper Nubian sandstone aquifer in centralSinai and southern Israel’, J. of Hydrology 17, 353–374.

KFUPM.: 1985, ‘Effective porosity of some aquifers in Saudi Arabi’, Manuscript, King FahedUniversity of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, (unpublished).

Lloyd, J. W.: 1990, ‘Groundwater resources development in the eastern Sahara’, J. of Hydrology 119,71–85.

MAW: 1982, ‘National Water Plan’, A Technical Report prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture andWater’, Proc. of Symposium of Groundwater Resources Development in Saudi Arabia, Organizedby the Ministry of Planning, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Nour, D. and Yehia, M.: 1993, ‘Hydrogeology of Cretaceous aquifer systems in Sinai peninsula’,project technical report of Sinai water study project, submitted to Water Resources ResearchInstitute in Coordination of European Communities.

Yehia, M. M.: 1994, ‘Hydrological and hydrochemical studies on deep aquifer in some localities inSinai peninsula’, Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University.

Yehia, M. M.: 1997, ‘Potentiality of lower cretaceous aquifer system at south eastern Sinai’, Egypt.Sci. J. Fac. Sci., Menufiya Uni., Vol. XII, 21–43.

WRRI and JICA: 1998, ‘South Sinai Groundwater Resources Study’, Interim Report, submitted towater resources research institute in coordination of Japan International Cooperation Agency.

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Evaluation of Groundwater Resources in Lower Cretaceous Aquifer System in Sinai

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