Evaluation and monitoring of Energy Efficiency in Building

PLANUL Cladire Inteligenta Energetic

Promotion of Intelligent Energy Building PLAN

Evaluation,Monitoring and Intelligent Metering of Energy Efficiency in Buildings Sector 1.Objectives for Intelligent Building Management The Building Sector is responsible for a significant proportion of energy consumption within the EU, accounting for around 40% of total consumption.Inclusively:for thermal Confort- Energy and the Environment! The use of energy in our homes is having a significant contribution towards the process of climate

change. Is necessary Intelligent design,control and management of buildings: to demonstrate and promote the savings available from the use of intelligent metering and training occupants in public buildings and to show that these savings can be achieved at little, or no, additional cost.

Source:www.eeaward.be The improvements in energy efficiency –appliances and lighting,the electricity consumption in average EU household is still increasing by about 2%/year during the past 10 years.The residential electricity consumption for the EU-25-[TWh]:

2004 744 2015 1.with the Current Policies:854

2.Savings with LLC-life-cycle cost analysis:293 3. Savings(%):34,34%

Source:REMODECE

Source:www.eere.energy.gov/

Energy savings from the use of intelligent simulation and behavioural change have been demonstrated! Friendship?!-The Solar Intensity 51% absorbed by earth:

20% scattered and reflected by clouds

19% absorbed by atmosphere and clouds

6% scattered from atmosphere

4% reflected by surface

Hadley Centre for Climate Predictions and Research The "Green week" in the EU institutions - an annual event that promotes a more environmentally friendly way of life:because Energy –related CO2 Emissions by Region(IEA References Scenario)- [billion tonnes]

Source://ec.europa.eu/news/ 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 OECD 11,07 11,42 12,5 14,28 15,35↑ 16,07↑ Developing countries

3,57 5,35 11,42 13,57 17,85↑ 21,78↑

Transition 3,57 3,92 2,5 2,85 3,85↑ 3,42↑

economies Source:WEO 2006@OECD/IEA 2006

Bangladesh is suffering from an increasingly unfavourable climate-Source:www.tearfund.org The use of energy in our homes is having a significant contribution towards the process of climate change. World Energy-related CO2 Emissions by Sector(IEA References Scenario) in [billion tonnes] 1990 2004 2010 2015 2030 Total 18,75 23,75 28,12 31,25 38,12 Power Generation 6,25 9,75 11,87 13,12 22,5 Transport 3,12 4,37 5,25 6,0 7,5 Industry 3,75 3,75 5,0 5,62 6,25 Residential and services

2,5 2,5 3,12 3,12 3,75

Other 1,25 1,87 2.25 2,25 2,5 Source:WEO 2006@OECD/IEA 2006

Source://simulationresearch.lbl.gov

Sources of electrical energy -An energy policy for Europe COM (2007) 1 final Energy sources

Technology GHG emissions -(kg CO2 eq/MWh)

Efficiency Proven reserves

Natural gaz Open cycle gas turbine 440 40-50% 64 years Oil Combined Cycle Gas Turbine 550 30% 42 years Coal Pulverised Fuel

Circulating fluidized bed combustion Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle

800 800 750

40-45% 40-45% 48%

155 years

Nuclear Light water reactor 15 33% 85 years Biomass Generation plant 30 30-60% Wind On shore

Off shore 30 10

95-98% 95-98%

Hydro Large Small(<10 MW)

20 5

95-98% 95-98%

Solar Photovoltaic 100 -

Source://ec.europa.eu/news/

Energy sources for heating-An energy policy for Europe COM (2007) 1 final Energy sources Technology GHG emissions –(t CO2 eq/toe) Fossil fuels Heating gas oil

Natural gas Coal

3,1 2,1 4

Biomass Wood chips Pellets

O,4 0,4

Electricity 0-12 Solar Very low Geothermal Very low

2. Dynamic energy saving potentials

Source: //ec.europa.eu Maximum penetration 2020 in EU-Members States-National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (before 1Yanuary 2008),Candidate Countries(Croatia) and EEA(Norway,etc):Defining the target-

Source://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/cbip Example”Existing Single Family Houses”

Existing building

250 kWh/m²

Moving Reference

1.Refurbishment Package:a-b-c Best available technologies and practices

1.150-80-60 kWh/m²

2020: -2.New SF-House 2004 -3.Low Energy House - Moving Target- -4.Passive House -5.Zero Energy House

60(market average) kWh/m²

30 kWh/m² 15 kWh/m²

0 kWh/m²

Cost-reduction-Curves

Additional Cost compared to”reference”: a.annualised investments/O&M b.annualised investments/O&M/fuel savings

Saving Potential(PJ)

a.-in 5 b.-in 3,4 and 5

Energy Prices a.-in 5 Fraunhofer ISI Institute Systems and Innovation Research-The International Conference Delivering Energy Efficiency -Bucharest,May 24 2007

Source://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/ Every energy consumer can contribute to a sustainable energy future by reducing his own consumption and

by choosing a green power product.Energy Efficiency trend in households-ENERDETA Average

consumption toe/dwelling

Electricity consumption KWh/year and

Average consumption per m² for thermal uses

1996 2004 dwelling 1996 2004

2004-Koe/ m²

Romania 1,32 1,12↓ - 18,8 Poland 1,70 1,35↓ 2600 2700

1%/year 17,1

Bulgaria 1,07 0,94↓ 4159 3075 ↓ 10,5

Hungary 1,60 1,75↑ 2650 2800 1%/year

20,0

Cyprus - 4000 5300 ↑ 3%/year

-

Slovenia 2 1,86 ↓ - 19,5 EU-10 1,57 1,47↓ 2200 2250 17,8 EU-15 1,94 1,98↑ 3100 3200 18,1 EU-25 1,65 1,62↓ 3950 4050 - ↓-for thermal uses electricity excluded ↑-air conditioning low value-price increase/non comfort high-poorer efficiency To maximise the energy savings available from the implementation of efficient technologies and products as well as from the recognition of unusual consumption and problems. Household space heating:possible targets Useful consumption

/m² and degree-day % central heating

Greece 5,5 56 Belgium 5,0 ↓ 62 UK 4,9 83,5 France 4,65 84 Austria 4,4 74 Italy 4,15 71

Germany 4,15 87 Sweden 3,15 98 Netherlanden 2,7 83 Denmark 2,7 91 Finland 2,6 93 Bulgaria 2,4 44 Norway 1,65 90 Spain 1,6 41,5

Source:www.adevarulonline.ro/ The overall objective of the project has been to maximise the energy savings available across Europe through the use of intelligent simulation and behavioural changes of building occupants Average consumption -%/year for households for thermal uses(1996-2004;electricity excluded) toe/dwelling toe/

m² size effect

Bulgaria -0,4 -0,4 0,05 Czech Rep -0,1 -0,2 0,1

EU-15 0,3 0,1 0,3 EU-25 -0,25 -0,75 0,45 Hungary 1,0 0,4 0,58 EU-10 -1,3 -2,3 1,0 Romania -3,5 -4,8 1,1 Slovakia 3,5 4,8 1,1 Poland -3,7 -5,3 1,5

Increse in the size of dwelling offset part of the reduction in the consumption per m²:30% in Poland and Czech Rep

Source: http://sel.me.wisc.edu/ The savings can be achieved from the use of intelligent management and behavioural change of building users-Training material has been developed and collected in the project for use in training the occupants of the buildings being monitored -Economic potential for the household sector for the EU-15 in Mtoe Reference Electric

appliances Boiler substitution

Building regulation (harmonisation)

Building regulation (further improvement)

Existing building insulation

Renewables +Heat pump

2005 201,5 200 195,6 194,2 190,6 189,2 183,3 2010 210,86 206,52 200,72 195,65 189,85 184,05 173,91 2015 220,28 213,76 202,17 195,65 187,68 179,71 165,21 2020 228,98 220,28 204,34 195,65 185,50 175,36 155,07

Technologies to reduce CO2 emissions are already widely available, proven and can be cost effective. Follow these simple steps to save energy and money! EU-27 Energy –related CO2 Emissions on Current Trends-in Mt CO2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Households/ services/other

780 750 680 700 720 750 750 750 780

Industry 730 600 580 600 600 600 600 600 600 Transport 780 8.500 9.800 10.500 11.000 11.000 11.500 11.500 11.500 Electricity/heat/ other energy supply

16.000 14.900 14.500 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.000 15.500

Source:Eurostat

Source://ec.europa.eu GREEN POWER PROVIDER :The buildings have been typical of a range of types of local authority buildings found across Europe, and have included offices, schools, leisure centres, and community centres. CO2 Emissions Avoided due to News RES plant Deployment up to 2020 in EU-25-[Mt CO2] 2007 2010 2015 2020 RES-T 8,57 37,14 22,85↑ 131,42↑ RES-H-non grid 8,57 34,28 57,14↑ 128,57↑ RES-H-district heat 22,85 28,57 42,85↑ 57,14↑ RES-E&H-CHP 22,85 51,42 71,42↑ 85,71↑ RES-E-pure power 71,42 171,42 285,71↑ 514,28↑ Source:European Commission ,Renewables Roadmap 3.The Programme for Energetics Simulation Intelligent Simulation includes analysing half hourly energy and water consumption data to identify savings

opportunities: to maximise the energy savings available from the implementation of efficient technologies and products as well as from the recognition of unusual consumption and problems. In addition there is scope for further energy saving by using the data to support training and promote responsible energy behaviour by building users. By changing building occupant behaviour energy use can be rationalised- the Intelligent Metering project.

The proposal Intelligent Energy Building PLAN is General framework for a Buildings Energy Performance through the calculation and simulation program for modeling heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation, water heating, and other energy flows(similar EnergyPlus):the improvement of the living conditions,reduction of the heat losses,energy and DHW consunption and respective costs,environment protection through walls, windows, thermal zones, systems, equipment! Example:Energy performance of a building- of certificate of a building.

The constructions - national, regional ,local level

Calculation indicators

Built-in lighting installation Daylighting Illumination and Controls: -Interior illumination from windows and skylights; -Dimming electric lighting including heating and cooling effects; -Daylighting controls including interior illuminance calculations, glare simulation

and control, luminaire controls, and the effect of reduced artificial lighting on heating and cooling;

-Complex fenestration systems based on bi-directional transmittance and radiosity; -Tubular daylighting devices, daylighting shelves, and light wells.

Heating installation and hot water supply, including their insulation characteristics

Heat Balance Calculation and Promotion of high-efficiency cogeneration based on a useful heat demand: -Heat balance based solution technique for building thermal loads that allows for simultaneous calculation of radiant and convective effects at both in the

interior and exterior surface during each time step; -Combined heat and mass transfer model that accounts for moisture adsorption/desorption either as a layer-by-layer integration into the conduction

transfer functions; -Transient heat conduction through building elements such as walls, roofs,

floors, etc. using conduction transfer functions; -Improved ground heat transfer modeling through links to three-dimensional finite difference ground models and simplified analytical techniques.

Thermal characteristics of the building (shell and internal partitions)- Thermal rehabilitation

The improvement of the living conditions,reduction of the heat losses,energy and DHW consunption and respective costs,environment protection-for surface Temperatures - Wall, window, roof, door, skylights:

-Natural ventilation;

-Thermal comfort models based on activity, inside dry bulb, humidity; -Sub-hourly, user-definable time steps for the interaction between the thermal zones and the environment; variable time steps for interactions between the

thermal zones and the HVAC systems (automatically varied to ensure solution stability).

Energy performance of a building -Integrated, Simultaneous Solution

Air-tightness • Floating temperature: -Integrated, simultaneous solution where the building response and the primary

and secondary systems are tightly coupled (iteration performed when necessary); -Simultaneous calculation of loads, zone, and HVAC performance;

-Tight coupling of loads, systems, plant.

Natural resources- Renewable Energy Systems

Passive solar systems and solar protection solar- exposure and influence of neighbouring structures, own-energy generation and other factors: -Photovoltaic power, stand-off, and building integrated; -Flat plate solar thermal collectors; -Anisotropic sky model for improved calculation of diffuse solar on tilted

surfaces.

Advanced Fenestration Calculations

Air position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate • Controllable window blinds: -Between-glass shades and blinds;

-Advanced fenestration calculations including controllable window blinds, electrochromic glazings, layer-by-layer heat balances that allow proper assignment of solar energy absorbed by window panes, and a performance

library for numerous commercially available windows; -Electrochromic glazing;

-More than 200 window types and users can create custom windows Window blind model coupled to daylighting and solar gains;

-Bi-directional shading devices.

Indoor climate environment- Health- Hygiene

CO2 emission indicator:to the mitigation of CO2 and other greenhouse

gas emissions and thereby to the prevention of dangerous climate change- Atmospheric pollution calculations that predict CO2, SOx, NOx, CO, particulate matter, and hydrocarbon production for both on site and remote

energy conversion.

Air-conditioning systems Accurate space temperature and humidity prediction- Loop based configurable HVAC systems (conventional and radiant) that allow users to model typical systems and slightly modified systems without recompiling the program

source code analysis of building components.

Model: EnergyPlus For evaluation energy savings - What your appliances cost you and how much CO2 they emit Per hour Appliance Power (in

Watt)

CO2 emissions per hour (gr)1

Operating cost per hour (€ cent)2

Light bulb 60 W 60 39 0.6 Energy-saving light bulb equivalent to 60 W normal bulb

11

7

0.11

Halogen uplighter 300 195 3 TV set 80-300 52-195 0.8-3 Stereo/Hi Fi 55-500 36-325 0.6-5 Laptop & Computer 80-360 52-234 0.8-3.6 Vacuum cleaner 700-2000 455-1300 7-20 Hair dryer 800-2000 520-1300 8-20 Water kettle 300-3200 195-2080 3-32 Micro wave 700-2100 455-1365 7-21 Washing machine 500-3000 325-1950 5 -30

Tumble dryer 500-5700 325-3705 5 -57 Dish washer 700-3000 455-1950 7-30 Electric radiator/heater 500-3000 325-1950 5 -30 Air conditioner 800-5000 520-3250 8-50 Small electric hot water boiler 1500-6000 975-3900 15-60 Per month Fridge 200-700 94-328 14-50 Freezer 300-700 140-328 22-50 1 At 650gr of CO2 emissions per 1 KWh 2 At 0.10 € for 1 KWh

Source:www.energysavingtrust.org.uk Details are given in a case study -Energy savings tips for the Eugene Standard:Switch off all lights and electrical appliances when not in use.

Source://ec.europa.eu/environment/

• Choose energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs.

• Let clothes dry naturally rather than using a tumble drier. • Turn down your thermostat - turning it down by just 1°C can save you up to 10 per cent on your

heating bill. • Insulate your home with cavity walls - seek professional advice first. Ensure you have at least 15

cm of loft insulation, use draught excluders and put foil behind radiators on outside walls to reflect the heat back inside.

• Lag your boiler and pipes to prevent unnecessary heat loss by up to 75%. • Keep lids on pans when cooking to prevent your cooker having to work extra hard. • On average using a gas oven costs a quarter of the price of running an electric one. Switch to gas

if you have the option. • Avoid installing/using air conditioning.

Source:http://ec.europa.eu/environment/

The analysis and studies for design and building management in computer. There have been savings from the use of intelligent simulation to identify unusual consumption and energy savings opportunities, which can involve a form of training and behavioural change.

Source:www.archenergy.com/cec-eeb The focus of energy use: Effect Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings

The measures further to improve the energy performance of buildings should take into account climatic and local conditions as well as indoor climate environment and cost-effectiveness -Life-cycle analysis and commissioning of building services-Simulation of building systems-Demand-controlled systems-Calculation of energy performance and implementation of EPBD-Building automation and information systems-Computer based design methods

Intelligent spaces,ambient computing and well-being of human occupants

Thermal rehabilitation of the existing buildings stock:the improvement of the

living conditions,reduction of the heat losses,energy and DHW consunption and respective costs,environment protection.Evaluation and rating of building performance-Building components and double skin facades-Energy efficient building design-Energy performance of buildings-Sustainable energy systems and sources-Natural and hybrid ventilation

Heating and cooling systems for better energy efficiency

Heat pumps and heat sources-Air-conditioning systems-Low energy refrigeration and cooling systems-Energy efficient heating and piping systems

Source: Intelligent design

Source:www.arctic.ro

Analysis of training and savings from intelligent metering -Consideration has been given to the energy and water savings related to intelligent stimulation and behavioural change in the project.

Source:www.sbc.nrcan.gc.ca/ To help consumers find out the most energy efficient appliances in Europe.

Refrigerators » 1-door Refrigerators

Brand-Model Energy class

Energy Efficiency Index%

Energy (kWh/year)

Ambient temperature (°C)

» Freestanding

Electrolux SK 255 A++ 28,0 157 10-43 AEG-Electrolux / Quelle -several

A++ 28,9 131 10-43

Miele- K 2319 S A++ 29,3 82 10-32 Miele-K A++ 29,6 125 10-32 Liebherr-KTP A++ 29,6 124 10-32 Quelle-Privileg A++ 29,7 95 10-38 ARDO-MPO A++ 29,8 161 10-32 Quelle-923359i A++ 29,8 134 - Liebherr -KTP A++ 29,9 84 10-32 Quelle-231111i A++ 29,9 86 10-43 Quelle -Privileg A++ 29,9 92 10-38

Refrigerators »

1-door Refrigerators » Built-in

Bauknecht-KVIF 3099/A A++ 27.1% 183 10-43 Electrolux- IK 2065 A++ 28.8% 160 10-43 Liebherr- IKP 1554 A++ 29.4% 135 16-38 Miele- K 9454 iF A++ 29,4 157 16-38 Liebherr-IKP 2254 A++ 29,4 157 16-38 Miele- -K 9254 iF A++ 29,4 135 16-38 Bauknecht-KVIE 3099/A A++ 29,5 183 10-43

Refrigerators » 2-door Refrigerator-Freezers » Freestanding

Quelle-Privileg 315 A++ 28,7 194 10-43 Liebherr-CP 4056 Premium A++ 29,5 215 10-43 Ariston-MBL 1832 A++ 29,7 204 10-43 Ariston-MBL 2031/2033 A++ 29,8 212 10-43 Quelle-Privileg 254 A++ 29,8 168 10-38 Quelle-025878i* A++ 29,9 211 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-SANTO 80362KG2

A++ 29,9 211 10-43

Refrigerators » 2-door Refrigerator-Freezers »

Quelle-789948i A++ 29.5% 208 10-43 Electrolux-IK2905 A++ 29,7 208 10-43

Built-in AEG-Electrolux-Santo C 91841-4i

A++ 29,7 208 10-43

Chest Freezers » Until 250 litres

Satrap-Oecoplan 223 GT A++ 27,4 153 10-43 Quelle-Several A++ 27,4 153 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-several A++ 27,4 153 10-43 Satrap- Oecoplan 188 GT A++ 27,8 143 10-43 Several- Several A++ 28,0 134 10-43 FRIGOR-FCP 167 A++ 28,2 135 10-43 FRIGOR-FCP 217 A++ 28,9 157 10-43

Chest Freezers » > 250 litres

Liebherr/Miele/Otto- several A++ 28,6 183 10-43 Liebherr/Miele-several A++ 28,7 205 10-43 Quelle-Several A++ 28,9 173 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-several A++ 28,9 173 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-several A++ 29,2 200 10-43 Satrap-Oecoplan 327 GT A++ 29,2 200 10-43 Brandt A++ 29,7 201 10-43

Upright Freezers » < 200 litres

Liebherr/Miele-several 29,6 135 10-43 Liebherr-GNP 2076 Premium 29,7 179 10-43 Several-Several 29,7 162 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-Öko-Arctis 80220 GS

29,8 172 10-43

Bosch/Siemens-several 29,9 166 10-43 Electrolux-SG 129 29,9 148 10-43

Upright Freezers » 200 - 300 litres

Liebher/Miele-several A++ 29,7 223 10-43 AEG-Electrolux/Quelle- several

A++ 29,7 180 10-43

Bosch/FUST- GSN 34A30 A++ 29,8 226 10-43 Electrolux -several A++ 29,8 198 10-43 Liebherr/Miele- several A++ 29,8 201 10-43 Bosch/Siemens- several A++ 29,9 209 10-43

Bosch/Siemens- several A++ 29,9 242 10-43 Upright Freezers » > 300 litres

Quelle-several A++ 29,6 217 10-43 AEG-Electrolux-several A++ 29,6 217 10-43 Liebherr/Miele- several A++ 29,7 245 10-43 Bosch/Siemens- several A++ 29,9 237 10-43 Bosch/Siemens- several A++ 29,9 223 10-43 Bosch/Siemens- several A++ 29,9 260 10-43

Tumble Driers » Residential use

Brand-Model Energy class Energy Consumption (kWh/kg laundry)

Blomberg- TKF-1350 A

A 0,33

Electrolux-EDH 6370

A 0,4

AEG-T59800 A 0,4 Inefficient model C 0,7

Energy Saving Lamps » Dimming

Brand-Model Energy label

Wattage (W)

Luminous flux (lm)

Luminous efficacy (lm/W)

Dimming

Osram- Dulux EL VARIO

Osram- Dulux EL VARIO

Osram- Dulux EL DIMMABLE

A

A

A

23

20

20

1500

1200

1200

65

60

60

Classic

Megaman-Ultra compact

Megaman- Ultra compact

A

A

9

7

405

286

45

41

Megaman- Pingpong


Megaman- Pingpong



A

A

A

A

A

7

7

5

4

4

286

286

180

127

127

41

41

36

32

32 Energy Saving Lamps » Tube

PHILIPS- MASTER PL-Electronic

A 33 2250 68

Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 23 1500 65 PHILIPS- MASTER PL-Electronic

A 23 1500 63

Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 30 1900 63 Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 20 1230 62 PHILIPS- MASTER PL-Electronic

A 27 1800 62

Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 11 660 60 Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 11 660 60 Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 15 900 60 PHILIPS- MASTER PL-Electronic

A 20 1200 60


A 15 875 56


A 11 600 55


A 11 600 55


A 8 400 50


A 8 400 50


A 5 230 46


A 5 230 46

Osram-Dulux EL Longlife A 3 100 33 Energy Saving Lamps » Specials

Osram- CIRCOLUX EL A 24 1700 71 Osram- Dulux EL SENSOR

A 15 900 60

Osram- Dulux EL 12 V DC

A 11 600 55

Energy Saving Lamps » Reflector

Reflector Wattage (W)

Illuminance 1m (lux)

Megaman- Compact Reflector 9 100 Megaman- Compact Reflector 11 110 Megaman-Reflector R80 15 300 Osram-Dulux EL REFLECTOR 15 340 Osram-Dulux EL REFLECTOR 20 450 Osram-Dulux EL 23 500

Source:The Euro-Topten Competition

Source:www.romanialibera.ro

Evaluation and monitoring of Energy Efficiency in Building

Documents

Transcript of Evaluation and monitoring of Energy Efficiency in Building