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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0!"# $olu%e-1# Issue-1# &arch 2013

'stract This *a*er cross e+a%ines countries ,ithin theEuatorial Region# ,ith the ai% of highlighting the setac.sand ad/antages of e+*loiting an international collaorationased on sharing resources for i%*le%enting a s%all S'Rnet,or. This analsis is unfolded in four stages The firststage discusses de/elo*ing nations and their /arious le/els ofs*ace ca*ailit Their ca*ailit *osits a *ath through fi/e%ain technological co%*etencies# as follo,s: 1) o,ning ando*erating a satellite 2) design and uilding a satellite 3)ha/ing an astronaut ) ca*ale of sounding roc.ets 4)

ha/ing the ca*ailit to reco/er iological sounding roc.etsThe second stage discusses de/elo*ing nations geogra*hicalllocated et,een 510 degrees of the Euator and their s*ecifics*ace ca*ailities The results *ro/ide infor%ation aout thesi%ilarities and differences in the s*ace technolog utili6edand the reuire%ents that dro/e their choice of selection Thethird stage is a discussion on the si%ilar issues e+*erienced,ithin the Euatorial Region regarding natural disaster#%an-%ade and en/iron%ental disaster# cri%inal acti/ities#order securit and resource %onitoring It also e+*lores thecountries7 di/erse strategies of %anaging these issues ,ith a/ie, to dra,ing inference on the effecti/eness of thesestrategies The fourth stage *ro*oses the use of a constellationof s%all S'R satellites ca*ale of interfero%etric o*erationsin a lo, Earth near-euatorial orit ' rief descri*tion of

the orit constellation and satellite configuration is *ro/idedThen a fe, attracti/e a**lication areas for the S'Rconstellation are highlighted and results on co/erage andte%*oral resolution is *resented 8inall# a design /alue forthe data do,nlin. rate and the dail data /olu%e that can

*otentiall e do,nlin.ed to selected ground station sites,ill e *resented This ine/ital leads to discussing theenefits of i%*le%enting an international collaorationet,een countries ,ithin the Euatorial Region fro% atechnological *ers*ecti/e as a strateg of addressing*re/iousl %entioned issues

I. INTRODUCTION

The World Bank is a closely associated group of fiedeeloping institutions !hose initial "ission since its #$%%inception !as the International Bank for Reconstructionand Deelop"ent &IBRD'( facilitating the post)!arreconstruction and deelop"ent to the "odern)day decreeof !orld!ide poerty alleiation *#)%+. ,s part of its key

priorities( the World Bank proides open data !e-sites!hich offer free access to !idespread indicators a-out thedeelop"ent in countries around the !orld. ,s part of thefree data proided( an annual reised classification of the

!orlds econo"ies -ased on esti"ates of gross nationalinco"e &/NI' per capita of the preious year is pu-lishedon #stof 0uly. The reised /NI per capita esti"ates sere asinput to the Banks operational classification of econo"ies(!hich regulates their lending eligi-ility *1+. Ta-le -elo!( isan adopted e2tra fro" the World Bank inco"eclassifications -y /NI per capita3

Tale 1: 9orld an. inco%e classification ;NI ) ;rou* Econo%ic State

#(451 or less 6o! Inco"e Deeloping#(457 ) %(481 9iddle Inco"e Deeloping%(487 ) #:(7#1 Upper Inco"e Deeloping

#:(7#7 or "ore ;igh Inco"e

The World Bank classifies a deeloping nation as anynation !ith a /NI per capita esti"ate -et!een lo!)inco"eand "iddle)inco"e groups. World Bank "e"-er states areincluded as also econo"ies !ith a population oer 54(444.The 0uly :4#% World Bank pu-lication *7+ listed :#% glo-alecono"ies. or change is !hen a nation "oes fro" oneclassification group to another.

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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0!"# $olu%e-1# Issue-1# &arch 2013

8ig 3: 9orld an. regional %a* of de/elo*ing countries,orld,ide (1)

,ll three organisations confir" that "ost deelopingnations are located in and around three "a>or continents(na"ely ,sia( Aouth ,"erica and ,frica. The RegionalOutlook report -y World Bank for :4#% suggests the

progress of deeloping nations is e2pect to re"ain flat afterundergoing a decline fro" the preious year *#%+.

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,6U,TIN/ T; EOTNTI,6A O< ,N INTRN,TION,6 CO66,BOR,TION BTWN FU,TORI,6N,TIONA BG I9E69NTIN/ , CONAT66,TION O< INTRan ,9,?,( #$H% Q Q QBangladesh AE,RRAO #$84 Q Q Q Q

Belarus :4#4 Q Q QBoliia ,B :4#: Q Q QBulgaria ATI6 B,A #$8H Q QChina CNA,( #$$5

gypt ,ART( #$H#)$% Q Q QIran IA,( :445 Q ?a@akhstan NA,( #$$# Q Q Q6ithuania 6A,( :44H Q Q Q9e2ico ,9( :4#4 Q Q9ongolia NRAC( #$8H Q Q Q Q9orocco CRTA( #$8$ Q Q Q QEakistan AUE,RCO( #$7# Q QRo"ania ROA,( #$$# Q QAouth ,frica A,NA,( :4## Q Q Q QTunisia CNT( #$$8 Q Q Q QTurkey TUBIT,?( #$81 Q Q

Turk"enistan :4## Q Q Q QUkraine AA,U( #$$7 QU@-ekistan UAAR,( :44# Q Q Q Qietna" ATI( :447 Q Q Q Q

Only China is currently capa-le of "eeting all four leelsof space "ission( and Ukraine capa-le of three leels.idently( "ost deeloping nations on the Ta-le H aresatellites o!nerPoperators.

III. FU,TORI,6 N,TIONA ,ND T;IR AE,CC,E,BI6ITIA

By the definition of this !ork( there are 1: equatorialnations. ust :# ofeuatorial states hae space capa-ility a"ongst thedeeloping states !ithin the R.

Tale : list of euatorial de/elo*ing nations and their le/elsof s*ace ca*ailit

ountr Estalish%ent 1 2 3

Bra@il ,B( #$$% Q

Colo"-ia CON,&$#' Q QCosta Rica ,C,( :4#4 Q Q Q

India IARO #$7$ Indonesia 6,E,N( #$7% Q9alaysia ,N/?,A,( :44: Q Q

Nigeria N,ARD,( #$$8 Q Q QEeru CONID,( #$H% Q QAri 6anka IA,( :445 Q Q QThailand /IATD,( :44: Q Q Q

ene@uela ,B,( :448 Q Q Q

Only India is capa-le of "eeting all four categories ofspace technology as sho!n on Ta-le 8. Both Eakistan and

Bra@il "eet three different leels of space capa-ility !hilethe other 8 countries hae satellite operating capa-ilities inco""on !ith the e2ception of Eeru.

I. IAAUA QERINCD WIT;IN T;FU,TORI,6 R/ION

The euatorial states consist of countries "ainly fro" threecontinents na"ely3 ,frica( Aouth ,"erica and ,sia.Countries !ithin this region e2perience si"ilar cli"ateconditions( natural and hu"an disasters and haea-undance of natural resources. Natural ha@ard is a naturaloccurring physical process or pheno"ena caused -y slo! orrapid onset eents such as geophysical &tsuna"is andearthuakes'( hydrological &floods and hurricanes'(cli"atological &!ild and ur-an fires'( -iological &ani"aland insect plagues' or "eteorological &stor"s'. The UNdefines natural disaster as3 t!e consequences o" eventstriered by natural !a#ards t!at over$!elm localresponse capacity and seriously a""ect t!e social andeconomic development o" a reion *#8+.The hori@ontalconergence of lo!er at"osphere co"ple"ented -y theertical air current and diergence of the upper at"osphereacco"panied -y the su-siding upper air current leads toseere !eather conditions *#$+. In the R( !here to!eringthunderstor"s are freuent( the result is a ariety of localcli"ate conditions. The outco"e is a yearly occurrence offlood.

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International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

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the R are gro!ing. The e"ergency of the Isla"ic terroristgroup called %oko &aram &Western education is a sin' iscurrently trending !orld!ide. In 0une :4#%( an esti"ated1444 people are reported to hae -een killed fro" oer $1attacks *:7+./enerally speaking( "ost deeloping nations "onitor and"itigate -oth natural and "an)"ade disasters locally -yusing "ethods such as= hu"an o-seration( construction of

prone facilities a!ay fro" areas !ithin high risk(redundancy( haing e"ergency resere fund( purchasingreleant insurance and the deelop"ent of operationalrecoery plans *:H+.The use space technology and its application areas(

proides a single)"ost efficient "eans of addressing all theissues discussed in this section. 9oreoer( it offers anopportunity to i"proe education( an aenue to keep pace!ith the rapid rate of technology deelop"ent and also

proide another access for reenue generation andco""erce.It is to this end( thats the author proposes a 'onsortium o"

Equatorial (tates "or t!e use o" Outer (pace "orDevelopin Nations&CAOA)DN'. The proposed "ission

of CAOA)DN is the i"ple"entation and operation ofspace science and technology for the euatorial states( -ythe euatorial states( as a "eans of "onitoring and"itigating the issues e2perience !ithin the R.ecties.

8ig : S*acecraft %ass /s %ission cost

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II. /ROUND A/9NT DAI/N ,ND ,N,6GAIABy i"ple"enting the constraint on the "ission( !hichdictates that all ground seg"ent resources "ust -e located!ith the R( and hae a "ini"u" of : ground seg"ents ineach continent &,frica( Aouth ,"erica and ,sia'( tofacilitate reduction in out)of)contact periods= the follo!ingsites on Ta-le ## are proposed.

Tale 11: Gro*osed ground seg%ent sites ,ithin the ER

ountr it @atitude @ongitude

Bra@il Bele" #A %5Wcuador Fuito 4.:A H8.1WBrunei B)A)Bega!an 1N ##%Tualu uro H.48N #H#.:H?iri-ati &H' Tara!a #.5%N #H5.#

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,6U,TIN/ T; EOTNTI,6A O< ,N INTRN,TION,6 CO66,BOR,TION BTWN FU,TORI,6N,TIONA BG I9E69NTIN/ , CONAT66,TION O< INTR.spacepol.:4##.##.44#

*#8+ Inter,gency Atanding Co""ittee( Operational /uidelines on ;u"anRights and Natural Disasters. Washington3 Brookings)Bern Ero>ect on

Internal Displace"ent( 0une :447*#$+ T>asyono( ;.? et al.( ecties( N,A, policystate"ent( N,A,( http3PP!!!.nasa.go( #$$:.

*:$+ Apace ngineering 6a-oratory( 9ission Costs and Relia-ility *online+.,aila-le at3http3PP!!!.yorku.caP-uinePpagesP"issioncostsandrelia-ility.ht".6ast ,ccessed :1 ,ug :4#%.

*54+

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Uniersity of /lasgo!. ;is area of research includes space A,R distri-ution

syste"s for arth o-seration..

;ian%arco Radice3 /ian"arco graduated !ith a first class 9.ng degreein ,erospace ngineering fro" Eolitecnico di 9ilano in #$$7 and co"pletedhis doctoral studies in space syste"s engineering at the Uniersity of /lasgo!in :444. ;e !as then a research assistant on the Ehase : study of theI"proed 9ission ,utono"y and Ro-ustness &I9,R' funded -y the BritishNational Apace Centre. In :445 he !as appointed to a per"anent lectureshipposition in the Depart"ent of ,erospace ngineering at the Uniersity of/lasgo!. ;e !as pro"oted to Aenior 6ecturer in :447 and to Reader in:4#4. ;e is currently the Director of ,erospace Erogra""es( Uniersity of/lasgo!( Aingapore.

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