MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER …...Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery...

UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia

WSTA, 11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014

MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES IN THE ARAB REGIONRalf Klingbeil, Regional Advisor Environment and Water

Outline

• Managed Aquifer Recharge / Aquifer Storage and Recovery:• Why?• How?

• Examples from the Arab Region• Conclusions and Recommendations

Water Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014

Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery

Reasons forManaged Aquifer Recharge

• Strategic water reserve for emergency situations• Short-term or seasonal peak demands• Reducing runoff losses• Preparation for drought periods / dry years• Vulnerability of desalination to pollution / algae• Constant desalination production vs. variable demands• Recharging / improving brackish groundwater• Preventing / reversing saltwater intrusion /

controlling salinity upconing• Injection / infiltration of excess rain / flood waters• Intermediate storage of Treated Sewage Effluent (TSE)

- mainly for agriculture or industrial uses• Avoiding potential evaporation losses from dams



Another Attempt for a Definition


Human enhanced and managed groundwater recharge

[with the purpose of later abstraction or use either as a fresh groundwater resource or as hydraulic barrier against other threats such as seawater or

saline water intrusion].


Using the Groundwater Buffer Wisely: Overview


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What falls underManaged Aquifer Recharge?


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ASR

Spreading methods

infiltration ponds & basins

flooding

ditch, furrow, drains

irrigation

sand dams

channel spreading

Induced bank infiltration

Well, shaft and borehole recharge

deep well injection

shallow well/ shaft/ pit infiltration

Sub type

Runoff harvestingbarriers and bunds

trenches

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recharge dams

sub surface dams


What includesManaged Aquifer Recharge?

• Aquifer Storage Recovery (ASR):“well/borehole is used for both injection and recovery, costs are minimised and clogging is removed during the recovery cycle.”

• Aquifer Storage Transfer and Recovery (ASTR):“Water can be injected into a borehole and recovered from another, some distance away, to increase travel time and benefit from water treatment capacity of the aquifer”


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Challenges:Technological, Scientific

• Groundwater level rise:• risk of flooding, esp. in case of unconfined aquifers

• Hydrochemical mixing:• risk of precipitation causing clogging of

well screens or aquifer pore space • risk of mineral dissolution causing mobilization of

harmful substances or development of cavities• System efficiencies:

• injected vs. recovered volumes• Health risks:

• potential risks to human health when injecting / infiltrating treated sewage effluent, mobilizing minerals from the aquifer matrix



Challenges:Socio-Economic Viability

• Investigation of economic alternatives:• cost of surface vs. groundwater storage• direct use of TSE vs. intermediate storage• infrastructure, access to injection / recovery sites• compromise between deep groundwater table to prevent flooding

and shallow to reduce energy costs for pumping• alternative feasibility studies• environmental costs – environmental impact assessments

• System efficiencies:• injected vs. recovered volumes

• Social acceptance:• health and environmental risk analysis• awareness raising campaigns



Challenges:Governance, Regulations

• Are all necessary laws, regulations and guidelines in place and officially approved to ensure prevention of negative impacts on the groundwater, ecosystems, water users, the people?

• Accountable and transparent decision making… and tendering processes?

• Do we have mechanisms in place to allow for participation and constructive criticism?

• International / national advisory bodies with multi-sectoralexperiences?



Examples from the Region


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Bahrain

Isa Town: Storm Water Runoff

• Unique gravity-fed aquifer recharge system:• Gulleys, catch pits, delivery pipes, oil

trap, filter chamber, and recharge well• Direct urban storm water flows from

suitable low points to targeted Khobaraquifer

• Estimated 1,389 m3 recharged• Water level rise 0.6 m• Reduced salinity• Necessity for monitoring potentially

harmful substances (esp. nickel, zinc, copper)


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Bahrain

Potential Larger Scale ASR / ASTR

• 1986: TSE recharge to Khobar aquifer• 2010: Dammam aquifer regional study• 2010: Feasibility of GW recharge with TSE• 2011: National approach to assessing

reuse of TSE and MAR• Future TSE production:

• 2015: 390,000 m3/day• 2030: 500,000 m3/day

• Alternative uses:• More direct TSE reuse in agriculture• Potential target aquifers: Alat (A) and

Khobar (B), both Dammam formations• Expected total volume of TSE to be

stored: 24 MCM


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Jordan

MAR: Infiltration of Floodwater

• 2012: Cooperation JOR – GER• Guideline for assessment and implementation

of MAR in (semi-) arid regions• Pre-feasibility study for infiltration of floodwater

• MAR potential map for water availability &site suitability for two surface water basins

• Limitations:• Source water availability in regions

with rainfall of less than 200 mm/a• High sediment load of runoff waters

• Operation and maintenance• Monitoring• Assess actual effectiveness• Involvement of local communities


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Kuwait

Dammam, Kuwait Group

• 1964: Raudhatain, passive infiltration in depression• 1972-1973: Raudhatain, injection of desalinated water• 1992: Sulaibiya, injection in Dammam limestone and

Kuwait Group• 200,000 m3 injected desalinated water in two wells

(18,000 and 180,000) over 30 days• Dammam: Injection possible, system efficiency

initially estimated as rel. low (10-20%)• Kuwait Group: severe clogging of the injection well,

due to suspended solids and dissolved air• 1994: Physical properties of Dammam formation in contact

with fresh water • 1997: Compatibility of desalinated water with Dammam

formation aquifer at pilot recharge site


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Kuwait

Dammam, Kuwait Group

• 2002: Numerical modeling of artificial recharge options for Dammamformation at pilot recharge site

• 2004: Laboratory investigation compatibility of desalinated water, RO-treated wastewater with the Kuwait Group aquifer

• 2010: Selection of suitable sites for artificial recharge• Kuwait Group: Mutla, Sulaibiya,

Raudhatain areas• Dammam Formation: Kabd area

• 2013: Start of KISR pilot project in Kabd, injecting RO-treated wastewater


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Lebanon

ARAK: Aquifer RechargeabilityAssessment in Karst

• Determine ability of karst aquifer to be artificially recharged & managed

• Best sites for implementing artificial recharge from surface

• Multi-criteria indexation analysis modeled on karst vulnerability assessment methods

• Four independent criteria, i.e. Epikarst, Rock, Infiltration and Karst

• Rechargeability index - product of two factors, intrinsic rechargeabilityand feasibility index

• Damour site: salinization and insufficiency of resource


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Oman

Groundwater Recharge Dams

• > 30 groundwater recharge dams, intercepting wadi runoff, allowing for controlled recharge downstream of dam

• Managed to hold about 1064 MCM of flood waters until end of 2009

• Substantial experiences in siting and dimensioning of groundwater recharge dams


Oman

TSE Reuse and MAR, Salalah

• Salalah Sanitary Drainage Services Co.: SSDS• Ownership, management, O&M of current network for

groundwater recharge and future expansions• No legislation in Oman yet on TSE reuse for aquifer recharge• Average quantity of treated water

• to recharge wells: 18,090 m3

• to SSDS clients/consumers: 2,680 m3

• 48 recharge wells


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Groundwater Levels

Qatar

Northern Groundwater Basin, ASR

• 1976: “Artificial recharge with desalted sea water to permit additional agricultural development appears technically feasible but its practicability needs to be examined further.” (Vecchioli)

• 1992-1994: Feasibility study for injection of desalinated water in Rus and Umm er-Radhuma with positive results

• 2012: QNFSP/KAHRAMAA: Northern groundwater basin, investigation of four sites to store 136 MCM for emergency (interruption of desalination)

• Tertiary WW Treatment imperative for utilities, i.e. TSE available for non-potable applications such as agricultural irrigation possibly with intermediate aquifer storage


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• Hydraulic barrier against seawater intrusion• Treated WW better suited for irrigation

due to reduced need for fertilizers• Ongoing: improvement to tertiary WW treatment

Salinity of groundwaterprior to recharge

Groundwater Simulation

Salinity of groundwaterafter 3 years of recharge

Tunisia

KorbaAquifer Recharge


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United Arab Emirates - Sharjah

Nizwa:1st Operational ASR

• To replace seasonal peak load capacity• 2001-2002 feasibility study• 2003-2004 pilot project• Site characterization and evaluation,

geophysics, trial boreholes, monitoring• Hydrochemical modeling:

Mixing of injected RO product (250 µS/cm) and native groundwater

• Cycles of injection - storage - recovery• System efficiency: 95% recovery (4th)

24,700 m3 / 26 days injection, 30 days storage, 23,400 m3 / 19 days recovery

• Cost efficiency 10% of surface storage• Planned for 1.8 MCMWater Science and Technology Association (WSTA) ,11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014

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United Arab Emirates – Abu Dhabi

Liwa: Strategic Water Storage and Recovery Project (SWSR)

• 2003-2005: Feasibility study• 2006-2009: Pilot project• 2010-2013: Construction• Planned for 23 MCM of surplus

desalinated seawater• Emergency water supply for Abu Dhabi

up to three months at 181,800 m3/d• Extensive site characterisation,

shallow aquifer system, semi-consolidated Aeolian dune sands

• When completed: Benchmark for water management in arid regions


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Conclusions and Recommendations

1. Technical and scientific issues:• investing into hydrogeological science, research,• open dialogues between scientists from different disciplines,

2. Socio-economic issues:• cost-benefit analysis, assessment of alternative scenarios,• optimize complex multi-faceted challenges,• interaction b/w economists, engineers, social and natural scientists,

3. Legislative and regulatory issues:• understanding legal frameworks, regulatory approaches and needs,

4. Regional knowledge exchanges:• dedicated MAR / ASR research conferences, • joint research programmes,• technical exchange visits,

5. Mutli-sectoral advice to government authorities:• adequate technical, scientific and socio-economic support,• advisory bodies with senior experts from different disciplines.


UN Economic And Social Commission For Western Asia

WSTA 11th Gulf Water Conference, Muscat, Oman, 20-22 Oct 2014

MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER STORAGE AND RECOVERY: REGIONAL EXPERIENCES AND NEEDS FOR FURTHER COOPERATION AND KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGES IN THE ARAB REGIONRalf Klingbeil, Regional Advisor Environment and Water

MANAGED AQUIFER RECHARGE – AQUIFER …...Managed Aquifer Recharge – Aquifer Storage and Recovery...

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