AP Vocab Cards – 12.04 Spanish Colonies in the Americas Conquest of the Americas.
European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas
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Transcript of European Exploration and Conquest of the Americas
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European Exploration
and Conquest of the
Americas
HH World StudiesGoggins
2013-2014
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Renaissance -> Exploration
• Curiosity about the secular world, fueled by a humanist education, inspired scholars and explorers to contemplate the world beyond European borders.
• Marco Polo -> Italian merchant and author who inspired others to explore.
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Consider PERSPECTIVEThe way in which objects or events appear to the eye.
How did Renaissance
artists and authors demonstrate perspective?
How might an awareness of perspective inform our study of Exploration and Conquest?
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Motives For Exploration
Leave room to explain each in your own words.
• GOD• GLORY• GOLD • SPICES
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Columbus “Discovers” New World
• Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain – provide funding and permission for their own interests
• Columbus believes the world is round
• First landing at Hispaniola in the Caribbean
• Conquistadors continue the process of exploration and conquest for Spain
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Treaty of Tordesillas• Inevitable competition
between sea powers Spain and Portugal
• The Pope mediates this conflict between two Catholic Nations
• The Treaty of Tordesillas divides the world in half
• The Line of Demarcation divides the Spanish half from the Portuguese half
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Conquest of the Aztecs
• Hernan Cortez lands in Mexico in 1519 and defeats Aztecs, led by Moctezuma
• Native peoples ruled by Aztecs aid the Spanish
• During Le Triste Noche, Aztecs experience short-lived victory against Spanish
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Conquest of the Aztecs• Disease decimates
native population• Moctezuma is taken
prisoner• Tenochtitlan taken in
1521 and destroyed• Mexico City is built on
the site of the destroyed Aztec capital.
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Conquest of the Inca
• Incas weakened by spread of smallpox, death of Inca, and Civil War
• Francisco Pizarro arrives in Peru and defeats Incan ruler Atahualpa in 1520s
• Spanish build new capital at Lima
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Hierarchy in Spanish Colonies
• Viceroy: royal governor of New World Province
• Peninsulares: Spanish born in Europe
• Creoles: Spanish, born in New World
• Mestizos: mix Spanish and Indian heritage
• Zambos: African and Indian heritage
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New World EconomyMercantilism• Country’s power depends on
wealth in gold and silver• Limited amount of gold and
silver available • Government controls
economy to maximize profit• Exports > Imports• Colonies required for
exploitation and wealth
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New World Economy• Encomienda:
system where colonists were granted land and the labor of a certain number of natives
• Hacienda: large, self-sufficient farming estate
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Other European Countries • The Dutch, English, and
French sought to extend their own interests in the New World
• Explorers hope to find the fabled Northwest Passage that would allow them to said through the Americas
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Create a Comparison Chart
• Create a chart in your notes to compare Spanish, French, English and Dutch Colonies
• Compare them based on – motivations for colonization– types of settlements– Raw materials– Important names– Relations with natives
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Spain France England Dutch Netherlands
Motivations Wealth,Trade routes,religion
trade routes, NW passage, Religion
Private P,E,R interests
trade
Type of Settlement
large estates, hierarchy
Catholics only,Mostly men,Lived closely with natives
Families, including womenEx: Plymouth & Jamestown
established by private companies, restrict immigration
Raw Materials
Gold, silver, sugar, cattle
Sugar, fur trade Sugar, tobacco, indigo, lumber
Sugar, fur trade
Important Names
Columbus, Pizarro, Cortes
Jacques Cartier, Champlain, de la Salle
John Cabot, Sir Walter Raleigh
Henry Hudson
Relations with Natives
very harsh, enslaved
cohabitated Attempt to drive out
Conflicts over land
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Colonial Labor • At first Native Americans
were used as the primary labor force on plantations and mines
• The rapid decline of the Native population from disease and overwork led Europeans to look for new sources of labor.
• African slaves replaced Native Americans as the primary labor force
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Origins of the Slave Trade• The Atlantic Slave Trade
was an extension of the slave trade that already existed within Africa. – Internal Slave Trade – Oriental Slave Trade
• Warfare in the 1400s resulted in many more prisoners of war becoming slaves
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Portuguese Slave Traders
• Portuguese traders in North Africa exchanged European goods for ivory, gold and slaves.
• At first gold was their main concern.
• The need for labor on American plantation increased the appeal of the slave trade.
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The Middle Passage
• The Middle Passage refers to the long and brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean
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Triangle Trade
• Exchange of goods between Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Slaves shipped to the
AmericasRaw materials and
plantations goods shipped to Europe
Manufactured goods shipped to Africa and Americas
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Consequences of Slave Trade
• Europeans introduced new products to Africa – Weapons, corn, yams
• African Diaspora = the forced migration of millions of Africans to the Americas through the slave trade.
• Spread of African culture
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