FAS Military Analysis Network

European Ground Forces

AMX 30Giat Industries has built and delivered to a dozen armies almost 2,300 AMX 30 mainbattle tanks, as well as 1,100 derivative versions (155 GCT self-propelled howitzers, anti-aircraft missile or gun systems, armoured recovery vehicles, etc.). The AMX 30 B2 is animproved version of the AMX 30, either by rebuilding or by production of new tanks,equipped with an automatic fire control system (COTAC) enabling it to fire aammunition arrow (Vo 1525 m/s). The tank is well profiled, strongly armed, endowedwith a very good mobility and a great autonomy. It is protected only from small gaugeweapons and the effects of artillery. The AMX 30 B2 is able to fight in a contaminatedatmosphere and to cross in immersion of the water levels 2 depth m (4 m with snorkel). Itis intended for all missions requiring operations in traditional or nuclear environmentspower: direct destruction of the enemy forces, and in priority of the armoured forcesimmediate and major exploitation of the effects of the others weapons, in particular of thenuclear weapon. It equips tank regiments. It is encased in rolled plates and castings,entirely welded; traditional turret, entirely cast, of very shaped form.

SpecificationsCrew 4 men 1 head of tank, 1 gunner, 1 charger, 1 conductor

Weight in commandsof combat

neighbor of 36 T

Dimensions

overall length 9.50 m

length of the case 6.70 m

overall width 3.10 m

overall height 2.85 m

height of the roof ofthe tourelleau 2.52 m

ground clearance 0.45 m

width of caterpillar 0.57 m

Driving Hispano-H.S. 110, 4 Diesel times, 12 horizontal rolls,water cooling, camshafts at the head multi-fuel

power 680 CH with 2400 rpm disengageable ventilator

starters 2 electric starters

quantity of fuel andnature 970 gas oil

average consumption gas oil - 200 l/100 km

gasoline - 230 l/100 km

autonomy 500 km or 16 hours with the gas oil 420 km or 14 hourswith the gasoline

speedaverage on the road 45 km/hmaximum on road 65 km/h

field of fire indirection and diskspeed

360° in 15 s

field of fire in heightsemicircumference -8° with +20°

field of fire in heightbacksemicircumference

-2° with +20°

principal Armament 1 gun of 105 mm, Mle F2 with semi-automatic loading

ammunition out of turret 50 ammunition of 105 mm, including 20 inthe turret

effective range approximately 2000 m

auxiliary Armament

1 gun of 20 mm twinned with the gun for groundshooting, with possibility of surpointage (+ 40°) forAnti-aircraft shootingammunition - 470 cartridges of 20 mm out of turret1 machine-gun of 7.62 mm2050 cartridges of 7.63 mm4 tube-smoke-producing (16 smoke-producingmachines)

Ariete [Ram] Main Battle TankThe Italian Army has decided to procure two types of combat vehicle, tracked main battletanks and wheeled armoured vehicles. To meet the specifications for vehicles forintervention in classic battlefield operations, a second-generation battle tank and aninfantry fighting vehicle have been developed. The Ariete CI is currently being broughtinto service and studies are being carried out for an advanced second or third-generationbattle tank. The Italian Army took delivery of its first Ariete main battle tank inDecember 1995.Ariete has a crew of four, a combat weight of 52 tonnes, a maximum speed of 65 km/h, a550 km range and is able to surmount 60% gradients. It comes mounted with a 120 mmgun, integrated fire control system with laser rangefinder and a 7.62 mm machine gun. Itwill also be fitted with a stabilised panoramic periscope with night and day sight (infraredcamera) and a digital fire control system and other advanced technological facilities.

SpecificationsSource Italian

Contractor Alenia/OTO Breda

Weight 48 t approximately

Crew 4 men

Main armament gun from 120 milimeter to smooth spirit

Secondary armament n. 2 7.62 machine-guns cal. milimeter

Apparatuses oftracking diurno/notturno stabilized

Computers ofshooting digitalises

Telemeter laser

Protection NBC

Motor posteriorly supercharged, installed diesel engine, withpower of 1200 HP

Transmission hydromechanical with retarder secondary

Suspensions to torque arm with hydraulic shocks-absorber

Speed max 65 Km/h

Superskillful slopemax 60%

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Challenger 1 Main Battle TankChallenger is a development of the Centurion/Chieftainline, modified to produce the Shir/Iran 2 originallyplanned for service with the Iranian forces. After theIranian Revolution the Shir Iran 2 project was taken overby the British Army and the end result was Challengerlater redesignated as Challenger 1. The main differencesbetween Challenger 1 and its predecessor Chieftain arethe Challenger engine, which produces 1,200bhp at2,300rpm, far more powerful than the Chieftain engine,

and the Chobham Armour, which gives very high protection levels against anti armourweapons.

The Challenger 1 has been in service with the British Army since 1983. It was originallyproduced by the Royal Ordnance Factory in Leeds, which was acquired by VickersDefence Systems in 1986. It is planned to begin withdrawing the Challenger 1 fromservice in 1998 and it should be completely replaced by Challenger 2 by 2002.Challenger 1 took part in Operation Desert Storm where the Iraqi forces failed to take asingle vehicle out of combat while Challenger destroyed roughly 300 Iraqi tanks.

SpecificationsArmament

1 x 120mm L11A5 gun; 2 x 7.62mm Machine Guns; 2x 5 barrel smoke dischargers

Engine Rolls-Royce CV12

AmmunitionCapacity

Typically 44 rounds of 120mm; 6000 rounds of7.62mm

Engine Capacity 26.1 litres

Max Road Speed 56kph

Weight Loaded 62,000kg

Length Hull 9.8m

Length Gun Foward 11.5m

Height 2.95m

Width 3.5m

Ground Clearance 0.5m

Crew 4

Challenger 2 Main Battle TankThe Challenger 2 is the first British Army tank since World War II to be designed,developed and produced exclusively by a single prime contractor, Vickers DefenceSystems, with set reliability goals laid down in the fixed price contract. The hull andautomotive parts of the Challenger 2 are based upon its predecessor Challenger 1, butChallenger 2 incorporates over 150 improvements aimed at increasing reliability andmaintainability. The turret of Challenger 2 is a totally new design. Armour is an upratedversion of Challenger 1's Chobham armour. The Challenger 2 is the best protected tank inNATO (10) incorporating Chobham second-generation armour plating. Its NBC (nuclear,biological and chemical protection) system is capable of dealing with all known threatsand, for the first time in any British tank, the crew compartment has both a heating and acooling system.

The main armament consists of a Royal Ordnance 120 mm rifled tank gun designated theL30. It also incorporates a McDonnell Douglas Helicopter Systems 7.62 mm chain gun,which is already in service in the British Army, being installed in the GKN DefenceWarrior mechanised combat vehicle, and a 7.62 mm anti-aircraft machine gun. TheChallenger 2’s fire control system is the latest-generation digital computer fromComputing Devices Company (CDC) of Canada and is an improved version of thatinstalled in the US M1A1 Abrams tank. It also has growth capacity for futureenhancement such as a Battlefield Information Control System and navigation aids. TheChallenger 2 carries a crew of 4 and has a combat weight of 62.5 tonnes. It has amaximum road speed of 56 km/h and a range of 250 km cross country and 450 km on theroad.

The Challenger 2 (CR2) project includes the development and production of 386 CR2Main Battle Tanks (MBTs), 22 Driver Training Tanks (DTTs), CHARM 3 ammunitionand a full support package including training equipment and initial spares.

Prime Contractor is Vickers Defence Systems plc. Vickers Defence systems started workon the Challenger 2 in November 1986 as a private venture and shortly afterwards, inMarch 1987, made its first presentation of the vehicle to the British Ministry of Defence.In February 1988, Vickers submitted a formal proposal regarding the tank to the MODfollowing the issue of the staff requirement. In December 1988 it was announced thatVickers Defence Systems was to be awarded a £90 million contract to undertake ademonstration phase (also referred to as the proof of principle phase) which lasted untilSeptember 1990.

In June 1991 the British Government selected the Challenger 2 and placed an order worth£520 million for 127 Challenger 2 MBTs and 13 driver training tanks. Production beganin 1993 and the first vehicles were delivered in July 1994. The Challenger 2 is producedat the Vickers Defence Systems plants in Leeds and Newcastle.There are over 250subcontractors (both UK and Overseas) involved at some point in the manufacturing

process. Among the most significant are: Royal Ordnance (Main and Secondaryarmaments); Blair Catton (Track); and GEC-Marconi (Gun Control).The requirement to replace Challenger 1 (CR1) MBT led to the placement of a follow-onorder with Vickers Defence Systems. In July 1994, Vickers Defence Systems received afurther order from the UK MOD for the supply of 259 Challenger 2 and nine drivertraining tanks plus training and logistic support. The total value of the contract is £800million and means that production of the Challenger 2 will continue at least until the year2000 and that the British Army will be equipped with Challenger 2s while the Challenger1 will be phased out.The CR2 In-Service Reliability Demonstration (ISRD) milestone was successfullyachieved in January 1999. The ISRD took place from September to December 1998 andtrialled 12 British Army crewed MBTs at the Bovington test tracks and Lulworth BindonRanges. The ISRD was a great success in that CR2 not only achieved the targets butexceeded them in all areas set by the Customer’s Staff Requirement.

The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards in Germany, the first of six post-SDR ArmouredRegiments, started to take delivery of CR2 in January 1998 and received the 38th in timeto meet the June 1998 in-service date. Deliveries of CR2 are continuing and it is plannedthat each of the six Armoured Regiments will be fully equipped with their tanks andassociated logistic support package by end of 2000.

The conversion from CR1 to CR2 Regiments is being assisted by a comprehensive suiteof training aids, ranging from simple wall charts to highly sophisticated, computer-basedgunnery simulators. A range of CR2 training aids and support equipment are also beingprovided for the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers (REME) to assist the task offault diagnosis, test, repair, calibration and system performance monitoring.

Challenger 2E has been specifically designed for demanding environmental and climaticconditions and represents the latest evolution of the highly effective family of Challengervehicles.

SpecificationsCombat Weight 62,500 kgs

Crew Size 4

Combat Weight 62,500kg

Length (hull) 8.327m

Length (gunforward) 11.55m

Width (over skirts) 3.52m

Height (to turretroof)

2.49m

Ground Clearance 0.5m

Max Road Range 450km

Engine Rolls-Royce Perkins Condor CV12 1200bhpwith new engine management system

Gearbox David Brown TN54 epicyclic, 6 fwd 2 rev

Suspension Hydrogas variable spring rate

Track Blair Catton hydraulically adjusted double pin

Speed59 kph (road);40 kph (mean cross country)

Main Armament Royal Ordnance 120mm L30 gun

Ammunition CHARM 1 and 3, HESH and Smoke

Ammunition Carried Typically 50 rounds - APFSDS, HESH, Smoke

SecondaryArmament

Hughes 7.62mm coaxially mounted chain gun and7.62mm loader’s GPMG Turret Mounted for AirDefence

Ammunition Carried 4000 rounds 7.62mm;

Armour DORCHESTER

Smoke Dischargers Exhaust smoke injection and two sets of five L8grenade dischargers

Commander Gyrostabilised fully panoramic site with laser rangefinder and thermal imager

Gunner Gyrostabilised primary site with laser range finder andthermal imager, and coaxially mounted auxiliary sight

Driver Day and night periscopes

Loader Day periscope

Total procurementcost £2.2 billion

Schedule

Production Began 1990Training Readiness Date achieved September 1997Production Reliability Growth Trials completedNovember 1997Batch Test 1 achieved November 1997Batch Test 2 achieved March 1998Quartering Readiness Date achieved April 1998Batch Test 3 achieved June 1998In-Service Date achieved June 1998Batch Test 4 achieved October 1998

ISRD achieved January 1999Operational Readiness Date due late 1999

CenturionThe Centurion Tank was the main British tank of the post war period, also beingpurchased by the Australian Army from 1951 and by many other armed forces. PrototypeCenturions had been built by the end of WWII.

Power is provided by a V12 Rolls Royce Meteor petrol engine, derived from the Merlinaircraft engine. The Centurion is supported by six pairs of road wheels on each side, eachtrack also passing over a rear drive sprocket, a front idler wheel and four double and twosingle guide rollers. The road wheels are rubber tyred and are mounted on swing-armsfitted with coil springs and shock absorbers (dampers). Australian Centurion Tanksserved in Vietnam from 1968 until 1971. The Centurion remained in service in Australiauntil 1977 when replaced by the Leopard Tank.

Centurion Mk3 - Mk5 1953

Crew: driver, gunner, radio operator, commander loa: 7552mm (hull), width: 3378mm, height: 2940mm grnd clearance: 508mm, trench crossing 3350mm weight: 50,800kg (unladen) Meteor Mk 4B, 27L, petrol, 12-cyls (V12), twin carburettors, 2-valves/cyl, ohv

A 4-cyl charging engine is also fitted bore: 137.17mm, stroke: 152.4mm, c.r.: 7.0:1 power: 650bhp at 2550rpm, torque: 1550lb-ft at 1600rpm transmission: 5m (+ 2 rev'), clutch: triple plate Max speed: 35kph Main armament: 83.4mm 20-pounder

LeclercThe Leclerc tank is not simply a tank within the classsic meaning of the term, but rather aweapon system. As a tank incorporating the products of the most recent technologies, itreaches a level of excellence on each traditional quality: mobility, protection, fire power.As a system of weapons it integrates these functions in a unit whose management isoptimized in particular by electro-data processing and the capacities of thecommunication systems. The essential capacities of Leclerc are the following: a verygreat effectiveness in the duel against all the adversary armoured tanks in day or night(any time) at ranges of more than 3000 meters. It includes a gun of with an automaticloading system which make it possible to quickly select the type of ammunition, capableof firing when the tank be moving and which improve appreciably the rate of fire of up to6 shots/minute. The long-range fire control system stabilizes the sight, and the gunremain permanently pointed at the target selected. There are two sights: one for thecommander of the tank and the other for the operator. The turret can acquire the targetwith gyrostabilisers, and a video recopy of the images allows sharing of informationbetween the two.

Unequalled mobility is obtained by the synergy between the motor, the kinematic chain,and the hydropneumatic suspension. A very balanced general protection is obtained notonly by modular shieldings but also by compactness and thus low visibility, whichcombined with the very great agility of the tank makes it a difficult target to hit.Centralized management is performed on a large number of parameters of a tactical orlogistic nature: the digitalization of the data forward by a bus and are exploited inside thetank which optimizes the entirety of its functions. Also outside, via the radio operatorstation, it is possible to better employ the whole of the tanks engaged in an operation inparticular by the use of the system of control and command installed on board.

Being able to resist the most severe stresses of combat of high intensity and to attack themost hardened targets, it is a powerful tool able to assume all the missions reserved forthe units of the armoured forces whatever the environment, the type and the form ofengagement (traditional, chemical or nuclear, high average or low intensity). Theprincipal armament is a gun of 120 mm with a smooth bore and a length of 52 calibers,drawing all types of ammunition with combustible casings with standard NATO. A totalof 40 shells can be embarked, including 22 in automatic loading. The secondaryarmament is one 12.7 mm machine-gun and one 7.62 mm machine-gun in thesuperstructure.

SpecificationsDesignation/Name Leclerc

Producer FranceDate Production Began 1991Crew Size 3

Combat Weight 54,500kg

Length (hull) 6.88mLength (gun forward) 9.87mWidth 3.71mHeight (to turret roof) 2.53m

power unit diesel engine hyperbar V8of power 1500 ch/DIN.

Max Road Speed 71kmh

Max Road Range

550km650 km with tanks of 1300L and 400 L out ofreleasable barrels

average speed any ground 40 to 50 km/hArmament (main gun) 120mmArmament (coaxial) 12.7mm MG

Armament (anti-aircraft) 7.62mm MG

Current Using Countries

FranceUnitedArab

Emirates

Battle tank Leopard 1 A5Kampfpanzer Leopard 1 A5

The Leopard 1 was first produced in 1963by Krauss-Maffei for the German Ministryof Defence and more than 6000 vehicleshave been exported to nine NATOcountries, Belgium, Denmark, Germany,Greece, Italy, Canada, the Netherlands,Norway and Turkey and also Australia.The main armament is capable ofengaging with effective fire, while on-the-move, through the use of an electronic ,

hydraulic gyroscopic gun stabilizer. This is known as fully stabilized power traverse. Inaddition, the Leopard is fitted with two banks of smoke grenade dischargers on the turretto create local obscuration.

The Leopard may be "sealed-off" against nuclear contamination on the nuclearbattlefield. It is a minimum-maintenance armoured fighting vehicle with visual lubricantlevel checks and minimum daily crew maintenance required. Properly fitted with externalgear, it is capable of deep-fording or submerged fording where river banks are preparedfor exit and entry. Complete engine replacement is possible in 30 minutes under fieldconditions.

Characteristics

Engine performance: 610 KW (830PS)Weight: approx. 42.4 tMaximum speed: approx. 65 km/hOperating range (1/3 area, 2/3 road): approx. 600 kmArmament:

Mounted gun 105 mmCombat distance: to 2500 m

Crew Four soldiers (commander, driver, gunner and radio operator/loader)

Length: 8.17 m (gun at 6 o'clock)9.54 m (gun at 12 o'clock)

Width: 3.37 m

Height: 2.62 m

Weight: 42.5 t

Engine: Multi-fuel engine,

10 cylinders,830 hp

Speed: 65 km/hr

Range: 600 km

Armament: 105-mm gun;7.62-mm co-axially mounted machine-gun;7.62-mm crew commander's machine-gun

Ammunitiontypes:

Armour piercing fin stabilized discarding sabot;Armour piercing discarding sabot ;High explosive squashhead;High explosive plastic;High explosive anti-tank;Smoke

AML-245 (Auto-Mitraileuse Legere-245)AML-60AML-90

In different versions this light armored car is used by about 40 Armies worldwide.Numerous options of modernization are offered (diesel engines, fire controls, armament,conditioned air, etc.).

SpecificationsCountry of origin France

Builder Panhard

Crew 3

Weight AML-60 - 4.8 tonsAML-90 - 5.9 ton.

Dimensions 5.48 Xs 1.97 Xs 2.15 ms.

Motor 85 Cv. gasoline (optional, diesel of 90 Cv.).

Transmission Mechanics with electromagnetic control (optional withconverter of hydraulic pair).

Traction 4X4

speed 90 Km/h;

Autonomy 700 km (diesel);

Fording 0.90 m.

Armament AML-60 - 1 x 60mm Mortar; 1 x 7.62mm MagAML-90 - 1 x 90mm Cannon; 1 x 7.62mm MAG

AMX 10 RCThe AMX 10 RC is a strongly armed amphibian reconnaissance vehicle, endowed withvery good mobility on road and any path, protected against light weapons of infantry andthe effects of artillery, able to fight in contaminated atmosphere. It is intended forreconnaissance missions in traditional or nuclear environment, implying fastdisplacements and great amplitudes before engagement. It constitutes the fire vehicle thereconnaissance units and armoured regiments. The armor consists of plates rolled andwelded out of light alloy. The turret is traditional, of highly shaped form.

field of fire in direction: 360° field of fire in height: - 8° with + 20° principal armament: 1 gun of 105 mm [38 105 mm ammunition] auxiliary armament: 1 machine-gun 7.62 mm twin [4000 cartridges] 4 lance-smoke-producing tubes (16 smoke-producing machines) Crew: 4 men - 1 commander, 1 gunner, 1 radio-charger, 1 conductor Mass [combat]: 16 T overall length: 9.13 m length of the case: 6.35 m overall width: 2.95 m overall height (position road): 2.59 m ground clearance (position road): 0.30 m footing: 3.10 m Engine: Diesel BAUDOUIN 4 overfed times with 6 cylinders out of V

with 90° water cooling power: 280 CH with 3000 rpm disengageable ventilator with hydrostatic

command Quantity of fuel and nature: 520 gas oil Consumption L: 60 L / 100 km Endurance: 800 km or 17 h. Average road speed: 60 km/h maximum road speed: 85 km/h water speed: 7.2 km/h

ARMORED VEHICLES AMX-10 RC ReconMain Armament (caliber, model) 105-mm 48-cal GunAmmunition type APFSDS, HEAT, HERange, effective (m) 2000+Stabilized NoElevation/traverse (degrees) -18/+20 360Penetration (mm @ m range) Triple heavy armor at 2000Basic load 38 rds

Secondary Armament 7.62-mm coax MGAmmunition type SLAP, BallBasic load 4000 rdsAuxiliary Armament 12.7-mm M2HB AA MG (optional)Ammunition type API, SLAP, BallVehicle characteristicsNight sightsGunner LLLTVDriverSpeed, road/off-road (kph) 85/Range, road/off-road (km) 1000/Trench Xng (width)/Step( height m) 1.65/.80Grade x side slope (degrees) (50%)Ground clearance (mm) .60Fording (m) SwimWeight (mt) 15.88 (combat) 14.9 (unloaded)Dimensions (LxWxH m w/o gun) 9.15 (w/gun) x2.95x2.68NBC protection YesCrew 4Night Firing Sights Thomson-CSF DIVT 13

AMX-13

Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS)Tactical Reconnaissance Armoured Combat EquipmentRequirement (TRACER)Armored Scout and Reconnaissance Vehicle (ASRV)

An 07 July 1998 Memorandum of Understanding(MOU) between the United States and the UnitedKingdom established the US Future Scout andCavalry System (FSCS) / UK TacticalReconnaissance Armoured Combat EquipmentRequirement (TRACER) program. FSCS and

TRACER are the national program names for a new Armored Scout and ReconnaissanceVehicle (ASRV) as specified in the MOU.

The FSCS conceptual system, intended for futurescout and cavalry units, features a three-manvehicle crew, mast-mounted sensor package, semi-expendable Micro Aerial Vehicles (miniatureUAVs) and Un-manned Ground Vehicles (UGVs)or robots. FSCS would be armed with a notional40mm gun system for self protection. The sensorpackage for the FSCS itself and the robots mayinclude both visual and thermal capability. Themast-mounted sensor would be able to elevate to aheight of 5 meters to look over intervening terrainor pop-out of tree tops. The MAVs are employedsimilar to firing a round of ammunition. Theywould have electro-optical sensors and a limitedrange (10 kilometers or less) and endurance

(approximately 15 minutes). They are intended to provide the scouts a look into the "nextvalley" capability before moving in a robot or FSCS.

The Future Scout and Cavalry System (FSCS) Advanced Technology Demonstration(1998–01) will demonstrate the feasibility and operational potential of an advancedlightweight vehicle chassis integrating scout–specific and advanced vehicle technologiesdeveloped in other technology–based programs. The effort will be fabricated and testedin virtual and real environments to evaluate and validate sensors/situational awarenesscapabilities and to develop scout tactics. The FSCS ATD will develop and demonstratescout–specific mobility components such as electric drive, semi–active and fully activesuspension, and band track. Other specific technologies that may be integrated into thescout platform include MFS3, advanced lightweight structural materials and armors,advanced crew stations, advanced C2, medium–caliber weapon, and advancedsurvivability systems. This effort will validate the inherent signature reduction ofadvanced mobility technologies.

Following 21 months of concentrated activity to set up the co-operative FSCS/TRACERprogram, the UK signed the Armoured Scout and Reconnaissance Vehicle Memorandum

of Understanding on 07 July 1998. The US signed the document on 26 February 1998 butfinal UK approval was delayed until the UK Strategic Defence Review was concluded.An Invitation to Tender (ITT) for the Advanced Technology Demonstrator / ProjectDefinition (ATD/PD) was issued to Industry on 09 July 1998 with a 75 calendar daytender response period.The MoU itself covers the entire program although much of the detail for successivephases will be negotiated later on and published in supplements to the document. TheITT was issued to two Tenderers: SIKA International, a company formed for the programby Lockheed Martin and British Aerospace; and LANCER, a consortium led by GEC-Marconi. Both consortia comprise a mixture of US and UK companies to enable work tobe shared equitably between the industries of both nations. The Joint Project Office (JPO)called for in the MoU is now formally established. It comprises two symmetricalelements, one at the UK’s Procurement Executive in Abbey Wood, Bristol, the other atthe US Army’s Tank Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) in Warren,Michigan. Technical advice to the JPO is provided by the US Tank Automotive ResearchDevelopment and Engineering Center (TARDEC) at Warren, supported by other UStechnical commands, and by the UK Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA).

By FY03 the ARDEC Advanced Light Armaments for Combat Vehicles (ALACV) STOwill demonstrate 25/35mm ammunitions with 75% or greater improvement in lethalitycompared to conventional point detonating munitions and 20-40% improvementcompared to existing KE & bursting munitions. The ALACV will develop two types ofmunitions (anti-personnel and anti-armor) to meet the Future Scout and Cavalry System(FSCS) and the Future Infantry Vehicle (FIV) lethality requirements.

The FSCS ATD will fast track in FY02 to the EMD phase of the FSCS program. FSCS isthe replacement combat vehicle for the M1114 HMWWV in Armor and MechanizedInfantry Battalion Scout Platoons and the M3A2/3 CFV in Division and RegimentalCavalry Squadrons.

The Fiscal Year 2001 Army budget request included decisions to restructure or "divest" anumber of programs in order to provide some of the resources to support itstransformation to achieve the ambitious deployment goals outlined in the October 1999Army Vision. The restructured programs are the Crusader and the Future Scout andCavalry System. The "divestitures" include Heliborne Prophet (Air), MLRS SmartTactical Rocket (MSTAR), Stinger Block II, Command and Control Vehicle (C2V),Grizzly, Wolverine, and the Army Tactical Missile System Block IIA. Funding for theseprograms was reallocated to fund the Army Vision transformation strategy.

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BMR-600The BMR-600 (Blindado Medio de Ruedas) is a six-wheeled light armored vehiclemanufactured in Spain under French license. To 1972 the Spanish Army fixed the tacticaland technical requirements for a wheeled armored vehicle for the transport andmovement of a squad of infantry to and in the zone battle. Designed by the Commissionof Development of Armored Vehicles, the Army, and the Direction of Projects ofENASA, the prototype the Pegaso BMR-600 was evaluated over four years and enteredproduction in 1979, with versions for personnel, mortar carriers of 81 and 120 mm,recovery-repair and ambulance. On the other hand, the Army made those of transmissionsof the Mount Olympus system and combat engineers BMR-VCZ. The BMR has beenexported to Saudi Arabia and Egypt and employed effectively in real situation as muchby the Saudí forces during the campaign of Kuwait of 1991 ande by the Spanish troops inBosnia-Herzegovina and Albania. The BMR-600 is in service in Spain, Saudi Arabia,Egypt and Peru.The Spanish Army is modernizing it with a new motor, additional plates of armor, and asystem of bacteriological and chemical defense. On 29 May 1994 the program ofmodernization of 646 units was approved, jointly executed by Santa Barbara Armor andthe Park and Center of Maintenance of System Cover with armor (PCMSA. The updatesalso include a new system of fuel supply, adjustable height steering, fire-fighting andantiexplosion system.

SpecificationsCountry of origin Spain

Crew 12

Weight 14 ton

Dimensions 6.15 Xs 2.50 Xs 2 m

Armament 1X12,70 mm

Motor Pegaso @ 306 hp (being replaced by a Scania @ 310hp)

Suspension Hydropneumatics of independent elements McPhearson

Traction 6 Xs 6

Speed Maximum - 100 Km/hwater (with hidrochorros), 9 Km/h.

Autonomy 1,000 Km

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B1 Centauro tank destroyerVBC 8x8 APC

The Centauro B1 tank destroyer was designed to carry out tactical reconnaissance andterritorial defence tasks. The main mission of the Centauro heavy armored car is theprotection of lighter vehicles and units of the Cavalry. It is not a reconnaissance vehicle,but a tank destroyer/wheeled tank. The cavalry unit is equipped with this vehicle which isfitted with a 105 mm high-pressure gyrostabilised gun and associated automated firecontrol system. It has high road mobility, a good power to weight ratio, a long range andgood cross-country mobility. The Centauro carries a fully armed and equipped crew of 2to 4 men, which makes it extremely flexible to use, especially in peacekeepingoperations. Vehicles in the Centauro family have a basic protection guaranteed towithstand 14.5 mm bullets (25 mm on the front section). This can be increased to 30 mmby bolting on additional protection. The Centauro was deployed in Somalia and formerYugoslavia and has proved its toughness and the suitability of its gun system for use inpeacekeeping operations as well as in the reconnaissance tasks for which it was designedand developed. Because of their characteristics, these tanks have been used to escortmotor convoys, for wide area control and for road patrols, and have proven rapidintervention capability in unforeseen crises.In order to have a troop carrier with mobility and protection specifications similar tothose of the Centauro tank, development has begun on a family of medium tanks whosemain characteristic is a high degree of interoperability with other tanks. The battlefieldversion (VBC 8 x 8) already exists in prototype. This will carry 7 fully equipped men inaddition to the tank commander and the pilot and may be armed with a range ofequipment such as a 12.7 mm machine gun and a 25 or 60 mm cannon, plus two missilelaunchers. Bearing in mind Italy’s recent experience in Somalia and Bosnia, a possibleuse has emerged for short-range heavy automatic armaments against interposing forcesrather than a range of 400-500 m, as in a cold-war scenario.

SpecificationsWeight 21 t approximately

Crew 4 men

Main armament gun from 105 striped milimeter

Secondary armament n. 2 7.62 machine-guns cal. milimeter

Apparatuses oftracking diurno/notturni

Calculating ofshooting

digitalis

Telemeter laser

Protection ballistics and NBC

Motor supercharged, installed diesel engine front, with powerof 520 HP

Transmission hydromechanical with retarder secondary

Suspensions independent type Mc Pherson

Traction 8 x 8

Steering on three axes

PiranhaThe Piranha family of light armoured vehicles,available in 4x4, 6x6, 8x8 and 10x10 configurations,has become the choice of military customers aroundthe world. In 1977 the Canadian Forces selected theMOWAG Piranha 6x6 Armoured Vehicle GeneralPurpose (AVGP). The Canadian governmentselected DDGM as the Canadian based contractorfor this order. The armoured vehicle general purpose(AVGP) comes in three variants: the Cougar, the

Grizzly and the Husky. The AVGP entered service in 1976. The Cougar's main functionis to provide direct or semi-direct fire support in a combined operation. The Grizzly'sprimary use is to provide mobility and protection for an 11-person infantry section incombined arms operations. In 1999, the Cougar is being gradually removed from servicewith the Regular Force and will remain operational at the Reserve unit level only. Plansare being made to extend the life of some of the AVGP vehicles and to use them in avariety of new ways. The Canadian Forces order later led to a major contract with the USMarine Corps (USMC) for the 8x8 version of the Piranha and later to an even largervehicle procurement by the U.S. Army TACOM for the National Guard of Saudi Arabia.GKN teamed up with MOWAG of Switzerland in 1990 to produce the Piranha family ofwheeled armoured vehicles to meet a number of requirements in the UK’s FFLAV(Future Family of Light Armoured Vehicles). MOWAG and GKN Defence signed anagreement which licensed GKN to be system prime contractor for the design, integration,production and marketing of the GKN Piranha 8x8 for agreed customers. Vehicles havealready been sold to Saudi Arabia and Oman. The GKN Piranha 8x8 can hold up to 15persons. It has a combat weight of 12.3 tonnes, a maximum road speed of 100 km/h and afording speed of 10.5 km/h. Its maximum range is 780 km and it can be armed forwhatever role is assigned to it. Existing customers for the Piranha include Denmark,Canada (designated the LAV III Kodiak), and Sweden.In August 1999 Diesel Division, General Motors of Canada Limited (DDGM),announced the acquisition of the privately owned Mowag Motorwagenfabrik AG(MOWAG), based in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. The sale formalizes a 22-year workingrelationship between the two companies that has focussed on the design development,international licensing and manufacturing of the Piranha family of light armoured,wheeled military vehicles. DDGM had recently begun production of a new andsignificantly larger category of the Piranha 8x8, known as the LAV III, as part of a 651-unit replacement program for the Canadian Forces.

PIRANHA III Baseline VehiclesWeights(approx.) 6x6 8x8 10x10

Weightempty kg 9.500 10.500 12.500

Payload kg 3.000 6.000 7.500

Totalcombatweight

kg 12.500 16.500 20.000

Power-to-weightratio

hp/t 28.0 24.0 22.5

Dimensions(approx.)

6x6 8x8 10x10

Overalllength m 6.25 6.93 7.45

Heightover hull m 1.985/2.17 1.985/2.17 1.985/2.17

Overallwidth m 2.66 2.66 2.66

Max.numberof seats

10 14 16

Comparison PIRANHA I, II, III example8x8

PIRANHA I PIRANHA II PIRANHA III

Width 2.5 m 2.6 m 2.66 m

Length 6.3 m 6.8 m 6.93 m

Height 1.88 m 1.88 m / 1.92 m 1.98 m

(overhull)

Tiresize 325R16 325R16, 335/80R20 12.00R20, 365/80R20

Baseline

Weight

9'500 kg 10'000 kg 10'500 kg

GrossVehic

leWeig

ht

12'500 kg 14'000 kg 16'500 kg

Payload 3'000 kg 4'000 kg 6'000 kg

Combat Vehicle 90 (CV 90)Combat Vehicle 90 (CV 90 - StridsFordon 90) is jointly developed and manufactured byHagglunds AB (chassis) and Bofors AB (turret, armament and ammunition). The CV 90family consists of: CV 90 (the basic armored infantry fighting vehicle, armed with a 40mm automatic cannon); Anti-aircraft vehicle 90; Forward observer vehicle 90; Commandpost vehicle 90; and Recovery vehicle 90. All vehicles are designed for maximumperformance in the most inhospitable terrain and hostile combat environments. The CV90 is an extremely agile, multi-role combat vehicle with all-target capability, a low verycompact structure and minimized radar and IR-signatures. The basic turret is electricallyoperated and houses a CelsiusTech UTAAS sight with integrated laser rangefinder andthermal camera. The 40 mm Bofors autocannon assures lethality to all other lightarmored vehicles and even offers a chance to kill enemy tanks from flanking positionswith its APFSDS-T ammo. Production orders for series vehicle are divided into threebatches. A total of 500 CV 90 will be procured for the Swedish Army, with final deliveryin 2002.

The Hägglunds Vehicle CV 90120 light tank consists of a slightly modified CV 90chassis, produced for Norway and Sweden, fitted with a new three-man turret mounting aSwiss Ordnance 120 mm smoothbore gun with a computerised fire-control system andstabilised day/night sights.

SpecificationsWeight, combatloaded 26,000 kg

Personnel capacity 11

Speed 70 km/h

Engine Scania DSI 14 Diesel 446 kW/2200 rpm

Armament Bushmaster II, 30 mm cannon

ERC 90The ERC 90 is a light armoured vehicle with 6 wheels, armed with a 90-mm gun. Withgood mobility terrestrial and watery, it can fight in contaminated atmosphere and istransportable by air by Transall. It is intended for safe reconnaissance missions intraditional or nuclear environments. It is equiped to carry out anti-tank missions. The caseand turret consist of tack welded steel plates: field of fire in direction: 360° field of fire inheight: -8° with +15° pointing in site and layer ensured by electric drives. Direction isprovided by observation glasses and firing direction by a laser system of telemetry.

Specifications

principal armament1 gun of 90 mm to semi-automatic operation20 ammunition of 90 mm out of turrets outdistances practical shooting: 1800 m

secondary armament1 machine-gun of 7.62 mm twinnedwith the gun 2000 cartridges of 7.62 mm4 smoke-producing cannister launchers

Crew the ERC 90 requires a crew of 3 men: a head ofmachine, a gunner, a pilot

masses 8100 kg

Engine6 Cylinders out of V with 90° with electronic ignition,two carburettors and water cooling power 135 CH. to5250 rpm

speedaverage on road: 60 km/haverage on road: 100 km/hwater: 7.2 km/h

consumption on road: 24 l/100 in varied ground: 17 l/h

autonomy 730 km or 15 hours for 250 gasoline

Fiat 6614G 4X4 Armored CarKM 900 APC

The South Korean army deploys the Fiat 6614 wheeled armored personnel carriers underthe KM-900 designation.

Specificationscylinders 4

Speed max 100 km/h

Power kW: 106.7; CV: 145 to 3200 giri/min

Fuel diesel oil

Weight: empty 7200 Kg;full load: 8500 kg

slope max longitudinal: 60%cross-sectional : 30%

Length 5860 milimeter

Superskillful step 400 milimeter

Width 2500 milimeter

Autonomy 700 km

Transport tank 1 FoxTransportpanzer 1 Fuchs

Engine performance: 235 KW(320 HP)Weight: approx. 16.5 tMaximum speed: approx. 96km/hCrew: 2+8Functions: Carrier vehicle ofconversion kitsArmament:

1 mg 7.62 mm

FV 430 SeriesFirst introduced in 1962 the FV 430 series of vehicles has developed to fulfil 14 rolesincluding Command Post APC, ambulance, minelayer, recovery and repair vehicle,mortar, radar or troop carrier. NBC proof, it can carry up to 10 men and 2 crew and maybe armed with a 7.62mm machine gun or turret mounted L37 machine gun.

Length 5.25m; Width 2.8m; Height 2.28m; Weight 15.28 tonnes; Max Road Speed 52 Kph; Road Range 580 kms; Engine Rolls Royce K60; Crew 2 + troops 10; Armament 7.62mm machine gun or L37 machine gun.

Tank destroyer Jaguar 1 with guided missile HOTJagdpanzer Jaguar 1 mit Lenkflugkörper HOT

Engine performance: 368 KW(500 HP)Weight: approx. 25 tMaximum speed: approx. 70km/hOperating range road: approx.400 kmCrew: 4Armament:

Guided missile HOT1 bug MG 7.62 mm1 air defense MG 7.62mmCombat distance: to4000 m

Tank destroyer Jaguar 2 with antitank guided missile TOWJagdpanzer Jaguar 2 mit Panzerabwehrlenkflugkörper TOW

Engine performance: 368 KW(500 HP)Weight: approx. 25 tMaximum speed: approx. 70km/hOperating range road: approx.400 kmCrew: 4Armament:

Antitank defense guidedmissile TOW

1 Fla MG 7.62 mm Combat distance: to 3750

m

Reconnaissance tank LuchsSpähpanzer Luchs

Engine performance: 287 KW(390 HP)Weight: approx. 19.5 tMaximum speed: approx. 90km/hforward and backwards drivableBuoyantlyOperating range: approx. 730kmCrew: 4Armament:

1 mounted automaticcannon 20 mmRate of fire: 800-1000firing/minCombat distance: to2000 m

Armored infantry vehicle Marder 1 A3Schützenpanzer Marder 1 A3

Engine performance: 441 KW(600 HP)Weight: approx. 33.5 tMaximum speed: approx. 65km/hOperating range road: approx.460 kmCrew: 9Armament:

Mounted automaticcannon 20 mmAntitank weaponMILANTower MG 7,62mmHand weaponsRate of fire: 1000round(s)/min. (mountedautomatic cannon)Combat distance:Mounted automatic cannonand antitank weaponMILAN to 2000 m

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/marder-001.jpg

Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV)The current Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle (MRAV) is the first truly collaborative land-system project in Europe. . Part of the rationale for the program is that Europe has toomany armored vehicle producers--at least seven compared to one in the US. The UK isparticipating in a collaborative program with France and Germany for the developmentand initial production of a family of wheeled, armoured vehicles to meet the requirementsof the three nations. The vehicle is essentially a German design with Germany supplyingthe automotive components, UK the basic chassis and Giat Industries the missionmodule. Initially, the design will provide the Armoured Personnel Carrier and CommandVehicle versions but will also allow for the development of other variants using the samebase vehicle.

The consortium consists of Krauss-Maffei/Wegmann and MAK(Germany), AlvisVehicles (UK) and GIAT (France). The ARGE-GTK (Krauss Maffei WehrtechnikGmbH, Rheinmetall Industrie AG /MAK System GmbH and Wegmann & Co GmbH)form the core for the German system competence in the field of armoured tracked andwheeled concepts, development, series production and modernisation. Apart from manyimportant subsystems and assemblies, this system competence contains all the logisticaspects from the development phase through the utilisation phase. GKN is a global groupwhose operations in some 40 countries generate sales in excess of £3 billion. GKNDefence is the UK's leading designer and manufacturer of light and medium armouredvehicles for military, security and peacekeeping roles. Giat Industries design, produceand market complete combat systems, whether they be armoured systems (main battletanks, recovery vehicles, information systems, logistic support, training, etc.) as well asweapon and ammunition systems (artillery, infantry, mining and mine clearing,associated munitions, logistic support , etc.).

In January 1996, the German Ministry of Defence launched an invitation to tender for thedevelopment of a new wheeled armoured personnel carrier, for which ARGE/GTK andGKN issued a common response. In July 1996, the French Ministry of Defence launchedan invitation to tender for the development of a wheeled armoured infantry fightingvehicle for which Giat Industries issued a response. These two invitations to tender arebased on common tri-national specifications and cover a first lot of 200 vehicles for eachcountry.

Following a competition between two international consortia, an announcement wasmade on 22 April 1998, jointly with France and Germany, that Eurokonsortium (nowknown as ARTEC) had been selected as the preferred bidder. An extensive program ofwork has been set in hand to negotiate satisfactory contract terms and conditions.

Two families of vehicle are required: one consisting of highly mobile, well protectedvehicles (known as M1P1) designed to operate alongside Challenger and Warrior; and theother of less mobile, less well protected vehicles (known as M2P2) designed to work inareas where there is reduced direct fire threat. The Multi-Role Armoured Vehicle

(MRAV) replaces utility CVR(T), SAXON GWR and FV430 family to meet a number ofsupport functions. Around 1,400 medium mobility, medium protection vehicles will berequired by the UK.It is expected that initial production will be 600 production vehicles (200 for eachcountry), although the potential is for up to at least 3,000 vehicles. Most vehicles will bebuilt in an 8 x 8 configuration although there is a possibility that there may also be somein a 6 x 6 configuration.

PumaThe Puma family, developed by the Consorzio Iveco Fiat - Oto Melara based in Rome,will probably enter into service in 1998 in two basic configurations, a 4x4 and a 6x6version, both capable of a high degree of strategic and tactical mobility and withprotection able to withstand 7.62 mm bullets (12.7 mm on the front section). Thepossibility of mounting them with a range of weapons systems gives them wideflexibility of use. The Puma 4x4 will be used to equip light infantry regiments to increaselevels of protection in territorial defence and peacekeeping operations. The Puma 6x6will be assigned to the cavalry units for tactical reconnaissance tasks. The Puma mayneed additional armors for ballistic protection

SpecificationsPuma 4x4 Puma 6x6

Crew 7, driver plus 6 troops 9, driver plus 8 troops

Combat weight 5.7 tons 7.5 tons

Length 5108 mm 5526 mm

Height 1900 mm 1900 mm

Height 1678 mm 1678 mm

Width 2090 mm 2284 mm

Weapons Missiles TOW anti-tank missilesMachine guns 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm

Armored reconnaissance radar RasitPanzeraufklärungsradar Rasit

Engine performance: 235 KW(320 HP)Weight: approx. 16.7 tMaximum speed: approx. 90km/hOperating range: approx. 800kmErfassungsbereich radarcoverage: to 20,000 mCrew: 4Armament

1 Fla MG 7.62 mm

SabreSabre was brought into service in 1995 using a Scorpion chassis and the 30mm turretfrom CVR(W) Fox. It is almost identical to Scimitar but has a lower profile turret.Equipped with a Rarden Canon and Hughes chain gun, Sabre is used for closereconnaissance.

Length 5.15m; Width 2.17m; Height 2.17m; Weight 8.13 tonnes; Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre; Crew 3; Armament 30mm Rarden Cannon; 7.62 Hughes chain gun.

SamaritanSamaritan is a derivative of the CVR(T) vehicle - it is an armoured ambulance equippedwith stretchers.

Length 5.07m; Width 2.24m; Height 2.42m; Weight 8.66 tonnes; Max Road Speed 72.5kph; Engine - Jaguar 4.2 litre; Crew - Commander, driver, up to 6 casualties; Armament Nil.

SamsonSamson is a derivative of the CVR (T) Vehicle (Combat Vehicle ReconnaissanceTracked) - it is the Armoured Recovery Vehicle for all the vehicles in this class.

Length 4.79m; Width 2.43m; Height 2.25m; Weight 8.74 tonnes; Max Road Speed 72.5kph; Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre; Crew Commander, driver and crew; Armament 7.62mm machine gun.

SaxonSaxon is a wheeled Armoured Personnel Carrier used by mechanised infantry battalions.Capable of travelling across very rough terrain and fording 3 feet of water the vehicle hasexcellent battlefield mobility. Fitted with a 7.62 millimetre machine gun.

Weight 10,670 kg; Length 5.16m; Width 2.48m; Height 2.63m; Ground Clearance (axles) 0.33m; Max Road Speed 96 kph; Max Road Range 510 km; Engine 6-cylinder diesel; Armour proof against 7.62 rounds fired at point blank range; Crew 2 + 10 troops.

ScimitarScimitar is a CVR(T) vehicle (Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance Tracked) with a primaryrole to gather information. Used by medium reconnaissance Regiments and armouredinfantry units for reconnaissance, the vehicle is fitted with a Rarden 30mm cannon forself defence.

Length 4.79m; Width 2.24m; Height 2.10m; Weight 8.07 tonnes; Max Road Speed 80kph; Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre; Crew Commander, gunner, driver; Armament 30mm Rarden Cannon, 7.62 machine gun.

FV 101 CVR(T) ScorpionAlvis has produced a substantial part of the British Army’s tank fleet and has maintainedhigh export levels. Its family of combat vehicles includes the Scorpion, Spartan, Sultan,Samson and Scimitar tanks and also the Saracen armoured personnel carrier and theSaladin armoured vehicle. The ageing Scorpion and Scimitar vehicles did not stand out asefficient machines in the Gulf and Bosnian conflicts.

SpecificationsType Tracked light reconnaissance vehicle

Manufacturer Alvis

Weight 8073 kg

Length 4.79 m

Height 2.1 m

Armor Material Aluminum

Armor Thickness Average of 25mm

Maximum Speed 80.5 kph on-road

Powerplant Perkins T6-3544

Horsepower 200 hp

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/land/row/scorpion-ie.jpg

SK 105 KurassierThis light tank was developed by the Saurer-Werk (today Steyr Daimler-Puch). The firstprototype was ready in 1967 and first production vehicles were delivered in 1971.Although classified as "tank destroyer" [Jagdpanzer] by the Austrian army, SK 105(known as Kurassier) is considered a light tank. Many of its automotive components areidentical to the used ones in the armored troop carrier vehicles of of (APC) built by Steyr,allowing to the users to have an full family of the vehicles based on similar parts, whichfacilitates training and the logistic support. The SK 105 variants include the Greifarmored recovery vehicle, the Pionier engineering vehicle and the driver training vehicle.They are in service in Argentina, Austria, Bolivia, Morocco and Tunisia. The Navy ofBrazil also acquired 17 SK 105 for the Body of Fuzileiros Navais (CFN). Theincorporation of this tank is part of the Program of Reaparelhamento of the Navy forequiping fiflemen with more modern equipment. Production of the SK 105 resumed forBotswana, with an order for 20 brand new vehicles and an option on an additional 30vehicles.

Specifications

origin Austria

Armament

105 mm cannon [3,000 m range]7.62 mma machine gun coaxial one with the mainarmamenttwo smoke projectors on each side of the turret

Length 7.76 m including the main armament5.58 m chassis

Width 2.5 m

Height 2.88 m

Weight 17,500kg

Pressure on ground 0.68 kg/cm2

Motor Steyr 7FA - 6 cylinders, water cooled, superfed, diesel,developing 320 HP (238 KW)

Speed on road 65-68 km/h

range 520 km

Obstaclesvertical: 0.8 m;trench: 2,41 m;slopes: 60 º

SpartanSpartan is a derivative of the CVR(T) vehicle (Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance tracked).Spartan is used by specialist troops which can include Mortar Fire Control Teams, antiaircraft teams equipped with Javelin, or as Engineer Command Vehicles.

Length 5.12m; Width 2.24m; Height 2.26m; Weight 8.17 tonnes; Max Road Speed 80.5kph; Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre; Crew Commander, driver and 5 crew; Armament 7.62mm machine gun.

StrikerStriker is a CVR(T) vehicle with a primary role to destroy enemy armour. Striker carries10 Swingfire anti-tank missiles with a range of up to 4000 metres. Five of these missilesare carried in bins on top of the vehicle, however these need to be reloaded from outsidethe vehicle.

Armament 10 x Swingfire Missiles; 1 x 7.62mm Machine Gun: 2 x 4barrel smoke dischargers;

Engine Jaguar 4.2 litre; Max Road Speed 80kph; Length 4.8m; Height 2.2m; Width 2.2m.

SultanSultan is the Command and Control variant of the CVR(T) family of vehicles whichcame into service in 1972. Light and highly mobile, Sultan is used as a Command orHeadquarters vehicle in armoured and armoured reconnaissance formations.

Length of barrel 4.8m; Width 2.25m; Height 2.56m; Weight 8.66 tonnes; Engine Jaguar J60: Crew 6

Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB)The Véhicule de l'Avant Blindé (VAB) is the basic vehicle of the regiments of infantry. Itis characterized by its simplicity, its great mobility, and its comfort on any ground. It isan armoured vehicle with wheels which can be adapted to various employments, and ischaracterized by: a good aptitude for displacement in varied ground and NBCenvironment, an amphibious capacity, a range of 1000 km, and the possibility of transportby airplane. The VAB can transport 10 combatants, and the personnel are protected fromthe projectiles perforating from 7.62mm rounds to 100 m, and from anti-personnel mines.For ground and anti-aircraft self-defence a 7.62mm machine gun is mounted on acircular-shield in the forward right of the vehicle carrying 3000 cartridges.

More than 5,000 VABs in various versions are in service with 15 armies. The VAB hasbeen used in numerous military operations, and has played an important peace-keepingrole in several parts of the world. It is undergoing continuous technical upgradeprogrammes.

Specificationslength 5,94 m

width 2,49 m

height 2,06 m

ground clearance 0.40 m

Mass 13 T

Speed maximum: 90 km/hwatery: 2,2 m/s

Driving diesel 6 cylinders on line, 220 CH of power2 hydrojets with directional deflectors

Autonomy 1000 km

Quantity of fuel 310 gas oil

Possibility of tractor drawing a trailer of total mass of4 TPossibility of negotiating slopes of 60% and cants of30%.

The Véhicule Blindé Léger (VBL) corresponds to a new tactical need with wheelsdiscrete and general-purpose having amphibians and NBC capacities. It is conceived tocombine with the agility of the jeep a sufficient protection against the battlefield and thedangers of NBC attack. The VBL is planned for two versions: reconnaissance and anti-tank combat. It must be able to carry out in an autonomous way the missions ofreconnaissance and infiltration, and to ensure the environment of the future. The versionwith anti-tank devices will be capable of shooting MILAN with 6 missiles, 7.62 mmautomatic arms with 2000 rounds, or 7.62 mm automatic arms with 3000 rounds.crew:3 in version anti-tank device: head of machine, pilot, gunner MILAN2 in version light

dimensions:length: 3.84 moverall width: 2.02 mheight: 1.70 mground clearance: 0.35 m

masses (combat without option): 3.8t.power unit: engine XD 3t compressed turbo Peugeot-diesel,power of 95 CH DIN (70 kW),couple 21 mdaN with 2250 rpm torque converter withautomatic box with 3 box reports/ratios of tranfert with 2 ratios(road-ground)

amphibious system of propulsion: propulsion by propellers (option)

fuel rating: 28 ch/t fuel: 75 gas oil L out of tank 20 Lautonomy: 600 kmspeed:average on road: 70 km/h maximumstabilized speed of 60 km/hon water with propellers: 5.4 km/h

VCC-1 Camallino Armored CombatVehicleVCC-1 Camallino Armored Combat Vehicle was developed for the Italian Army byOTO-Breda. It is a modernized and highly modified version of the American M-113armored personnel carrier. Systems & Electronics Inc has produced the TOW Under-Armour (TUA) turret on the VCC-1 chassis for Saudi Arabia.

SpecificationsLength 5040 milimeter

Width 2680 milimeter

Height 2080 milimeter

armament main: 1 mtr.da 12.7 milimeter;secondary: 1 mtr. from 7.62

Crew 1 pilot

slope max 60%

Transport 8 men

Autonomy 450 km

Speed max 64 km/h

VCC 80 Dardo [Dart]VCC 80 Dardo HITFISTThe Italian Army has decided to procure two types of combat vehicle, tracked main battletanks and wheeled armoured vehicles. To meet the specifications for vehicles forintervention in classic battlefield operations a new infantry fighting vehicle has beendeveloped. The Dardo infantry fighting vehicle is an Italian combat tank and a motorisedpersonnel carrier. In service with the Italian Army, it will replace the VCC (modernizedM-113). It has automatic fire control and passive night vision capabilities, and it isplanned to develop a variety of different versions (combat engineers, recovery,transmissions, antiaircraft, etc.).

It can accommodate a 3 + 7 crew and is armed with a 25 mm cannon, a launcher eitherside of the turret for a Hughes TOW ATGW and a fire control system with a laserrangefinder. It is produced by the Iveco-Fiat-Oto Melara 50/50 joint venture, aconsortium set up in 1985 to produce combat vehicles, with plants in Bolzano (Iveco) andLa Spezia (Oto Melara). Iveco produces engines, spare parts, suspension systems, tracksand the hull for the wheeled vehicles, and Oto Melara the weaponry, fire-control system,turrets and optical systems and hulls for the tracked vehicles. The Dardo HITFISTvehicle is a development of the VCC-80 infantry fighting vehicle. Image 2: Vcc 80 Dart.Crew: 9 Weight: 23 ton. Dimensions: 6.70 Xs 3 Xs 2.70 ms. Armament:. Motor: Iveco of520 Cv. Transmission: Automatic. Suspension: Barras of torsion and shock absorbers.Traction: Caterpillars. Benefits: V. Maxima, 70 Km/h; Autonomy, 600 Km;

SpecificationsCountry of origin Italy

Weight 23 tons

Height to top ofchassis 1.750 m

Height to top of turret 2.64 m

Length 6.7 m

Width 3.0 m

Crew 9 (driver, commander, gunner and six troops)

Maximum speed more than 70 km/hour

MobilityFording, 1.5 mCrossing of ditches, 2.5 mVertical obstacle, 0.85 m

Main gun 25 mm Oerlikon KBA automatic stabilised cannon

Ammunition 200 rounds ready to fire

Machine guns 2 x 7.62 mm NATO

Antitank guidedweapon launchers 2 xTOW optional

Engine Iveco 6v Diesel

VextraThe new generation Vextra 8x8 wheeled armoured vehicle has a high level of ballisticprotection and strong growth potential. Its mobility over difficult terrains has beendemonstrated in recent trials. The private venture Giat Industries VEXTRA high-mobilitychassis is being marketed for a number of roles, having first been shown fitted with theGiat Industries Dragar turret armed with a 25 mm cannon, The firepower of the Vextra105 version, with its stabilized 105 mm turret, enables it to engage tanks.

SpecificationsCountry of Origin France

Builder Giat Industries

Armament 105mm

Panhard M3 VTT (APC)

SpecificationsCountry of origin: France

Source

Crew 2 + Infantry Section

Armament 2 x 7.62mm MAG

WarriorWarrior is an armoured combat vehicle. It is NBC proof,and a full range of night vision equipment is included asstandard. Warrior is part of a family of seven variantswhich include a Milan carrier, a mechanised recoveryvehicle, an engineer combat version and an artillerycommand vehicle. Warrior has excellent cross countrymobility and is armed with a 30 mm Rarden cannon.Used by armoured infantry battalions, Royal Artilleryand Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers.

The GKN Defence Warrior Armoured Combat Vehicle was accepted for service with theBritish Army in November 1984 and production began in 1986. The original order of 1053 vehicles has now been reduced to 789, with the final delivery in 1995. The Warrior,as it is normally called, has a combat weight of 25.7 tonnes, a maximum speed of 75km/h(48 km/h in reverse) a maximum road range of 660 km and is able to mount 60%gradients and 40% side slopes. It is armed with both a 30 mm L21 Rarden cannon and a7.62 mm machine gun and smoke laying equip-ment consisting of 2 x 4 smoke grenadedis-chargers. It can carry a crew of 3 + 7. Warrior took part in Operation Desert Storm inearly 1991, where six variants were deployed .

SpecificationsWeight loaded 24,500kg

Length 6.34m

Height to turret top 2.78m

Width 3.0m

Max Road Speed 75kph

Road Range 500km

Engine Rolls Royce CV8 diesel

Crew 3 (carries 7 infantry soldiers)

Armament 30mm Rarden cannonCoaxial 7.62mm Hughes Chain Gun

Weapon carrier weasel 1 MK/TOWWaffenträger Wiesel 1 MK/TOW

Engine performance: 64 KW(87 HP)Weight: approx. 2.75 tMaximum speed: approx. 80km/hOperating range: approx. 730kmCrew: 2Armament:

Mounted automaticcannon 20 mmAntitank defense guidedmissile TOW

LKW gl leicht WolfInterim Fast Attack Vehicles (IFAV)The Marine Corp's Interim Fast Attack Vehicle (IFAV) is a DaimlerChrysler model ofthe Mercedes-Benz MB 290 GD 1.5 ton truck off-road vehicle built as the WolfGelaendegaengige Kleinfahrzeuge {small all terrain vehicle} for the GermanBundeswehr. First deployed to a US Marine unit in November 1999, the IFAV replacesits early 1980s counterpart, the M-151 Fast Attack Vehicle, which previously served as asmaller attack version of the humvee. Of major importance to Marine commanders is theincreased offensive power the IFAV offers. A primary advantage of the IFAV is itsability to be transported internally by Marine Corps’ workhorse aircraft, to include theCH-46 Sea Knight, CH-53 Sea Stallion, and in the future, the V-22 Osprey. Otherimprovements to the IFAV have made it far superior to the M-151 in most respects. TheM-151 didn’t quite have the mobility, speed, or durability to get Marines into theenvironments they will need to be in during the 21st century. The M-151’s tendency totip over as well as the fact that it used flammable unleaded fuel, made it a safety liability.Run by safer diesel fuel and equipped with greater handling ability, the IFAV appears tobe tailor-made for the Marine Corps.

EryxEryx is a Short Range Anti-Armour Weapon (Heavy) or SRAAW(H). It is a portablesystem including the firing post, the tripod, the Mirabel thermal imager and the missiletube. It provides the infantry section and the armoured reconnaissance assault troop withan improved capability in accuracy and penetration. Fired from the shoulder or using thetripod, Eryx can defeat all modern static or moving tanks. With its tandem high explosivewarhead, it is effective against bunkers, earth works, and armour targets even whenequipped with explosive reactive armour (ERA). Eryx can operate in all weatherconditions, in normal battlefield smoke and at night. Its high flexibility allows it tooperate in open ground, wooded zones or an enclosed space in built-up areas. It can betransported in most Canadian combat vehicles. A practice inert missile is also availablefor training.

Basic training is conducted by using the Eryx video interactive gunnery simulator(EVIGS). The Eryx precision gunnery simulator (EPGS) is another simulator used foradvanced training.

Crew

1 gunner and 1 loader

Characteristics

Calibremissile:main warhead:

137.4 mm136 mm

Warhead: Tandem shaped charges highexplosive (HE)

Weightfiring post:tripod:thermal imager:missile tube: in

tactical container:

5 kg5 kg3.5 kg12.5 kg

Range: 50 m to 600 m

Time of flight tomaximum range:

4.3 seconds

Guidance: optically tracked, single wiresemi-automatic command to lineof sight

Control: thrust vector controlled

Missile velocityat launch:at 600 m:

18 m/s245 m/s

Rate of fire: 5 missiles in two minutes

Operatingconditions:

-31°C to +51°C

Sights: optical and thermal imagery

Manufacturers

Eryx:Mirabel thermal imager:EVIGS:EPGS:

Aerospatiale, FranceTCO/Asaca, Montreal, CanadaSimtran, Montreal, CanadaLockheed Martin Solartron Systems, United Kingdom

MilanThe joint venture Euromissile was created in 1972 by Germany's Daimler-BenzAerospace (DASA) and France's Aerospatiale SA. Since the mid-1970s, and to this day,its Milan and Hot anti-tank weapons and the Roland surface-to-air system have beenhighly successful. Milan is a second generation anti-tank weapon, the result of a jointdevelopment between France and West Germany with British Milan launchers andmissiles built under licence in the UK. The Milan consists of two main components, thelauncher and the missile; these are simply clipped together to prepare the system for use.On firing, the operator has only to keep his aiming mark on the target and the SemiAutomatic Command to Line of Sight (SACLOS) guidance system will do the rest. Themissile is guided for its entire trajectory by an automatic device of remote control usingthe infra-red radiation (MILAN 1) or an electronic-flash lamp (MILAN 2). Milan, whichwas initially developed for the French and German infantry, is now in service in 41countries all over the world. The new-generation weapon Milan 3 has been in servicesince 1996.

SpecificationsContractor

Entered Service

Max Range 2,000m;

Min Range 400m;

Length 918mm;

Weight 6.73kg;

Diameter 125mm;

Wing Span 267mm;

Rate of Fire 3-4rpm;

WarheadWeight 2.70kg;Diameter 115mm;Explosive Content 1.79kg;

Firing Post

Weight 16.4kg;

Length 900mm;

Height 650mm;

Width 420mm;

Armour Penetration 352mm;

Time of Flight to 12.5secs;

Max Range

Missile Speed 720kph;

Guidance Semi-Automatic command to line of sight by meansof wire guidance link.

105mm Light GunThe 105mm Lt gun is a versatile, airportable and airmobileartillery piece which can be carried around the battle fieldunderslung from a Puma or Chinook. Used by theParachute and Commando Field Artillery Regiments of theBritish Army. In service since 1975 it has replaced the105mm Pack Howitzer. Robust and reliable, the gunproved its worth in the Falklands, firing up to 400 roundsper day.

Crew 6; Weight 1,858 kg; Length 8.8m; Width 1.78m; Height 2.13m; Ammunition HE, Smoke, Illuminating, Target Marking; Maximum Range (HE) 17.2 kms; Anti Tank Range 800m; Muzzle Velocity 709m/s; Shell Weight HE 15.1 kg; Rate of Fire 6 rpm.

FH-70 - 155mm HowitzerA towed howitzer capable of moving itself by an auxiliary power unit. The maximumrange is about 30 km. First delivered to the British Army in 1978, the howitzer is inservice with two regiments, and is also used by Japan. Designed to enable NATO forcesto use the 155mm round which is capable of disrupting massed armoured formations. Thegun is normally towed into action, but in emergencies can use a small petrol enginemounted on the gun to move short distances on the battlefield.

SpecificationsCrew 8

Weight

Height 2.56m

Engine Volkswagen 1,795cc petrol

LENGTH OVERALL 9,800mm (travelling)12,400mm (firing)

BARREL LENGTH 6,022mm

Height 2.56m

MAX WEIGHT about 9,600kg8,800 kg (in firing position)

SHELL LOADINGSYSTEM automatic

CALIBRE 155mm

Ammunition HE, Smoke, Illuminating

Maximum Range 30 km (RAP)24 km

Shell Weight (HE) 43.5kg

RATE OF FIRE 6 rounds per min.

Engine Volkswagen 1,795cc petrol

FH 77 155 mm Field Howitzer SystemThe FH 77 is still one of the world's most revolutionary towed field artillery systems. Ithas an on-mount auxiliary power unit (APU) that gives the system its self-propelledcapability and supplies power to the hydraulically supported operations, making it easy tohandle. It also has the unique advantage of having a fully integrated land navigationsystem that gives the coordinates of the gun position and automatic alignment of thebarrel.

The FH77 B is now integrated with a 6x6 all-terrain vehicle making it an extremelypowerful, highly mobile artillery system. It's into-action time is less than 50 s. Anartillery sequence: into action; fire 8 rounds; out of action and move 500 m takes lessthan 3 minutes. The gun has a range of 30 km, it can fire 3 rounds within 13 s and a hassustained rate of fire of 8 rounds/minute. On the move the gun crew is transported in anarmoured cabin. The on-mount ammunition boxes, in effect magazines, have the samelevel of protection as the crew compartment. The FH77 B has its own land navigationsystem, eliminating surveying and alignment and the complete system has very low LCC.

Field howitzer 155 mm FH 155-1Feldhaubitze 155 mm FH155-1

Engine performance (auxiliarydrive): 49 KW (65 HP)Weight: approx. 9,6tGroup of cannons: 7Armament:

Combat distance: to24,700 mCadence: 6round(s)/min.

155 TRacté model F1The artillery gun 155 TRacté model F1, intended to equip regiments of infantry, ischaracterized by good strategic mobility, great fire power, and a simple implementation.This rapid-fire 155 mm gun is a double trail configuration with a swivelling platform. Itsbarrel of 40 calibers is the same one as that is used on the 155 mm AUF vehicle. It istractor drawn by a truck [TRM 10000] equipped with a crane for handling of the palletsof ammunition. The maximum range is of 24 km with the high-explosive shells Mle F1,30 km are envisaged with ammunition with extended range. A hydraulic mechanism ofassistance to the loading of the shell makes it possible to draw 3 shots in 15 seconds, or 6rounds per minute during 10 minutes, or 120 rounds during one hour. In the event ofbreakdown of this device, the shooting is still possible in manual loading, but at reducedrate. Secondary armament consists of a machine-gun of 12,7mm on the tractor TRM10000, and able to carry out anti-aircraft shootings and with ground. A crew of 8 men: 1head of part, 1 pointer, 1 charger, 2 providers, 2 bomb disposal experts, 1 conductortractor of part.The setting out of battery is carried out in less than 5 minutes, and the output of battery in2 minutes thanks to the hydraulic system. The pointing is hydraulic in direction andheight. In the event of breakdown, this one is possible in range, for example byconnecting the hydraulic devices of the gun to those of the tractor. The gun can onlymove, at reduced speed (7 km/h to the maximum), to join its position of part, by using ahydraulic transmission driven by a thermal engine. It can cross slopes of 60% and thefords of 1.20 m.The gun can fire all French ammunition as well as foreign rounds. Its normal ammunitionis the high-explosive shell Mle F1. The propelling loads are consulted by combustiblecartridges (in fabric ouen celluloid). The gun can also draw the combustible casing fromCN 155 and the cartridges of the 155 automouvant F3.Length attachment: 17,35 mLength gun in position of road: 8,76 mMass tractor in load: 19 tonsMasses gun: 10 tonsSpeed on road: 80 km/hCapacity of carrying of the tractor: 48 rounds of 155 mm - 24 onpallets - 24 in rack.Initial speed in maximum loading: 830 m/sCarried maximum: existing shell: OE 155 Mle F1 = 24 kmshell with wide range: 30 km (approximately)vertical Field of fire: 90 m to 1170 m

AS 90 155mm - Self Propelled HowitzerFirst delivered to the British Army in 1993, the AS90equips 5 field regiments, replacing the Abbot and M109.AS90 is equipped with a 155mm gun which fires theNATO L15 unassisted projectile out to a range of 24.7kms. Fitted with autonomous navigation and gun layingsystem (AGLS), AS90 can work independently ofexternal sighting references. Central to the system is aninertial Dynamic Reference Unit (DRU). All main turretfunctions are controlled by a Turret Control Computer

(TCC). This technology allows AS90 a burst fire capability of 3 rounds in 10 seconds.

Crew 5; Length 9.07m: Width 3.3m; Height 3.0m overall; Armour 17mm; Calibre 155mm; Range (39 cal) 24.7 kms (52 cal) 30 kms; Rate of Fire 3 rounds in 10 secs (burst) 6 rounds per minute (intense) 2 rounds per

minute (sustained); Secondary Armament 7.62mm MG; Ammunition Carried 48 x 155 mm projectiles and charges (31 turret & 17 hull); Engine turbo-charged V8 diesel 600hp; Max Speed 53 kph; Road Range 420 kms.

AUF-1 Canon de 155 AUtomoteur modèleF1The 155-mm automatic cannon AUF-1 is intended to equip forces with armoured artilleryto ensure the missions of support of direct and indirect fire. The 155-mm gun isassembled from a turret on the chasis of the AMX 30, providing mobility close to that ofthis battle tank. The range of the gun of 39 calibers makes it possible to reach 23.5 kmwith normal ammunition and 30 km with wide range ammunition. The system can as wellfire all the ammunition of 155 mm, French as foreign. Its normal ammunition is the high-explosive shell with hollow base. The propelling loads are consisted combustible casingscontaining of the powder sachets. The initial speed in maximum loading is 810 m/s. Thevehicle is capable of carrying 42 complete rounds: 7 racks of 6 shells, 7 racks of 6combustible casings. Restocking of ammunition can be realized in fifteen minutes with 4men. The pace of firing with an automatic attachment feeding in ammunition, usingcombustible casings, allows to firing 6 shots in 45 seconds and 12 shots in 2 minutes. Inthe event of breakdown partial or total of this device, firing is still possible manually butat reduced rate. Protection counters Chemical, Bacteriological and Nuclear effects(N.B.C.) thanks to the sealing of the turret, as well as projectiles of light automaticweapons. The secondary armament is a 12.7-mm machine gun on circular being able tocarry out anti-aircraft and ground fire.

SpecificationsCrew 4 men: 1 commander, 1 pointer, 1 bomb disposal

expert-charger, 1 pilot.

mass 43 T

maximum speed 60 km/h

field of fire indirection 360°

field of fire in height 5° with +66°

time of setting out ofbattery 2 to 3 mn

time of output ofbattery 2 to 5 mn

response time 2 to 3 mn

change of position ofone 1/2 range 50 mn with 1 H

Rangeshell with hollow base: 23,5 kmshell of 155 56/69: 21,5 kmshell with wide range: 30 km

CaesarAn innovative 155 mm system fitted with a NATO standard 52 calibre barrel, CAESAR(CAmion Equipe d'un Systeme d'ARtillerie) stands out for its high firepower andstrategic mobility. This Giat Industries private venture mounts a 155 mm/52 calibre on amodified German Mercedes-Benz UNIMOG (6 x 6) cross-country truck chassis.Compared with other self-propelled artillery systems, it has greater strategic mobility, hasa maximum road range of 600 km, and can be rapidly deployed to a far off theatre ofoperations by transport aircraft such as the C130 Hercules.

SpecificationsCountry of Origin France

Builder Giat Industries

Armament 155mm

PzH 2000 (Panzerhaubitze 2000)The German PzH 2000 (Panzerhaubitze 2000) is Germany's next generation 155-millimeter self-propelled howitzer, and is among the most capable howitzers. Therequired range of 30 km with standard NATO- ammunition or almost 40 km with assistedammunition is achieved by the newly developed 52 cal. 155 mm armament, and also bythe new Modular Charge System (MTLS). Continued use of the in-service bag charges isalso possible. The 155mm armament is automatically laid at high speed and precision, itsposition is checked after every fired round and, if necessary, it is relayed automatically.The automatic shell loading system includes different semi- automatic and manual back-up modes, an automatic primer magazine, and automatic inductive fuze setting. A hybridGlobal Positioning System [GPS] navigation system is used for navigating anddetermining the position of the gun barrel. An on-board ballistic computer with a radiodata link to an external fire control command post enables the gun to conduct firemissions quickly and independently from any unprepared firing position after receivingtarget position and ammunition data. The PzH 2000 is also able to automatically lay itsmain armament in accordance with laying and ammunition data radio transmitted by afire control command postThe PzH 2000 155mm self propelled howitzer was developed by Krauss Maffei -Wegmann and Co GmbH for the German Army. In 1986 Italy, the United Kingdom, andGermany, agreed to terminate the trilateral cooperation on the PzH 155-1 (SP 70)program, and German industry was asked to submit bid proposals for PzH 155 mm(front-driven). Wegmann received a contract in March 1996 for production of 185 units[out of an eventual total of 594] with deliveries between 1998 and 2002 for use in the"crisis reaction forces" (KRK) as well as for first deployment in the Main Forces.Wegmann & Co GmbH, Kassel and Krauss-Maffei Wehrtechnik GmbH, Munich, the twokey players on the German and international market for military land vehicles on tracksand wheels have merged in 1998.

Wegmann anticipates that there is an international market as ageing US-developedM109s, towed howitzers, and former Eastern bloc equipments requires replacement.NATO standardization requirements as well as the Joint Ballistic Memorandum ofUnderstanding endorsed by France, Germany, Italy, United Kingdom and the UnitedStates are met, which ensures interoperability of the PzH 2000 and the interchangeabilityof ammunition. It is the objective of Wegmann´s international marketing efforts tointerest additional allied and friendly armies in the PzH 2000 with the intention ofintroducing and procuring this weapon system jointly with the German artillery. A largerprocurement quantity will result in a lower unit price in Germany as well as a moreattractive competitive price on the world market.

The PzH 2000 is an improvement over the US Paladin, but it does not meet all of theAmerican Crusader's requirements. The PzH 2000 is configured as a typical howitzer,with the majority of the crew located in the weapons compartment [the Crusader vehicleshave separate crew and weapons compartments, which allows additional armor to beplaced around the crew compartment and provides better protection from hits in the

weapons compartment]. PzH 2000 contractor officials have said that they could developan automated resupply vehicle based on the PzH 2000 chassis and modify the PzH 2000howitzer to meet all of the Crusader key requirements and many of the other Crusaderrequirements. A modified PzH 2000 howitzer and an automated PzH 2000-basedresupply vehicle each would require a crew of three--the same crew size as the Crusadervehicles are expected to require. However, a modified PzH 2000 howitzer would stillhave crew located in the weapons compartment and the associated adverse impact onsurvivability.

SpecificationsCountry of origin Germany

Crew 3+2 (3 men sufficient for operation)

Weight < 55 tons / MLC 60 tons

Length 11.669 m (overall) 7.920 m (hull)

Width 3.58 m

Heigth 3.06 m (turret roof)

Clearance 0.44m

Armament 1 X 155 / L 521 X 7.62 mm.

Ammunition 60 shells, 288 uni-charge modules or equivalent bagcharges

Resupply 60 complete rounds by 2 crew members in less than 10minutes 50 seconds

Elevation -2.5° to +65°; n x 360°

Maximum Range30 km with standard NATO-projectiles36.5km with base-bleed ammunition [proven]up to 40 km with assisted projectiles

Rate of Fire

3 rounds less than 10 seconds10 rounds per minute (for 1 minute)20 rounds less than 2 minutes 10 seconds8 rounds per minute (for 3 minutes)3 rounds per minute sustained rate of fire untilsystem is out of ammunition

Rearm time less than 11 minutes

Engine 736 KW - power pack V8 diesel

Power to weight ratio 13.4 KW / t

Transmission Automatic

Suspension torsion bar and shock absorbers

Traction Caterpillars

Speed60 Km/h Highway speed45 Km/h Cross-country speed750 meters 90-second survival dash speed

Cruising range > 420 km

Maximum gradient 50%

Fording ability 1.5 m

Crossing of ditches 3 ms

Vertical obstacle 1 m

Rocket launcher 110 SF 2Raketenwerfer 110 SF 2

Engine performance: 235 KW(320 HP)Weight: approx. 17.5 tMaximum speed: 90 km/hOperating range: 550 kmGroup of throwers: 3Armament:

Caliber of 110 mmRange of fire: 14,000 mRate of fire: 36Schuss/18 sec..

Lance-Roquettes Multiple (LRM)The Lance-Roquettes Multiple (LRM) multiple lanch rocket system is a complete unitincluding a launcher, adapted ammunition, systems of management and datatransmission, as well as specific means of acquisition. The LRM is intended to destroythe armoured unfavourable targets, to slow down the adversary, to neutralize the forces ofsupport and support, and to stop the second level. The launcher of the LRM can containtwelve rockets, or two ATACMS missiles. A whole of electronic cases specialized in facta modular system of simple design and easy support.The pods of ammunition are conveyed by the logistic freight vehicle (VTL). The liftingarm of the LRM allows the installation, demounting, the installation and the locking ofbaskets in the container-launcher.The localization and the orientation of the LRM is ensured by an inertial power stationwith two axes (determining a direction), coupled to an odometer (measuring the distancescovered) and connected to the central computer. Retimings of the power station arerequested automatically from the operator. The central computer manages the whole ofthe functions and defines the parameters of shooting by means of software: course of thelauncher, layer and rise of shooting, vent rocket, a number of points concerned andconsumption. It is assisted by a unit specialized in the management of the parameters ofshooting and the data of position coming from the inertial power station; this unitconveys the commands of shooting to the rockets and supervises their report of status.The pointing, in site and direction, is carried out automatically for each departure ofrocket. The average interval between two firings of rockets is 4.5 seconds. It can be alittle as two seconds, or at will increased. The manual mode gives to the operator all thedesired flexibility: isolated shooting, salvo of three launches, selection of the rockets, etc.The LRM and its ammunition are protected from NBC attacks.The ammunition is delivered from a container-launcher of 6 rockets, transported by truckof 10 tons (24 rockets per truck). The grenade rocket M 26: length: 394 m gauge: 227mm mass: 310 kg This rocket are equipped with a powder booster. It is stabilized in flightby rotation and spreadable wings. The warhead consists of six hundred and quarante-quatre grenades for double purpose, anti-personnel and anti-tank light. These grenadesare dispersed on more than two thousand square meters. The capacity of perforation is 70mm steel. The range of the dangerous fragments is thirty meters. A rocket regulateddirectly by the computer of the launcher starts a load of discharge to disperse thegrenades above the objective. The grenade rockets, currently in service, have as a role todestroy either fixed objectives, slightly armoured and of capital importance for the enemyoperation, or of the deployed units. The PC, the batteries of artillery, the centers logistic,the radiant sites, the zones to pose and of supply for helicopters are thus its top prioritymaximum range higher than 30 km.

Ammunition in service in the American army includes the rocket with mines AT-2:length: 3,94 m gauge: 237 mm mass: 260 kg submunitions: a few tens AT-2 anti-tankdevice carried maximum range of about 40 km. This rocket is developed from the missileATACMS (Army Tactical Missile System). The ATACMS is a semi-ballistic missileintended to destroy, break or delay the unfavourable forces of the second level. It carries

some thousand bombs of one kilo of anti-personnel and antimateriel capacity. Thepreferential objectives of this system of weapons are the sites of ground-to-groundmissile and ground-to-air, the centers of command, the elements logistic, and the nodes oftransmissions. The rocket with terminal guidance has the same ballistic characteristics asthe rocket AT 2. Each rocket comprises several submunitions. Its submunitions aredesigned to detect, identify, attack and destroy targets.

Mass: machine alone: 14 tons machine and artillery: 19,5 tons machine in command ofcombat: 24,5 tons Speed: 48 km/h in 20 seconds, and 70 km/h of maximum speedDimensions: length: 6,7 m width: 2,7 m height: 2,97 m Give rhythm shooting: 12 rocketsin less than 1 minute

Rocket launcher MARSRaketenwerfer MARS

Weight (load): approx. 24 tMaximum speed: 64 km/hOperating range: 480 kmCrew: 3Armament:

Caliber of 230 mmRange of fire: dependingupon ammunition sort to39,000 mRate of fire: 12Schuss/50 sec..

Air defense cannon tank GepardFlugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard

Engine performance: 610 KW(830 HP)Weight: approx. 47 tMaximum speed: approx. 60km/hOperating range: 420 kmCrew: 3Armament:

Twin mountedautomatic cannon 35 mmRate of fire 550 shot foreach tubing/min.Combat distance: 3,500m

JavelinJavelin is a short-range, shoulder launched, close airdefence guided weapon system. Its primary role is theprotection of combat units and static locations againstlow level air attack. Javelin is an evolution of theBlowpipe system. It is carried in a Land-Rover and traileror a Spartan, but is manportable over short distances.Being replaced by Starstreak HVM.

Length 1.4m; Missile Diameter 76cm; Missile Weight 11.1 kgs; Max Range 4.5 kms; Warhead Weight 2.72 kgs; Max Altitude 3,000 feet; Max Speed Mach 1.7 +, Fuse Proximity or Impact; Guidance SACLOS; Mount Man Portable.

MistralThe Mistral, a fire and forget missile, equipped with a high technology infrared hominghead, is fully autonomous after firing. Lightweight (20 kg), it reaches a speed of morethan 800m/second (Mach 2.5) and its guidance accuracy, its manoeuvrability and its laserproximity or impact fuse triggered 3 kg warhead, ensure exceptional effectiveness againstaircraft, helicopters and anti-ship missiles. More than 600 MISTRAL missiles have beenfired under operational conditions with a success rate over 92%. Some 15,000 missileshave been ordered by eight European countries, eight in Asia-Pacific, four in SouthAmerica and three in the Middle-East.

SpecificationsDate Deployed 1988

Range 5 km ( at 4 km effective against helicopters )

Speed 1492 knots

Propulsion two stage solid propellant boost motor

Guidance All-aspect Infra-red

Warhead 3 kg HE tungsten ball

Fuze Laser proximity

Launch Weight 18 kg

Length 1.80 m

Diameter 90mm

Fin Span 180mm

Rapier Field Standard C (FSC)The Rapier FSC system provides a Low Level AirDefence (LLAD) capability over the battlefield. It consistsof a launcher with 8 ready to fire missiles and an electro-optical tracker (shown). Each fire unit can cover an AirDefence Area (ADA) of approximately 100 square kms.

Guidance Semi Automatic to line Sight (SACLOS): Missile Diameter 13.3 cm; Missile Length 2.35m; Rocket Solid Fueled; Warhead High Explosive; Launch Weight 42kg; Speed Mach 2+; Ceiling 3,000m; Maximum Range Around 8 kms; Fire Unit Height 2.13m; Fire Unit Weight 1,227kg; Radar Height (in action) 3.37m; Radar Weight 243kg; Generator Height 0.91m.

RolandThe ROLAND 2 weapon system is intended for anti-aircraft defence of armoured andmechanized the units to counter aircraft flying to nearly Mach 1.5 and hoveringhelicopters. ROLAND is generally employed either in complement of the coverage ofHAWK defense of zones and corridors not defended by the HAWK, or in prolongation ofthe HAWK front. ROLAND ensures the overall defense of a zone of 100 km2 vis-a-vis athreat consisted by a patrol of 4 planes or 2 patrols acting at more than 20 secondintervals. Deployed on a tracked vehicle derived from the tank AMX 30, it comprises aradar with a range of 16 km, a sighting tube with an infra-red locator that measures thedifference between the missile in flight and the line of sight of the fire control radar, anda computer antenna for remote control

Two arm-beams for launching carry each one a missile in its launching tube, and twoammunition stores for munitions each contain one 4 shot mechanism forautomaticunloading of the arm-beam. The crew of the vehicle consists of three man.

Three operating modes are available in the ROLAND 2: the optical mode; the moderadar; and the optical mode recopy-radar or radar-recopy-optics. Whatever operatingmode is chosen, the target is detected by the radar, search in site and the continuation ofthe target after acquisition is carried out manually in radar mode. In the third mode, oneof the means of continuation is controlled to the different one, which facilitates theircommunication. After the firing, the optics or the radar remain pointed at the target, thecomputer generates the commands for guidance by using two different groups ofmeasurements: starting from the measurement angular velocities of pointing andprogrammed values of the distance precise alignment is obtained while adding to theresult preceding the commands necessary to the correction by the real variations of themissile compared to the axis of aiming measured by the infra-red goniometer (opticalmode), or compared to the direction of the target the commands are transmitted to themissile by the transmitter of remote control.

The missile is ready with the shooting inside its container (tactical packing), itself placedunder the arms launchers of the tank. The vehicle has two missiles ready for firing andeight in the trunks.

The American ROLAND program was canceled in September 1981. Previously, low-rateproduction (LRP) had been approved in FY 79 and FY 80. The initial LRP contracts werelet in October 1979, with planned procurement based upon the eventual production of fireunits and missiles to support a four-battalion force structure concept. Subsequent budgetdecisions by President Carter reduced quantities at first to a two-battalion force, then toone battalion. The DOD budget approved by President Reagan in March 1981 originallyredirected the program back to four battalions, until it was decided to terminate thiseffort.

Specifications

Surface to Air (SAM) Roland II

Rangemaximum: 6 000 mminimal: 700 to 2 000 m according to theCeiling

Altitude, (m) 5,500

Basic load on vehicle 10 missiles(2 per launcher)

Detection range, km 16.5Reaction time, sec 4-10

Firing time, sec 1st shooting: 8 to 10 secondslater shooting: 2 to 6 seconds

Speed Mach 1.6Reload time approximately 10 secondProbability of hit 80%Warhead HE hollow chargeCommand guidance RF SACLOS or CLOS

Radar(s)

Siemens/Thomson-CSF D-band pulse-Dopplersearch radar,Thomson-CSF J-Band monopulse Dopplertracking radar

Emplace/displace time(min) 3

Support vehicles NoneChassis AMX-30 , Marder APC, trucks, or in fixed shelters

Starstreak HVMStarstreak HVM (High Velocity Missile) continues thedevelopment path of both Blowpipe and Javelin. It canbe shoulder launched, fired from the LightweightMultiple Launcher (LML) or vehicle borne on the AlvisStormer APC which has an 8 round launcher (12 reloadmissiles can be carried inside the vehicle). Starstreak isdesigned to counter threats from very high performancelow flying aircraft and fast pop-up type strikes by attackhelicopters.

Missile Length 1.39m; Missile Diameter 0.27m; Missile Speed Mach 3+; Max Range 5 kms; Min Range 300m

The missile is boosted to maximum velocity by a two-stage propulsion system at whichpoint three darts, each with an impact fuze, are released and are guided on to the target bythe operator. HVM offers a high kill probability against fixed- and rotary-wing targetsincluding pop-up helicopters. While the SL and LML configurations provide greatflexibility in terms of deployment options, the Army’s highly mobile, armoured vehicle-based SP version has been specifically designed to provide close air defence of armouredformations.

Air Defence Alerting Device

The Air Defence Alerting device is a passive air defence alerter designed to work inconjunction with the HVM missile system. Operating as an infra red search and trackingsystem in the 8 - 14 micron waveband, the alerter is designed to operate against low andfast moving fixed wing aircraft, as well as the latest generation of attack helicopters. Thealerter can be ground mounted to support shoulder launched / LML HVM or vehiclemounted on the Stormer HVM vehicle.

TRIDONThe TRIDON Air Defence Gun System is a 40 mm VSHORAD development concept inseveral configurations. TRIDON can also be a cost-effective upgrading alternative andhas been configured to meet and destroy the air threat wherever it appears. It is a highfire-power, highly mobile autonomous 40 mm gun system mounted on a 6x6 all-terrainchassis. The system concept gives short reaction time, high firing endurance anddeployment in less than 60 seconds.

Everyting required to combat the enemy, from command and control to ammunition andspares is carried on mount. And with Bofors 40 mm 3P ammunition it can take on almostany threat and defeat lightly armoured vehicles, surface targets, concealed troops andattack helicopers. For the Swedich costal defence forces a version called TriKA is underdevelopment. A prototype with optronic fire control system was tested during 1998 andwas fitted with IR-search system for trial during 1999.