Eurofish Magazine 2 2013

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European Seafood Exposition: The countdown has begun

Technology: Refurbished processing machines can be a good alternative

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Aquaculture: Live feed in hatcheries

The Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the

EU has an ambitious agenda

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Eurofish M

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www.eurofishmagazine.com Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 3

In this issue

Lithuania guides the CFP reform process to its conclusion

Lithuania: The rotating six-monthly Presidency of the Council of the European Union goes to Lithuania for the first time in July this year. In the area of fisheries this will be a period of significant developments – the Common Fisheries Policy is entering the final stages of a once-in-a-decade reform process that will have to be carefully steered through the different EU institutions to a final and broadly acceptable conclu-sion. The three main regulations in the CFP reform package are the CFP regulation, the Common Market Organisation (CMO) regulation, and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) regulation, which together will determine the future of European fisheries. Next year also marks the start of a new program-ming period (2014-2020) so Lithuania will have to close the current period and establish new rules for the next one. Vigilijus Jukna, Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania talks about Lithuania’s priori-ties for its Presidency. Read more on page 23

Netherlands: The aquaculture sector in the Netherlands is based primarily on the extensive culture of mus-sels and oysters on the coastal sea bed, and the production of various species of fish in intensive recirculation systems on land. Bivalve production is subject to considerable fluctuation as the cultivation is dependent on the natural environment. The weather, presence of predators, and above all, the availability of seed are all factors that influence output. Recirculation aquaculture systems (RAS) are widely used in the Netherlands for the production of several different species of fish including tilapia, catfish, eel, turbot, sole, and even tropi-cal shrimp. A RAS offers advantages in terms of a completely controlled environment and very limited use of water but they are expensive to build and run and this is reflected in the price of the product. With the economic crisis in Europe consumers have been switching to cheaper imports to reduce costs. The aquacul-ture industry in the Netherlands has considerable strengths on which to build including its high standards of production, close collaboration between research institutions and companies, tireless innovation, and a strong culture of entrepreneurship. Read Dr Manfred Klinkhardt’s article on page 35

Hatchery feeds: Marine fish larvae are delicate creatures with specific requirements for their nutrition that cannot always be met from dry feeds. While salmon larvae are relatively large and can be started on dry feeds immediately, other farmed fish species such as bass and bream have much smaller larvae and for them it is necessary to have live feeds. These are typically the larvae of artemia, a small crustacean, as well as rotifers and other ciliates, and microalgae. Hatcheries produce and administer the live feeds under strictly controlled conditions to minimise the risk to the sensitive larvae. Read more on page 39

Omega-3s: Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA) are the panacea for a long list of ailments – or are they? These fatty acids have been studied since the seventies and are associated with a number of health benefits affecting different organs in the human body. Despite a vast body of evidence showing these positive affects, every now and again research is published that makes claims to the contrary. Despite this, LC PUFA have caught the attention of the public as a way to a longer and healthier life, and the food industry is therefore adding these fatty acids to an increasing array of products. Another way of getting the required dose of LC PUFA is to consume fishoil capsules, but they are not a real substitute for fish. Fishoil is not the only source of LC PUFA today. As interest has grown in these fats researchers are studying ways to improve the cultivation of LC PUFA-containing fungi, bacteria, plants, and microalgae on a commercial scale. Read more on page 43

Farmed shrimp market: Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is the most popular variety of shrimp that is farmed in the world with a production in 2010 that was close to three times that of the next most cultivated species, giant tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon). The combined production of the two is over half the total global production of major species of farmed shrimp. The growth in production of whiteleg has been explosive for a variety of reasons, but mainly the availability of disease free and disease resistant varieties that made farming more predictable, stable, and efficient. Farmers have therefore been switching to whiteleg shrimp farming at the expense of other species. Read more on page 47

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4 Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013

Table of News

6 International News

Events

12 Retail Seminar, North Atlantic Seafood Forum, Bergen, 5-7 March 2013Spread of discount chains drives fresh fi sh consumption

14 AquaMed 2013, Milan, 19 FebruaryLabels on Italian farmed fi sh should emphasise the country of origin

16 European Seafood Exposition / Seafood Processing Europe, Brussels, 23-25 April 2013New products, services, and policies launch at ESE

16 Latvia P-4419Riga Sprats is only part of the variety on off er

17 Denmark 4-5923, 4-5927, 4-6015; 5-329, 5-429; P-4601, P-4709, 5-124Equipment manufacturing and processing strengths on display

18 Estonia 5-241Pelagic fi sh from the Baltic and high value freshwater species

for export

19 Turkey 11-2100, 11-2101, 11-2110, 11-2201, 11-2301Adding greater value to farmed fi sh

20 Croatia 9-4247Purveyors of Adriatic pelagics, seabass and seabream,

and squid

21 Thaifex – World of Food Asia 2013, Bangkok, 22-26 May 2013New seafood event to launch this year

Lithuania

23 Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy enters the fi nal phaseExternal fi sheries policy of particular importance for Lithuania

25 Lithuania takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European UnionSuccessful passage of the CFP reform elements is the primary goal

32 Vichiunai’s new whitefi sh processing facility to open in summer 2013Exploiting its strengths in production and distribution in Central and

Eastern Europe

Netherlands

35 Aquaculture in the Netherlands: traditional methods and modern technologiesNear-natural shellfi sh cultures and fi sh production in recirculation

systems

Front cover: The fresh fi sh assortment at a Lithuanian hypermarket.

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Eurofish Magazine 2 /2013 5

ContentsAquaculture

39 Live feed for fish and shrimp larvae in aquacultureDry feed still not a substitute for Artemia and rotifers

Research

43 Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acidsIncreasing number of products enriched with omega-3s

Trade and Markets

47 Weak world economy, slack demand and low pricesDifficult times for the global shrimp industry

Technology

51 Second-hand seafood processing equipmentYesterday’s machines, today’s profit

54 Metalbud Nowicki prioritises customer satisfactionMachinery for the fish and food processing industry

Species

56 Halibut is a popular, but expensive fish that is proving difficult to farmMarked differences between black and white halibut

Fish Info Network News

59 Events

60 Publications

Guest Pages: Reine J. Johansson

63 Control and inspection have been priorities since the inception of the BSRACWorking to achieve long term yields in Baltic fisheries

Service

62 Diary Dates

66 Imprint, List of Advertisers

Worldwide Fish News

Bahrain page 10

Canada page 7

Denmark pages 6, 7, 9, 10

Germany page 8

Iceland page 10

Norway page 6

Poland page 8

UK pages 7, 10

USA page 6

Vietnam page 9

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[ NEWS INTERNATIONAL ]

Denmark: Sophisticated system draws crowds at salmon processing equipment event

The Salmon ShowHow event in Norresundby, Denmark demonstrated several of Marel’s latest innovations for the salmon processing industry.

A record total of 226 custom-ers from 28 countries from as far away as New Zealand and Chile, gathered in Norresundby, Denmark, for Marel’s 12th Salmon ShowHow in February. Staged in the salmon division’s facility the event featured live demonstra-tions of the latest equipment and systems for salmon processing, underscoring Marel’s position as a leading supplier of systems and equipment to the global salmon industry. One of the highlights was the demonstration of a new portioning and robot loading system that automates the pro-cess of portioning and loading of fi xed-weight salmon por-tions into retail packs. Th e fully

integrated solution enables a seamless fl ow of the salmon portions without manual hand-ling and it can process up to 150 pieces a minute. Th e system cleverly collects data, including portion weights and dimensions, throughput, and product yields, both historical and in real time, from the portioning process to optimise the operation.

Another highlight was the launch of the innovative retail pack slicer, I-slice 3300, which will set new standards in the production of retail-packed salmon portions. Each fi llet is weighed and scanned before the slicing process, which then slices and delivers fi xed

weight, or fi xed number of slices on card boards or trays, at very high accuracy and virtually without manual handling. Th e machine can also send head and tail pieces to a bin under the conveyor so that

all boards contain the right weight or the right number of slices. For more information, contact Michael Hjortshøj, Marketing Manager, Marel Salmon, [email protected]

USA: Updated BAP standards emphasise social responsibilityTh e latest version of the Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP) standards for fi nfi sh and crus-tacean farms from the Global Aquaculture Alliance (GAA) are expected to go live in spring 2013 after the end of the 60-day public comment period and fur-ther scrutiny by the Standards Oversight Committee. While the previous BAP standards were

individually tailored to diff erent species, shrimp, salmon, tilapia, pangasius and catfi sh, the new standards cover all production systems for fi nfi sh and crusta-ceans with the exception of cage-farmed salmonids for which separate standards exist. Th e new standards diff er from the old also in that they lay far greater emphasis on the awareness of

social responsibility – and the need to ensure that workers on farms and in processing plants are safe and treated fairly. Dan Lee, the BAP standards coordi-nator, attributes this to the fact the industry has come a long way since the fi rst standards were launched 10 years ago. Require-ments are now detailed so that applicants know exactly what

is required of them. Issues such as child labour, bonded labour, benefi ts, overtime and worker health and safety are among those addressed by the stand-ards. By including these issues Mr Lee feels that private stand-ards are playing an important role in countries where labour legislation does not exist or is weakly enforced.

Norway: New international study to further document benefi ts of seafood consumptionTwenty-six partners from four countries are to investigate the impact of seafood on diabetes, mental health and obesity in a new study co-funded by the Nor-wegian fi sheries and aquaculture research fund (Fiskeri og hav-bruksnæringens forskningsfond — FHF), reports the Norwegian National Institute of Nutrition

and Seafood Research. Th e Fish Interventions Studies project will have a duration of four years and, with an investment of NOK70m (EUR9.4m) of which over half (NOK45m) is provided by FHF, is the biggest research eff ort in Norway to study the relation bet-ween seafood and health. Th e partners include universities and

research institutes from Norway, Germany, Denmark, and China, as well as private companies from the fi sheries and aquacul-ture sector. Since 2011 Norwegian authorities have recommended the consumption of fi sh two to three times a week on the basis of its documented positive eff ects on heart health. Th e new

project will endeavour to further document the health benefi ts of seafood including its infl uence on a range of illnesses, inclu-ding brittle bones and reduced muscle mass among the elderly, obesity among the young, and concentration and learning abi-lities as well as depression in diff erent age groups.

6 Eurofi sh Magazine 2 / 2013 www.eurofi shmagazine.com

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Th e seventh edition of the Inter-national Sturgeon Symposium, an event co-organised by the World Sturgeon Conservation Society and held every four years, will be con-ducted this year from 22 to 25 July in Nanaimo, Canada. Th e symposium will focus on the themes identifi ed at the sixth edition of the event held in Wuhan, China in 2009. Th ese include the conservation of stur-geon in its natural habitat, the cul-ture of sturgeon to restore stocks, and the commercial production of sturgeon for caviar and meat. Over the last decade the condition of sturgeon populations worldwide has deteriorated to the point where some species face extinction. Th e dire state of so many populations point to the need for rapid and eff ective measures to conserve

its habitat, counter the threats it faces, and to rehabilitate the fi sh. Today there is much greater aware-ness of the environmental and economic importance of the fi sh and extensive eff orts to conserve and protect the fi sh have grown in many range states, but there is a need to intensify these eff orts and vigorously police them if they are to benefi t their target. Among the topics that will be addressed at the symposium are the human impact on sturgeon stocks and mitigation measures; aquaculture; and caviar processing and marketing. Th e World Sturgeon Conservation Soci-ety is an international forum for the exchange and dissemination of scientifi c sturgeon-related infor-mation that can contribute to the rehabilitation of sturgeon stocks.

Canada: Four-yearly sturgeon conference to focus on alarming stock status

UK: Fishers and scientists work together to preserve sustainability of fi shery

Denmark: Bright prospects for sand eel fi shers

Close collaboration between the NAFC Marine Centre and the Shetland Shellfi sh Management Organisation (SSMO) has lead to a mutually agreed adjustment to the boundaries of areas closed to scallop dredging in order to preserve environmental charac-teristics of the areas. Two years ago the SSMO with the help of the NAFC Marine Centre developed a spatial management plan that included areas called biogenic reefs where marine plant and animal species were protected. Th e Marine Centre recently

surveyed these protected areas again as some doubts had been raised about the validity of the data on which the creation of these areas was based. During the survey work fi shers voluntarily decided to close areas to facilitate the survey work. Th e new study has resulted in comprehensive data that has now enabled the boundaries of the closed areas to be adjusted, and is an example of close cooperation between scien-tists and fi shermen for the benefi t of the environment, the fi shery and the surrounding community.

Th e International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) has recommended a sand eel quota of 322,000 tonnes bring-ing it back to the level in 2011, the year when Danish fi shers’ earn-ings were the highest in a decade. Sand eel is fi shed primarily by Danish and Norwegian fi sher-men and the ICES recommenda-tion will form the basis for an EU

decision on annual quotas. Last year an extremely low quota had a profound impact on the gross earnings in the fi shery, which fell from DKK3.19bn (EUR428m) to DKK2.9bn, a drop of nine percent. Th is was primarily attributable to the low sand eel quota in 2012, which resulted in earnings from the sand eel fi shery falling 78 to DKK99m.

The seventh International Sturgeon Symposium to be held in Nanaimo, Canada in July will discuss the status of wild sturgeon stocks and how they can better be restored. The image shows Acipenser transmontanus.

Paul

Vec

sei

Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013 7www.eurofi shmagazine.com

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Polfi sh, the 12th International Fair of Fish Processing and Seaf-ood Products, the only exhibition dedicated to the fi sh and seafood industry in Poland and one of the largest such events in Central and Eastern Europe, will be held at the AmberExpo Exhibition and Convention Centre, Gdan’ sk, 22-24 May 2013. Although fi sh consump-tion in Poland is modest at 12.1 kg/

capita in 2011 or just over half the average in the EU (23 kg/capita) Poland is an important processor of fi sh and seafood, according to a report by the Sea Fish Industry Authority in the UK. Of the 360 to 380 thousand tonnes of processed fi sh produced annually in the country almost 60 is exported to European and non-European countries. Production takes a vari-

ety of forms including smoked, canned, marinated and fresh and frozen whole fi sh and fi llet.

Many of these products will be on display at Polfi sh, which is co-located with fairs for the bak-ing, and dairy sectors, as well as with an event showcasing equip-ment for the HORECA industry. Th e programme includes multiple

Poland: Polfi sh to cement Poland’s reputation as producer of high quality processed seafood

AmberExpo, the site of Polfi sh and other events, is one of the most modern exhibition and convention centres in Europe with excellent public transport links and car parking facilities.

Changes to the thermoforming packaging machine have resulted in lower energy consumption and better utilisation of the packaging material.

Germany: Improvements to packaging machine lead to energy savings and greater effectiveness

Multivac’s R 535 thermoforming packaging machine has been sub-ject to a number of improvements to make it both more energy effi ci-ent and more eff ective. In order to reduce the energy consumption of the thermoforming packaging machine, the company’s engi-neers have replaced a number of compressed air operated compo-nents with servo drive units. Th e components aff ected include the lifting units for the forming and sealing stations as well as the fi lm punch. In addition to this, the R 535 is equipped with a vacuum pump, which consumes less energy than comparable pumps. Th e introduction of servo drives

allows the movements of the lif-ting units to be controlled excep-tionally accurately as regards their speed and opening width. Th is contributes to an overall increase in the cycle output. Th is new tech-nology also simplifi es the use of packaging materials with diff e-rent thicknesses. In addition, the use of cooling water fl ow control means that the machine uses considerably less fresh water than traditional machines. By using servo motors and segmented cut-ting tools in the sealing and cut-ting stations, the utilisation of the packaging material has been opti-mised. Th ese innovations allow the size of the partition between

the packs to be reduced and enable a smaller fi lm edge trim. Other improvement include a dra-wer system to reduce the down-time when changing the dies and the integration of the control of

line components such as labellers and printers into the user terminal of the thermoforming machine making for fewer cables and simp-ler procedures when putting the systems into operation.

meetings within the industry, trai-ning sessions, professional semi-nars, consultation and advice for individual customers with the par-ticipation of experts from Poland’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. Among the semi-nars and workshops are those rela-ting specifi cally to the seafood and bakery sectors as well as to nutrition more generally. For example, tra-ceability and labelling of fi sh pro-ducts and the nutritional value of fi sh are two conferences organised by the Polish Fish Market Develop-ment Association. Other seminars and workshops will discuss fast food and health, and the chemicals used in nutrition and their infl u-ence on the body. In addition, there will be various culinary demonstra-tions. Two prizes will be awarded at the fair; the Mercurius Gedanesis Medal for best product and a spe-cial prize, the Minister of Agricul-ture and Rural Development’s Cup.


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Shrimp imports into the EU from Vietnam declineAs the second biggest market for shrimp in the world after the US, the EU is an important destination for shrimp producing companies around the globe. In 2012 however the economic and currency cri-sis in several European countries meant that shrimp imports were signifi cantly lower, reports Vasep, the Vietnamese association of seaf-ood exporters. Vietnam’s shrimp exports to the EU in 2012 reached US$317.7 million (~EUR244.25m), down 24.5 percent over 2011. Germany, the U.K, the Nether-lands, France and Belgium were the top fi ve shrimp importers in the EU accounting for 80 percent of the total shrimp exports from Vietnam to the region. Shrimp exports to the Netherlands saw a reduction of 5.5 percent, while exports to the four

other markets dropped by 28 to 32 percent.

In September 2012 the Food and Veterinary Offi ce (FVO) of DG Sanco carried out an audit in Vietnam to assess the monitor-ing of fi sheries products that are exported to the EU. Th e audit mission concluded that the com-petent authority in Vietnam and the control regime implemented off ered suffi cient guarantees con-cerning the public health condi-tions of fi shery products exported to the EU. However the audit found that the controls applied to fi shing vessels, landing sites and ice factories were defi cient and therefore agreed on a plan with the Vietnamese authorities to solve the problem.

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Denmark: Fisheries Council agrees to ban discards altogther by 2019Danish fi shers will no longer have the option of discarding mackerel, sand eel, herring from next year. EU fi sheries minis-ters have decided that a discard ban will be phased in from 2014 with a complete ban on discards by 2019. Right up to the end the negotiations were fraught with the possibility that the discard ban would be diluted to the point where it would be unrecognisa-ble. European Commissioner for Maritime Aff airs and Fisheries, Maria Damanaki said that the Commission proposal was more ambitious, but that the Council took a decisive stance for a real discard ban, with a clear and binding timetable and cover-ing all species. Th e agreement

means that the discard of pelagic fi sh such as sand eel, mackerel and herring will be banned as of next year, while discards bans on other species will be introduced between 2015 and 2018 in the Bal-tic and from 2016 to 2019 in the North Sea. Th e discard ban does not cover species that are known to survive after being discarded and there is the occasional exception with regard to fi sher-ies where it is diffi cult to avoid by-catches. For these fi sheries discards of 7 will be allowed after the agreement is in place. Th e Council must now enter into negotiations with the European Parliament on the fi nal agree-ment which should be in place by June.


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Bahrain: Fisheries and aquaculture management policies need to take climate change into account

Denmark: Marine phospholipids may have advantages over refi ned fi sh oils

Climate change can have a severe impact on global fi sheries, warns Izzat Feidi, former FAO Chief, Fish Utilization and Marketing Service, in an editorial in the Arab Agriculture 2013 Yearbook, and management strategies for fi sheries and aquaculture need to take this into account. Ris-ing temperatures in the world’s oceans and their increasing acidity due to the absorption of carbon dioxide are provoking changes in aquatic ecosystems that are modifying fi sh distribu-tion patterns, as well as fi sh size and productivity. Th is will have an impact on the sustainability of fi sheries, on aquaculture and on the communities that depend on these activities. Low lying coastal populations are particularly vul-nerable to rising sea levels and changing patterns of precipita-tion will aff ect inland fi shing and farming activities. Th e potential

impact of these changes on fi sh-eries and aquaculture underlines the necessity to plan for them. Th is calls for greater knowledge of the timescale over which these changes are expected to occur, the areas where their impact will be most keenly felt and the scope for adaptation. Better under-standing of the consequences of climate change should result in adapation and mitigation strate-gies that secure the viability of fi sheries and aquaculture and the future of the communities dependent on these activities. However, as Mr Feidi points out, the impact of climate change on fi sheries only adds to some of the existing challenges faced by the fi sheries sector such as habi-tat depletion and overfi shing. Addressing these latter issues will go some way towards adapt-ing fi sh stocks to the pressures brought on by climate change.

Interest in marine phospholipids (MPL) from fi sh and krill prod-ucts is increasing. MPL contain high levels of the two important omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentae-noic acids (EPA) and docosahex-aenoic acids (DHA), which have documented benefi cial eff ects on human health. In addition, MPL have a number of advantages compared to refi ned fi sh oils.For example, MPL may be more resistant to oxidation (and hence deterioration) than fi sh oil and studies have shown that omega-3 fatty acids from MPL have a higher bioavailability than omega-3 fatty acids from fi sh oil.

A new PhD study by Henna Lu Fung Sieng from the National Food Institute at the Techni-cal University of Denmark has investigated the potential of MPL for food fortifi cation.

A secondary objective of her study was to investigate the physical and oxidative stability of MPL emulsions while identifying the important factors aff ecting their stability. It was documented that it is possible to produce emulsions of high oxidative sta-bility if MPL preparations of high quality and with a high content of phospholipids and antioxidants and a low content of prooxidants (e.g. trace metals) are used. Th e oxidative stability and sensory properties of yoghurt enriched with MPL was also investigated. Th e results showed that new methods to improve the quality of commercial MPL preparations must be developed before MPL can be used for food products. Th is knowledge will be impor-tant for the further development of high quality MPL preparations in both academia and industry.

Iceland: Belt weighing machine gently handles large volumes of fi sh

A new belt weigher from Marel can handle large volumes of pelagic species, whitefi sh, or salmon in a continuous fl ow and is ideal for measuring the volume of fi sh coming in from a fi shing vessel or the amount of raw material coming in and leav-ing a specifi c process. Th e brain behind the weigher is Marel’s Innova software that accumu-lates the data generated by the product being carried by the belt and registers the total for each lot. Th e software can be tailored for each customer, vessel, or other parameter, and can use the fl ow information to generate reports of

the data depending on the need. Another aspect of the belt is that it was specially designed to han-dle sensitive products. Th e gentle treatment of the fi sh ensures that quality is maintained through-out the weighing procedure. Th e weigher has a capacity of 100 tonnes per hour and has all the necessary certifi cations for use in the EU and the US. Marel designs and manufactures advanced equipment, and provides systems and services to the fi sh, meat and poultry industries. Th e company has offi ces and subsidiaries in more than 30 countries around the world.

UK: Call for closer cooperation as Scottish fl eet struggles with poor market prices for fi shTh e Scottish fi shing industry is suff ering from the low prices for fi sh that currently dominate the market. According to the Scottish Fishermen’s Federation (SFF), the combination of an economic crisis which is suppressing Scot-tish exports and the greater sup-ply of fi sh from northern Europe as well as imports from Asia, are among the factors pushing prices for Scottish-caught fi sh to the fl oor and severely aff ecting the industry. In a press release the federation has urged all parts of the seafood sector and the government to work together to develop a “net to plate” strat-egy that will boost demand for

Scottish fi sh by focusing on its provenance and quality. Th e fall in prices for Scottish fi sh is seri-ously hitting the economic viabil-ity of the fi shing fl eet expecially against the background of rising fuel and other operating costs, says Bertie Armstrong, chief executive of the SFF, and all the relevant agencies need to work more closely together to identify the reasons for the poor prices for fi sh and develop solutions and strategies that will help rectify the situation. Th e Scottish Liberal Democrats, a political party, has urged the Scottish government to promote the c onsumption of locally caught fi sh.


04_News_INT.indd 10 03/04/13 8:29 PM

Fresh frozen North Atlantic seafoodOne of Scandinavia’s strongest suppliers of

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04_News_INT.indd 11 03/04/13 8:29 PM

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[ EVENTS ]

Retail Seminar, North Atlantic Seafood Forum, Bergen, 5-7 March 2013

Spread of discount chains drives fresh fi sh consumptionBright and sunny, Bergen proudly opened its doors to 650 delegates from 43 countries attending the 8th North Atlantic Seafood Forum on 5-7 March 2013. A hub for the seafood industry both in Norway and internationally, with 1,100 seafood companies and 4,500 employees, Bergen this year became the arena for the largest seafood conference in the world cementing its name as the capital of the global seafood industry.

Organised by Jorgen Lund, Conference Managing Director, Pareto Secu-

rity, FAO and Marelife along with the Norwegian Seafood Council and other partners, the 8th NASF included a kaleidoscope of new themes and traditional meetings with a total of ten seminars dur-ing the three days of the event. As in previous years one of the most popular seminars was the 3rd NASF European Retail Seminar, whichincluded speakers from leading European retail groups such as Marks & Spencer, Swiss COOP, and Norges Gruppen, who shared their opinions about current changes in consumer trends, the drivers of growth for sustainable fi sh and seafood, and current challenges.

Retailers need to communicate more

effectively

Chaired by Leendert den Hol-lander, Young’s Seafood, the ses-sion started with an overview of the drivers of growth in seafood retail-ing and how to make this growth sustainable. Encouraging people to eat more fi sh as part of a healthy diet was underlined by more eff ec-tive communication needed from the side of retailers since consum-ers generally already know that fi sh is healthy. Th e sustainability of fi sh sold in retail was another fac-tor that would encourage consum-ers to eat more fi sh and therefore joint actions by the industry, fi sh-eries, and aquaculture producers will ensure that more consumers

will enjoy sustainable fi sh in the coming years. Frequency of fi sh purchases was highlighted as an important element since 80 of the UK consumers would like to eat fi sh more often.

According to Jonathan Banks, Jonathan Banks Associates, the UK market has recently seen some new changes in consumer behav-ior. Ready meals have won the confi dence of British consumers by far outperforming whitefi sh, salmon and take-away fi sh, and there has been a rise in the number of middle-class consumers who can aff ord to buy more products and posses more space for stor-ing them. Another trend was the booming popularity of discounters and their sales of fi sh, which how-ever, should not be attributed to the consequences of the fi nancial crisis, but to the increased avail-ability of discount stores. In the category “private label” fi sh, both premium, standard and value fi sh products showed a rise.

Attracting younger consumers to fi sh a

priority

Th e UK retailer Marks & Spencer is committed to making this retail chain the world’s most sustainable fi sh retailer by 2015. Its fi sh has a 14 share on the UK market, and all of it is under its own brand with complete traceability for any ingre-dient. As noted by Hannah Mac-intyre, the opportunities for the retail chain in the future include

the introduction of new species, educating and engaging consum-ers with the help of social media, fresher fi sh and fi sh with longer shelf life, simple added-value products, which provide “solu-tions”, and attracting and keeping younger consumers.

Th e largest vendor of organic fi sh in Switzerland with an assortment of over 50 species, Swiss COOP con-fi rmed the interest in organic fi sh on the Swiss market. Th e products with COOP’s own-label sustain-ability brands and sustainability quality labels account for 14 of COOP retail turnover, and fi sh is high on this list. According to Reto Kaufmann, about 35 of all farmed fi sh and about 70 of all farmed shrimps sold in Coop are certifi ed organic. Th e ratio of MSC certi-fi ed fi sh in the whole wild-caught fi sh assortment is 52, and 63 in the category of fresh, frozen and smoked fi sh. Altogether 40 of all the fi sh and seafood sold in COOP are either from certifi ed sustain-able fi shing (MSC) or certifi ed organic aquaculture. Th e range of organic seafood at COOP included salmon, shrimp, trout, pangasius, fi sh sticks (pangasius), seabass, seabream, meagre, Arctic char and blue mussels.

Jump in sushi consumption in Norway

Vidar Olsen from Norges Gruppen which is Norway’s largest retailer with 47 of the market, shared his views on emerging tendencies in

the category of fi sh and seafood. In 2012, the total seafood development was up by 4, and the category of fresh fi sh enjoyed an increase of 17 thereby becoming the most traded seafood category. Th e main factors behind this increase are that fresh fi sh has become part of the assortment of discount stores, which off er a diversifi ed range of fresh convenience products like ready-to-cook boneless and skin-less fi sh fi llets. Premium and high quality fi sh products are of growing interest for consumers, for example fresh “sashimi extra quality salmon fi llets”. Finally, the segment of sushi was up by 40 in 2012 compared to the year before driven by young consumers. “I think we can say that we have a seafood revolution now and we have never seen so many innovations in terms of products before”, said Vidar Olsen.

While the future for sustainable fi sh products in the view of the retailers is rather bright, the main challenge related to sustainability is the risk of consumers failing to relate to sustainability. Th is was a problem with organic products on many markets, since organic products did not have a strong enough mes-sage for consumers. ”Th e way for-ward for sustainable fi sh products are brand equity, integrity, quality, value for money and other values” concluded Jonathan Banks.

Ekaterina Tribilustova, Eurofi shkatia.tribilustova@eurofi sh.dk

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HAPPY PEOPLE

HEALTHY FOOD

RESPECT FOR ENVIRONMENT

We provide millions of people with pelagic fi sh which is an

essential part of their daily menu.

We use sustainable production methods with a relatively small

ecological footprint.

Fishing for foodW. van der Zwan & Zn

Tel. : +31 (0)70 354 5466

Fax : +31 (0)70 350 6069

E-mail : [email protected]

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We provide our international customers with healthy, nutritious, high-quality pelagic fi sh such as Herring, Mackerel, Horse mackerel, Blue Whiting, Silver Smelt, Sardine, Sardinella, Sprats and Sandeel.

European Seafood Exhibition BrusselsStandnr 4149 / hall 9

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14 Eurofish Magazine 2 /2013 www.eurofishmagazine.com

[ EVENTS ]

AquaMed 2013, Milan, 19 February

Labels on Italian farmed fish should emphasise the country of originThe principle event of its kind in Italy, AquaMed 2013 was organized in Milan on 19 February 2013 for the second time. The sustain-ability and future development of the aquaculture industry in Italy were the key issues at the event, which was held as a one-day conference and exhibition in the Congress Centre of Michelangelo Hotel in Milan.

The conference was organ-ized by Artenergy Publish-ing with the support of

Friend of the Sea, the Italian Fish Farming Association (API – Asso-ciazione di Piscicoltori Italiani) and the Association of Mediter-ranean Aquaculture (A.M.A. – Associazione Mediterranea Acquacoltori). Thirteen exhibitors including Eurofish International Organisation, Eurofishmarket, Italiana Membrane, DNV Busi-ness Assurance, and Xylem Water Solutions were present.

Rainbow trout farmers actively certify their

production

The conference programme was very ambitious and included four main sessions: aquaculture, fish consumption and health; technological innovation and sustainable aquaculture; future of fish feed in aquaculture; and finally, a round table on the distri-bution of aquaculture products. Pier Antonio Salvador, the Presi-dent of the Italian Fish Farming Association, opened the first ses-sion which stressed the cultural and social components of aqua-culture products and highlighted the concepts of security and safety. Certification is another very important issue for Italian aquaculture, especially in the rainbow trout sector where Italian companies have been very active in certifying their products.

Organisers of the AquaMed conference were gratified to see that the event was heavily oversubscribed. Far more than the expected 250 came to this event dedicated to the Italian aquaculture sector.

The session led to a lively debate about the use of various cer-tification schemes for Italian farmed seafood products and about the creation of a “Made in Italy” label, which would unite all Italian aquaculture products. Various issues, such as how con-sumers choose between Italian rainbow trout marked “Bio” and, for example, pangasius with the label “Ecological” which has been observed in Italian retail stores, provoked several responses from participants and representatives of the industry.

Learning about new species from other

countries’ experiences

The second session was contin-ued by Paolo Bray, the founder of Friend of the Sea, a certifier

of sustainable seafood, who pre-sented international develop-ments in aquaculture and new opportunities for the Italian fish farming sector in terms of new species based on his experience from all over the world. Atlantic cod, albacore, tope shark, angler-fish, Atlantic bonito, turbot, and more exotic species like octo-pus, sea cucumber, pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), seahorse and sea urchin were among various species categorised into three groups depending on the success achieved at cultivating them. The future of fish feed in Italian aqua-culture was the topic of the third session, which was led by Marco Gilmozzi from the Italian Fish Farming Association. Various speakers presented the problems related to fish feed in freshwater and saltwater sectors.

The final session was an interac-tive round table moderated by Valentina Tepedino, Director of Eurofishmarket, and 13 represent-atives from large aquaculture pro-ducing companies, such as Cro-maris, Eredi Rossi Silvio Azienda Agricola Troticultura, Sea Group, big retail chains like Conad Centro Nord, Iper La Grande 1, Carrefour Market, importing companies such as Foods Import F.lli Monti Spa, Coldiretti Impresa Pesca, and consumer organizations like Mov-imento di Diffesa del Cittadino (the movement for the protection of citizens’ rights), Legambiente (the biggest environmental NGO in Italy), and others. The topics at the round table discussions included: – key-characteristics of high

quality aquaculture products – branded products

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[ EVENTS ]

– understanding consumers’ preferences and their support of choice for Italian fi sh,

– consumers’ bewilderment at the variety of labels,

– the retail sector’s need for common standards for trace-ability and transparency,

– Italian farmers ability to com-pete with Greek and Turkish producers.

Better communication with the consumer

needed

One of the responses to these issues was given by Dario Fan-tinato, Carrefour Market, who stressed the need for small com-panies to consolidate into larger unions to work with large retail-ers more effi ciently. Th e creation of a common label containing the word “Italy” for farmed fi sh, was a suggestion from several

representatives of the indus-try, who felt there was an urgent need to stress Italian farmed seafood’s Italian origin with its connotation of quality. Effi cient communication to consumers is another point that will contribute to the development of the sector. Because high quality has a high cost, the Italian aquaculture sec-tor has to maintain the current level of quality, innovate, reduce costs, and at the same time, eff ec-tively communicate this quality to consumers.

Th e conference was very well received by the participants, whose number greatly exceeded the 250, who were expected. Th e popularity of the event and the growing interest from all parts of the sector from farmers, traders and distributors to producers of equipment and retail chains was explained by Dr. Giuseppe Elias,

the Counselor of Agriculture of the Lombardy region in Italy. He said the event was becoming a center of knowledge transfer and technology innovation for the Italian aquaculture industry, so that the achievements of the sec-tor become aparent to all. He also highlighted rainbow trout as an example of a product for which an eff ective distribution network had been established. Th e Italian aquaculture sector has indeed started to transfer its achieve-ments to Italian consumers. “Th e most important achievement of our freshwater aquaculture sector is the introduction of domestically farmed rainbow trout for Italians in kindergartens and schools in Lombardia region”, says Pier Anto-nio Salvador, the President of API. As in many countries, fi sh is eaten by adults, while the young tend to ignore it. Moreover, in the north-ern part of Italy fi sh is consumed

when dining out rather than at home. Th e primary task for the sector is educating consumers about the benefi ts of eating fi sh and teaching young people in particular how versatile, simple to prepare, and tasty fi sh can be.

Artenergy Publishing, the organ-isers of AquaMed, promotes and organizes fairs and confer-ences on aquaculture and algae culture, renewable energies, cli-mate change, energy savings and other themes in Italy, Brazil and Argentina. Th e next AquaMed convergence is planned in Feb-ruary 2014, and will again bring together leading players of the Italian aquaculture sector to share their experiences, accom-plishments and to review the challenges facing the industry.

Ekaterina Tribilustova, Eurofi shkatia.tribilustova@eurofi sh.dk

Phone: +45 9737 1799 · www.runi.dk · [email protected]

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[ ESE-SPE PREVIEW ]

Latvia P-4419

Riga Sprats is only part of the variety on offer

The Latvian fish process-ing industry established its reputation with a single

product, canned sprats, that has a tradition going back to the nine-teenth century. Today canned sprats are still a favourite among consumers not only in Latvia, but in several countries in Central and Eastern Europe. To maintain the quality and the reputation of the product members of the Lat-vian Fish Processors Union have created the quality label Riga Sprats in Oil, which lays down

strict rules on how canned sprats are to be produced. Since the 50s however the processing industry in Latvia has diversified firstly into other canned fish products, and more recently into a variety of smoked, marinated, vacuum-packed, shrink-wrapped, and modified atmosphere packaged fish and seafood. While cans are still widely used, glass jars, trays, plastic tubs, and other packaging is also common though mainly for the domestic market. If cans are not included the overwhelming

The Union of Latvian Fish Process-ing Industry pavilion is co-funded by the European Fisheries Fund. For information about the compa-nies and their products contact:

Mr. Didzis Smits Canned Fish LV

Atlantijas iela 5 LV 1015 Riga Latvia

Tel.: +371 2636 4252 Fax: +371 674 96401 [email protected] www.cannedfish.lv

majority of exports are frozen and chilled fish (chiefly sprats) which are destined for the CIS coun-tries Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan. Some EU countries also absorb sprats and cod in different prod-uct forms. Canned fish products are exported to several countries around the world, and altogether Latvia can claim to export to over fifty countries around the world.

But while fisheries is considered an export sector Latvia is also a keen importer of raw material to meet the needs of its processing sector

The European Seafood Expo-sition and Seafood Process-ing Europe will open their

doors at the Brussels Exhibition and Conference Centre on 23 April to welcome the global sea-food industry. While new seafood events have been added to the calendar and others have dropped off, the ESE/SPE, which started in 1993, continues to earn its billing as the world’s biggest and most inter-national seafood event drawing exhibitors from over 70 countries and visitors from over 140 in 2012.

Europe as a region is both wealthy and with a tradition for eating fish that extends from the south to the north of the continent and from west to east. Domestic production is limited and the European sea-food industry imports two thirds of its requirement of fish and seafood making it an attractive market for producers and exporters from all over the world. And the market is not standing still. According to FAO data from 2009 (the latest avail-able) there has been a slight uptick in consumption of fish and seafood

New products, services, and policies launch at ESE

European Seafood Exposition / Seafood Processing Europe, Brussels, 23-25 April 2013

per capita in the EU-27 since 2005 from 22.2 kg capita to 23 kg.

Altogether in 2012 the fair was vis-ited by over 25,500 buyers, sup-pliers, and other seafood industry professionals including media representatives. All the major Euro-pean supermarkets have their buy-ers at the fair keeping an eye open for new products the best of which are entered into the Seafood Prix d’Elite competition. While there is of course only one winning product in each category runners up and nominees are also drawn into the spotlight and get coverage in the media. In addition to supermarkets representatives from virtually all other institutional buying sectors,

and to diversify the selection of fish and seafood available on the domestic market. Imports come from all over the world though the majority is from neighbouring countries, Lithuania, Norway, Swe-den, Estonia. The main imports (70 of the total) are pelagic fish frozen herring and herring fillets, frozen sardinellas and sardines, salmon fillets, and mackerel.

hotels, wholesalers, catering, res-taurants, bars, airlines, hospitals, schools, the military, and local gov-ernments, among others are pre-sent. To make the most of all these potential customers companies from a country or belonging to an association are often grouped into pavilions. These enhance visibility and for small producers offer all the advantages that come with being part of a group. Some of them are profiled over the next pages.

05_News_EV.indd 16 03/04/13 8:29 PM


[ ESE-SPE PREVIEW ]

www.marel.com/superiorfilleting · [email protected]

The advanced filleting machine MS 2730 offers:

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Denmark 4-5923, 4-5927, 4-6015; 5-329, 5-429; P-4601, P-4709, 5-124

Equipment manufacturing and processing strengths on display

This year too Denmark will be well represented at the European Seafood Expo-

sition and Seafood Processing Europe with a total of three pavil-ions. Th e Danish Export Associa-tion, a group of suppliers special-ised in equipment for the fi shing industry, will be present in force at Seafood Processing Europe with stands 4-6015, 4-5923 and 4-5927. Twenty-two members of the association including some of the best-known Danish names in the equipment industry will be exhib-iting. Danish equipment is known

for its innovativeness, high quality, and competetive pricing. Compa-nies invest heavily in research and development and work closely with the end users when designing and building machinery. Whether it is a stand-alone piece of equip-ment or a complete processing line a Danish suppliers will be happy to develop a solution customised for the client.

Stands 5-429 and 5-329 at the European Seafood Exposition will host Danish companies involved in fi sh farming and

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[ ESE-SPE PREVIEW ]

processing. Danish exports of fi sh in 2011 amounted to almost DKK20bn (EUR2.7bn) with Ger-many, Norway, Sweden, France, and the UK the main destina-tions. Fish is exported both fresh and frozen, whole or in fi llets, as conserves, dried, salted or smoked. Pelagics, fl atfi sh, white-fi sh, as well as salmon and trout

are among the types of fi sh that are exported. In addition, Den-mark has a substantial industrial fi shery and is a major producer of fi shmeal and fi shoil. Exports of these products amounted to over DKK3bn in 2011.

Food from Denmark is a private company promoting Danish

Estonia produces a variety of fi sh and seafood products from its own marine and

inland capture fi sheries as well as

food producers on export mar-kets. Th e company has the stands

Patio-4709 and Patio-4601 as well as 5-124.

For more information on companies from the Danish Export Asso-ciation (DEA), contact Michael Bech Hansen at +45 87 20 45 62, or [email protected] complete list of DEA companies participating at the SPE is available athttp://www.dk-export.dk/For more information about Food from Denmark, contact Karsten Nielsen, at + 45 87 52 60 80 or [email protected]

Estonia 5-241

Pelagic fi sh from the Baltic and high value freshwater species for export

from imports. Baltic herring and sprat caught by the Estonian fl eet is frozen into blocks and exported to Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. Th e processing industry produces altogether between 60 and 70 thousand tonnes and exports over three fourths of this volume, the bulk of which is block-frozen her-ring and sprat. Much of the catch of pelagic fi sh is by the members of the three Producer Organisa-tions (PO) that were established in 2005. Th e POs have their own processing and storing facilities and can supply large volumes of fi sh; together they account for 95 of the trawling sector.

Freshwater species including pike, pike-perch, perch, and smelt are high-value products that are typically exported to markets in Europe and the US. Estonian pro-cessors also produce a range of salted, marinated, dried, smoked and preserved fi sh. Th ese prod-ucts use locally caught raw mate-rials as well as imported species, such as Atlantic mackerel and herring, and Norwegian salmon. Imported whitefi sh goes into the production of breaded fi sh products which are exported to destinations across Europe. Like

Latvia, Estonia too has a canning industry making products for the domestic market as well as for

export to the countries in Eastern Europe and even as far as Central Asia.

For more information about the companies and their products contact:

Mr. Valdur Noormagi Estonian Association of FisheryTel.: +372 6549301 [email protected]; [email protected] www.kalaliit.ee

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Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 19www.eurofishmagazine.com

[ ESE-SPE PREVIEW ]

Turkey 11-2100, 11-2101, 11-2110, 11-2201, 11-2301

Adding greater value to farmed fish

Each year Turkey has a substantial pavilion at the European Seafood Exposition populated with compa-

nies displaying farmed and wild fish in the form of fresh, frozen, smoked and mari-nated products. Turkish capture produc-tion amounted to 515,000 tonnes in 2011 while farmed fish production was 189,000 tonnes. However, the value of farmed fish in 2011 was 52 of the total value and thereby slightly higher than that of the cap-ture fishery. The most important farmed fish in volume terms are freshwater trout, European seabass and gilthead seabream, with volumes of 108 thousand, 47,000 and 32,000 tonnes respectively in 2011.

The EU, USA, and Japan are Turkey’s most important trading partners in the fisher-ies sector. In the case of farmed freshwater trout Turkish exports to the EU have risen markedly from 2,000 tonnes in 2003 to 20,000 tonnes in 2011 an increase of 900. At the European Seafood Exposition Turk-ish companies will show their expertise in producing, processing and packaging fish products to customer requirements. Farms and processing factories are certified to international standards giving high qual-ity products. Many companies are moving to greater value addition in their products,

for example seabass and seabream are no longer just whole gutted, but are filleted and individually frozen or packaged fresh in modified atmosphere. Other companies are experimenting with frozen ready-to-cook, and ready-to-eat meals, combining fish with other ingredients to give a complete meal that can be prepared in minutes.

The hospitality for which Turkey is famous can also be experienced at the Turkish pavilion, where a kitchen will be operat-ing during the show preparing samples of Turkish seafood for visitors to the pavilion.

For more information about the Turkish companies at the ESE this year contact:

Mr. Ahmet SagunPresidentIstanbul Fishery and Animal Products’ Exporters’ AssociationTel.: +90 216 561 [email protected] Mr. Selcuk SagbanDirectorIstanbul Exporters’ AssociationsTel.: +90 212 454 [email protected]

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20 Eurofish Magazine 2 / 2013 www.eurofishmagazine.com

[ ESE-SPE PREVIEW ]

The Croatian pavilion at the European Seafood Exposi-tion will host companies

from the fish farming and pro-cessing sector that will offer a cross section of products using raw material from the Adriatic. These include salted anchovies, canned products, marinated fish, smoked items, farmed seabass and seabream, and frozen small pelagics. Croatia is set to join the EU in mid-2013 and funds from the EU Instrument for Pre-Acces-sion Assistance have contributed to several recent developments in the fishing and fish process-ing industries. These include processing facilities for demersal fish, which, though only a small proportion of the total volumes landed, are an important export that typically is shipped fresh to nearby markets in Italy. Among the companies is Cromaris, a producer of farmed seabass and seabream, which supplies fresh fish, but more unusually, also offers gutted fish in trays, as well as marinated and smoked fillets. The canning industry is

Croatia 9-4247

Purveyors of Adriatic pelagics, seabass and seabream, and squid

represented with three compa-nies, Mardesic, Conex Trade, and Sardina, of which the latter two have invested in new facilities. Arbacommerce produces semi-processed salted anchovies,

salted anchovy fillets, marinated anchovy fillets, as well as fresh and frozen sardines and has com-pleted another processing plant just five years after building the first one. Pelagic products that are exported from Croatia typi-cally to Spain, France, and Italy include semi-processed salted anchovies, frozen sardines, and anchovy fillets which are pro-cessed into the final product by the customer. The companies

mentioned above are joined by ZMH Horvat which specialises in cleaned squid. The cephalopods are imported from New Zealand and Patagonia and processed into tubes, tentacles, and rings without the use of any additives.

For more information about companies or products contact:

Mr Zoran Radan Croatian Chamber of EconomyRoosevelton TRG 2 HR 10000 Zagreb Croatia

Tel.: +385 1 4561620Fax: +385 1 45 61545 [email protected] www.hgk.hr

Visit us at the

ESE Hall 4-5840+31(0) 851043614+31 252340687

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Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 21www.eurofishmagazine.com

[ EVENTS ]

Thaifex – World of Food Asia 2013, Bangkok, 22-26 May 2013

New seafood event to launch this yearThaifex – World of Food Asia 2013, a major food event jointly organised by Koelnmesse, and the Thai Chamber of Commerce, will be held this year in Bangkok, Thailand 22-26 May 2013. The tenth edition of the event will be bigger and better than ever, promise the organisers, with one of the major novelties being the launch of the World of Seafood, a new event dedicated to the fish and seafood sector.

More than 150 000 000

See us at SPE in Brussels - Booth 4-5943

Join the group of

With 3,500 sq. m of space the World of Seafood will be a platform for

innovation and value-addition within seafood with some of the biggest international brands including Bonito Seafood, Hya-cinthe Parmentier, John West, Mareblu, and Ventuna Seafood. Thaifex World of Food Asia was 95 sold out three months before the event in May, says Michael Dreyer from Koelnmesse. Some

80 or the bookings are by repeat exhibitors reflecting their confi-dence in the fair and in the wider Asian market, he says.

Consumption of seafood increases with higher

incomes

As incomes grow in poorer countries, consumers’ diets also change moving away from diets rich in staples to more

expensive sources of calories such as meat, seafood, and dairy products. In many low and middle income countries in Asia economic growth has been boosting incomes at all levels creating a demand for more expensive food items. While income growth is one of the key factors behind changing patterns of consumption other drivers include increasing urbanisation, the proportion of women in the

work force, and the availability of information. Urbanisation is characterised by higher concen-trations of people per unit area, better education, more work-ing women, higher incomes and less time to spend preparing meals from scratch. Consum-ers look for convenience as well as taste and nutrition and are more inclined to buy packaged foods. Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, China, and Vietnam

05_News_EV.indd 21 03/04/13 8:29 PM

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[ EVENTS ]

are among the countries in East Asia where economic growth is creating a middle class that is an increasingly attractive market for producers of packaged foods.

Technical conferences on food safety, packaging, and

refrigeration

Apart from the launch of the seafood show there will also be a contest for chefs making Thai food and another to identify the best Asian coffee bean. Visitors and exhibitors will also be able to participate in more technical events to get the latest informa-tion on food safety, packaging, and refrigeration from leading European, Asian, and American experts. The food safety confer-ence aims at exploring methodol-ogies and strategies such as effec-tive collaboration with suppliers

for complete food safety and cus-tomer confidence. Presentations from Arla Foods, Burton’s Bis-cuit, and the Australian Institute of Packaging among others will inform audiences about innova-tive forms of packaging that con-tribute to lower emissions and reduced food waste. The latter is estimated at USD1 trillion annu-ally by the Food and Agriculture Organisation and United Nations Environment Programme, which earlier this year launched a cam-paign to reduce it. For compa-nies interested in learning how to preserve and extend the shelf life of chilled and frozen products, the Cold Chain World seminar will have a lot to offer in terms of information, ideas, and industry trends.

The fair is aiming at a 10 increase in area to 60,000 sq. m this year as well as 27,000 visitors

over the five days of the event, also a 10 increase compared with last year. The fair is expected to be particularly useful for Asian food importers, wholesal-ers, distributors and hotel and restaurant professionals.

Country pavilions from Asia and Europe

While many of the country pavil-ions are from Asia there will also be a European presence in the form of a country group from Italy represented by a collaboration between Koelnmesse and Fed-eralimentare (the Italian Food & Drink Industry Federation) which will be next to Fiere di Parma bringing 50 Italian companies and their well-known brands. Turkey will also be present with delegations from the Turkish Confectionary & Sweet Promo-tion Group and Turkish Flour,

Yeast and Ingredients Promo-tion Group. Other new country groupings include the Brazilian Embassy, Korea Fishery Trade Association, and the Taiwan Frozen Food Processors’ Asso-ciation. After their experience at last year’s event China, Cambo-dia, Japan, Korea and Singapore will be back again this year with national pavilions. The eighty Korean companies will be housed in almost 900 sq. m of space and the majority of them are new to the Asian market. Korea is putting more resources into the show this year as it considers the event an important launching point into the rest of Asia.

For more information contact:

Sharon TeoTel.: +65 6500 [email protected]

Thaifex – World of Food Asia 2013 in Bangkok is aiming at 27,000 visitors this year, a 10% increase compared with last year.

05_News_EV.indd 22 03/04/13 8:29 PM

www.eurofi shmagazine.com Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013 23

LITHUANIA

External fi sheries policy of particular importance for Lithuania

EU Fisheries Policy is being rad-ically rewritten with the intro-duction of several new elements including a ban on discards, ensuring the long term sustain-ability of stocks, and transfer-able fi shing concessions, among others. What are the priorities for the Lithuanian fi sheries and aquaculture sector in the reform of the Common Fisher-ies Policy? What diff erences, both positive and negative, do you anticipate a reformed Fish-eries Policy will make to your fi shermen and fi sh farmers?

Lithuanian priorities of the CFP reform are a better preservation of marine biological resources, in particular the multi-annual plans for fi sheries management and the ban of discards, the development of aquaculture, a contribution to ecosystem and environmental policies under the CFP, strength-ening of regionalisation aspect and also a full integration of the external policy into the CFP.

Th e external policy of the CFP is extremely signifi cant for the Lithuanian fi sheries sector. According to the European Com-mission’s common objectives and targets for strategic guidelines on sustainable aquaculture, EU fi sheries and aquaculture supply respectively 25 and 10 of the

EU market with the remainder coming from imports. Although Lithuania is a small EU Member State, our fi shing fl eet, according to the 2011 data from the Euro-pean Commission, took 11th place among EU Member States by gross tonnage. So, for our country it is very important to maintain not only aquaculture, but also our fi shing sector, and in particular to develop commercially viable fi shing partnership agreements with Western African countries (Morocco, Mauritania).

Lithuania supports the imple-mentation of a discard banbecause it is harmful and unac-ceptable waste of fi sh stocks, however, we consider that before the implementation of this objec-tive an eff ective and proportional mechanism for its enforcement and also for the exemption of its application should be developed.

We believe that multiannual plans should be suffi ciently detailed, providing for the recov-ery and specifi c management objectives expressed through bio-logical indicators.

Lithuania is in favour of a voluntary application of transferable fi shing concessions and is of the opinion that Member States should be allowed to decide themselves how

Vigilijus Jukna, Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Lithuania, has been in position since December 2012.

they apply this system (for what kind of vessels, stocks, and mini-mum periods of time).

We think that a reformed Fisher-ies Policy will make a huge posi-tive diff erence to our fi shermen and fi sh farmers in terms of a long term sustainability of fi sh stocks and the fi nancial benefi t which a more eff ective management of fi sh stocks will bring. Of course, there may be a negative aspectof implementing the restrictions and terms of a reformed CFP. Th e forthcoming fi nancial period should include suffi cient support to help the fi shermen and their

organizations adapt to the new policy concerning discards.

As the new Minister of Agriculture since the elections in October last year what new initiatives are envisaged to ensure the growth and profi t-ability of the fi sheries and aqua-culture sector in Lithuania?

As the new fi nancial period approaches, the new operational programme of the Lithuanian fi sheries sector for 2014-2020 will be established and the initiatives will be developed by fi shermen and their associations.

Professor Vigilijus Jukna was appointed Lithuania’s Minister of Agriculture in December 2012 after the elections in October brought a new government to power. In July 2013 Lithuania takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union, a position Minister Jukna will use to ease the passage of the provisions of the Common Fisheries Policy through the EU’s legislative process, so that a new policy can be in place by the start of next year.

Reform of the Common Fisheries Policy enters the fi nal phase

06_LITHUANIA_LT.indd 23 03/04/13 8:30 PM

www.eurofi shmagazine.com24 Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013

LITHUANIA

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Lithuania is in favour of a strong emphasis on aquaculture and considers that scientifi c activity and innovations are highly impor-tant for the sustainable devel-opment in this fi eld, while the establishment of new enterprises and creation of added value in aquaculture farms should be sup-ported as well. Also, we strongly support the promotion of the sustainable development of the fi sheries regions. We would like to point out that above all it is very important to provide local com-munities with effi cient fi nancial, economic and human resources.

Th e Lithuanian Presidency of the Council of the Euro-pean Union comes at a crucial moment for European Fisheries Policy, which has reached the fi nal stages of a major reform process with the coming three-way negotiations between the European Parliament, the Fish-eries Council, and the European Commission. At the same time this will be the fi rst instance of Lithuania presiding over the Council. What infl uence can the Lithuanian Presidency exert in

order to achieve a satisfactory conclusion to the negotiations and more generally what are the grounds on which you would deem your Presidency to be a success as far as fi sheries is c oncerned.

As far as fi sheries is concerned we would consider our Presidency a success if we can steer the reform of the Common Fisheries Policy to adoption, that is, the Basic Regulation, and the Common Organisation of the Markets Reg-ulation, as well as ensure an eff ec-tive deliberation process for the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund Regulation. In addition, a smooth adoption process for the 2014 TAC’s and quotas is also an important criterion for us. In gen-eral, the number of adopted legis-lative initiatives could be seen as one of the indicators of the suc-cess of the Lithuanian Presidency.

You have taken over the reins at the Ministry of Agriculture at a crucial period; Lithuania takes over the Presidency of the Council for the fi rst time, a major reform of the Common

The reform of the CFP will benefi t Lithuanian fi shers.

Fisheries Policy is under way, and a new fi nancial period (2014-2020) will start shortly. Given these developments, what do you consider the major challenges facing you and where do you foresee opportunities for the Lithuanian fi sheries and aquaculture sector?

Th e major challenge will be the forthcoming Lithuanian Presidency of the European Council, where it will be neces-sary to forge compromises among

the Member States, as well as negotiate with the European Parliament to successfully adopt the reformed CFP. Lithuania will also close the 2007-2013 fi nan-cial period and work to establish new rules and a legal base for the new period, tasks which will not be easily resolved. On the other hand, the Lithuanian (and other countries’) fi sheries and aquacul-ture sectors stand to benefi t from the new EMFF providing us with the incentive to get it up and run-ning as soon as posible.


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LITHUANIA

This is an important period in the development of European policy for fi sher-

ies and aquaculture as the Com-mon Fisheries Policy (CFP) is in the fi nal stages of a once-in-a-decade reform eff ort, which will introduce several new elements and at the same time seek to redress the structural failings of the old policy. In addition a new seven-year programming period starts in 2014, and the European Fisheries Fund is being replaced with the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund. Overseeing all these changes during the Lithu-anian Presidency is a new gov-ernment that came to power at the end of last year.

Focus on the three main items in the CFP reform

package

Lithuania together with Ireland, the present holder of the Presi-dency, and Greece, the nation that takes over the Presidency from Lithuania, have developed a com-mon programme for the 18 month period from 1 January 2013 when Ireland started its Presidency to 30 June 2014, when the Greek Presidency concludes. Under the Integrated Maritime Policy this common programme will lay

down a framework for Maritime Spatial Planning, the plan for and regulation of human activities at sea while protecting marine envi-ronments, and implementation of the Blue Growth initiative, a com-prehensive growth strategy for the maritime sector as a whole that will cover shipping, off shore wind energy, coastal tourism, desali-nation, and the use of marine resources in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries also possi-bilities for development of marine aquaculture. For the fi sheries sector the three Presidencies will focus on the CFP reform. Ms Jur-gita Skorupskaite, Chief Special-ist, Fisheries Products and Mar-ket Subdivision in the Lithuanian Ministry of Agriculture, says that one of the priorities for the Irish, Lithuanians, and Greeks will be to ensure the completion and adop-tion of the three main regulations contained in the CFP reform pack-age, the Common Fisheries Policy regulation, the Common Market Organisation (CMO) regulation, and the European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) regulation, and to begin their implementa-tion in 2014. Th e three Presiden-cies are also committed to working together with the European Parlia-ment to achieve progress on the multi annual management and

recovery plans that are important tools to achieving the objectives of the CFP.

In addition to the Trio Pro-gramme each country that constitutes the trio has its own programme for its six month Presidency. Th e contents of this depend however on how far the previous Presidency gets with implementing the Trio Programme. If progress is slow under one Presidency the pri-ority is to try and get the Trio Programme back on track and the country’s own programme gets sidelined. In Lithuania’s case its programme will focus on the conclusion of CFP reform and the timely adoption of Total Allowable Catches (TACs) and Quotas for 2014. Th e exter-nal dimension of the CFP is extremely signifi cant to Lithu-ania, which has a distant water fl eet that comprised 8 vessels in 2012 with total catches amount-ing to 54 thousand tonnes, the bulk of which came from activi-ties off the coasts of Mauritania (in 2012 Lithuania did not engage in fi shing activities in Morocco nor in the South Pacifi c).

Among the changes the reform of the CFP aims to bring about is the

Lithuania takes over the Presidency of the Council of the European Union

Successful passage of the CFP reform elements is the primary goalFor the fi rst time since joining the European Union in 2004 Lithuania will take over the rotating Presidency of the Council of the European Union in July 2013. For the fi sheries and aquaculture sector this will mean at least two major meetings to be hosted in Lithuania – an Informal Meeting of the Directors General for Fisheries from all the 28 (on the fi rst of July Croatia becomes the 28th EU Member State) EU Member States which will be in Vilnius and an informal meeting in Klaipeda on the Baltic Sea for the fi sheries attachés who are delegated by the Member States to their permanent representations in Brussels.

Jurgita Skorupskaite, Chief Specialist, Fisheries Products and Market Subdivision, Ministry of Agriculture.

introduction of a voluntary appli-cation of transferable fi shing rights (individual transferable quotas – ITQ) ; a ban the practice of dis-cards; and more regional decision making. In 2012 Lithuanian quotas for the four main species it catches in the Baltic Sea: cod, herring, sprat, and salmon, moved in dif-ferent directions. While the quota for cod increased by 15 to 4,317 tonnes, the allocations for her-ring, sprat, all decreased. Herring by 27 to 2,289 tonnes, sprat to 11,272 tonnes (-22) while salmon decreased by 51 to 1,899 pieces. However, Lithuanian fi shers only



LITHUANIA

caught 58 of the cod quota and a paltry 9 of the salmon quota, but fully exploited the herring and sprat quotas with catch rates of 99.4 and 99.8 respectively. Th e high rates of exploitation for sprat goes back to the development in sprat prices over the last few years, says Laura Simonaityte, Head of the Fisheries Policy Division in the Ministry of Agriculture. For many years sprat prices were stuck at about 10 euro cents a kilo. Now, however, prices have climbed to three or four times that and sprats have become a very attractive spe-cies to target especially as current prices for cod are low. Th ere have been some hiccups introducing the new ITQ system due partly to

Laura Simonaityte, Head of the Fisheries Policy Division, Ministry of Agriculture.

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some fi shers’ concerns, but there is broad agreement on the princi-ples of the system.

Authorities, fi shers support phased-in

discard ban

Discarding fi sh is a practice that had become commonplace under the CFP with the European Commission estimating that 23 of all fi sh caught is discarded, while other estimates put the fi g-ure as high as 40. Fortunately, in the Baltic Sea, these numbers are lower. Th e practice endures because of the system of quotas which forces fi shers to discard fi sh when they exceed their quotas. Fish that is the wrong species, the wrong size, or otherwise undesir-able also gets discarded. Some species can survive being caught and then discarded, but most are returned lifeless to the water. As it stands now the proposed ban on discards will be phased in between 2014 and 2017, but this is yet to be negotiated with the European Parliament. Th e Lithuanian posi-tion on discards is in line with the majority of EU nations, says Ms Simonaityte. We are keen on a ban as discarding is a waste of fi sh, but we also feel that phasing it in over a period of time that takes into account the diff erent species is the

correct way to implement it, rather than a blanket ban on discards of all species at once.

Algirdas Ausra, Chairman of the Board of the Confederation of Fishermen and Fish Processors of West Lithuania, represents an association that is responsible for 70-80 of the Lithuanian catches in the Baltic. He too feels that a discard ban should be introduced in stages. We need to fi nd out what possibilities we have with this fi sh that would otherwise be discarded, he says. His idea would be to fi nd out whether there was a market for undersized fi sh per-haps in southern Europe or in Asia. If we can legally land and sell the fi sh there may be a mar-ket for it, but we need to fi rst carry out some trials and see if there is a demand, but this calls for time so a ban should be introduced slowly, he maintains.

Mr Ausra is concerned about growing calls for fi sh to be used for human consumption rather than to be ground up into fi shmeal or made into fi sh oil. For him the choice is a simple one, the mar-ket decides the price of fi sh and if fi shmeal manufacturers are pre-pared to off er higher prices, then he sells his catch to them. In any case, he points out, the argument

Algirdas Ausra, Chairman of the Board of the Confederation of Fishermen and Fish Processors of West Lithuania.

that fi sh should fi rstly be used for human consumption is specious, as fi shmeal and fi sh oil go into animal and fi sh feed and so is ulti-mately consumed by humans. In addition, fi sh for fi shmeal facto-ries does not have to meet quite as high quality requirements and the costs associated with catching for these customers are correspond-ingly lower. Finally, processors of fi sh for human consumption often lack the infrastructure for handling and storage that will make it easier for fi shers to unload the fi sh. Th is means that several hours can be spent unloading the fi sh, reducing the time that can be spent catching it.


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LITHUANIA

Decentralisation will make for more effective

policy

Another aspect of the CFP reform is the proposal on decentralis-ing decision-making. Th is will clarify the roles of the diff er-ent actors and leave the overall policy including the legal frame-work, broad targets, indicators, and timescales to be decided at EU level, while devolving the implementing measures that will achieve these targets to the country or region. Th e advantage of this devolution is that instead of having a one size fi ts all strat-egy developed in Brussels the Member States can tailor their management strategies to the particularities of their sea basins. And where the sea basins are shared the concerned Member States are encouraged to jointly develop management strategies. As a small country Lithuania is a keen supporter of this approach as it will enable the develop-ment of strategies that are cus-tomised to the conditions on the ground. We are more motivated to implement a strategy that we have put together and that is rel-evant to our fi sheries, rather than one that has been developed elsewhere, says Ms Simonaityte.

Carp production stagnates while imports of fi sh and seafood rise

steadily

Th e CFP reform will also have a bearing on the aquaculture sec-tor, which has been more or less stagnating in Europe in terms of production since 2000, while showing double digit growth in other parts of the world. Th e reform calls for the removal of administrative bottlenecks, the allocation of water and space for freshwater and marine fi sh farming, the promotion of diver-

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Vytautas Andriuskevicius, Director of the National Association of Aquaculture and the National Association of Fish Processors.

sifi cation, and better exploitation of the EU’s competitive advan-tages such as high standards, innovation, and collaboration between industry and research. In Lithuania the fi sh farming sector produces mainly com-mon carp in extensive ponds and production has been broadly stable since 2007 at about 3,250 tonnes. Th e industry is keen to promote the environmentally friendly nature of extensive carp production which is conducive to the local fl ora and fauna, some-times to the detriment of the fi sh production itself. Vytautas Andriuskevicius, Director of the National Association of Aquacul-ture and the National Associa-tion of Fish Processors, says that birds, for example, especially cormorants, are a signifi cant threat to the fi sh, yet they must be protected. For the new pro-gramming period (2014-2020) an aquaculture strategy has to be formulated and Mr Andriusk-evicius is keen that it includes compensation for the farmers for the costs they incur when maintaining the environment. Th e main market for farmed fi sh is the domestic one although about a third of the production is exported to neighbouring countries. Th e association real-ises the importance of diversify-ing from live fi sh into new prod-ucts such as fi llets, gutted fi sh, and smoked fi sh and creating a market for them. Perhaps one of the main threats to the farmed fi sh industry in Lithuania is the steady increase in the availability of products based on imported raw materials. Supermarkets in the main Lithuanian cities stock a wide variety of fresh, frozen, smoked, marinated, and preserved products. Mr Andri-uskevicius complains that fresh salmon imported from Norway can cost the same as carp, which puts pressure on the farmers. He

thinks that diversifi cation into higher value species such as eel, trout, sturgeon, and catfi sh is one way forward and members of the association have initiated projects for the production of some of these species, introduc-ing recirculation aquaculture technologies.

FLAGs promote inland and coastal fi shing

tourism

Lithuania has embraced the con-cept of Fisheries Local Action Groups enthusiastically. Th ese are locally established public-private partnerships that work towards the development of their fi sheries area. Fisheries areas have been defi ned by the Lithu-anian Department of Fisheries as municipalities that meet two criteria: the water area within the

municipal territory must exceed the average for the country (that is more than 4); and at least 50 people must be employed in the


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LITHUANIA

fi sheries (including aquaculture) sector within the municipality. Development of fi sheries areas takes the form of projects that are designed and implemented by the FLAGs with the help of funding from Axis 4 of the Euro-pean Fisheries Fund. In central and eastern Lithuania the main fi shery activity is fi sh farming and inland fi shing. Projects from FLAGs in these regions are about restoring cultural and culinary traditions, rebuilding stocks in inland waters with fi sh breeding and releasing schemes, and pro-moting environmentally-friendly inland fi shing tourism. Along the coast in the western part of Lithu-ania, on the other hand, projects

focus on fi shers who have no work and can benefi t from retraining and gaining new skills.

In Lithuania there are 12 FLAGs of which the biggest in terms of f unding is the Klaipeda FLAG. In terms of its area the Klaipeda FLAG at 98 sq. km is the smallest of all the Lithuanian FLAGs. But Petras Cirtautas, the Chairman, explains that Klaipeda is home to many of the biggest fi shing companies in Lithuania and within the city there are approxi-mately 1,700 people working in diff erent parts of the fi sheries sector – fi shing, processing, sales and marketing, distribution, and fi sh retail. If the people working

in the fi sh business unoffi cially are included the number is even higher.

Th e Klaipeda FLAG borrows from the LEADER approach, a component of the Common Agri-cultural Policy, which supports the economic, social, and envi-ronmental development of rural areas by encouraging local com-munities to explore new ways of attracting investment, creating jobs, and helping the environ-ment to remain viable and com-petitive. Th e Klaipeda FLAG includes public and private bod-ies, government institutions, and local community bodies. FLAGs within a country can work

together if it facilitates achiev-ing the desired objective. In the case of the Klaipeda FLAG it has partnered with two other FLAGs, not in Lithuania, but in Denmark and Poland. Th e Danish and Pol-ish FLAGs are also involved in fi shing and fi sh processing and thus have more in common with the Klaipeda FLAG, than some of the other Lithuanian fl ags. Th e three partners plan to exchange experiences, develop new forms of cooperation and to collaborate on projects. Th irteen projects, varying in size from 180,000 litas (EUR52,000) to 500,000 litas (EUR145,000), have been submit-ted by the Klaipeda FLAG and fi ve have been approved.

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Petras Cirtautas (left), Chairman, Klaipeda Fisheries Local Action Group, with two colleagues, who are responsible for a project to renovate an old wooden vessel to be used for tourist purposes.


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LITHUANIA

Coastal fi shing contends with several problems

Klaipeda is the only Lithu-anian port on the Baltic Sea and therefore the hub of the Lithu-anian fi shing industry, says Pet-ras Cirtautas, himself a former fi sherman. However, along the relatively short stretch of Lithu-anian coastline between Latvia to the north and Kaliningrad to the south there is a tradition of coastal fi shing which goes back to the Stone Age. Th is traditional fi shing where the tools and meth-ods were passed down from one generation to the next has per-sisted to the present day. Th e problem is that while these meth-ods are for subsistence fi shing they are not enough today when bigger quantities of fi sh have to be caught. Th e gear used for coastal

fi shing is usually nets. Th ese are responsible for 95 of the Lithu-anian catch from the coastal waters of the Baltic Sea. Another type of gear that is increasing in popularity is traps as they can also be used in stormy weather. Th e coastal fi shing industry has to overcome several obstacles both natural and man-made if it is to prosper. Among the natural barriers is the freezing of the sea in winter, and the presence of seals, which can be a menace for the fi sh caught in nets. Th e man-made problems include the lack of infrastructure, the absence of fresh fi sh sales points, and the obsolete and underpowered fi shing vessels that characterise the fl eet.

Th ere are no marinas along the Lithuanian coast which makes

it more diffi cult for the fi shers to get their boats in and out of the water. Well designed marinas off ering diff erent facilities would also make the coastline more attractive for tourists as well as for locals. Another issue is the lack of places along the coast where fresh fi sh can be bought. Most sales points are in the city cen-tre in Klaipeda while areas along the coast tend to get neglected. Th e biggest issue, according to Mr Cirtautas, is, however, the fi sh-ing vessels, which have an average age of over 30 years and are relics from the Soviet Union. Apart from anything else this means that they have suff ered more wear and tear than if they were under private ownership. Mr Cirtautas is more or less resigned to the fact that no subsidies for fl eet renewal or modernisation are forthcoming.

Altogether these issues have con-tributed to an undermining of the coastal fi shing industry in Lithu-ania and an increasing number of fi shers with diminished pros-pects. Mr Cirtautas hopes that some of the projects that the Klaipeda FLAG has developed will play a role in improving their future.

Among the fi ve projects approved by the Lithuanian authorities are smaller “soft” projects that deal with information dissemina-tion in schools about fi shing and fi sheries. One of the bigger pro-jects involves the restoration of an old wooden vessel that, when completed, will sail in the Dane river that runs through Klaipeda. Th e vessel will fulfi l a number of roles, among them promot-ing tourism, off ering angling,


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LITHUANIA

educating the passengers about fi shing and shipbuilding tradi-tions as well as taking them to experience the Curonian Lagoon. However, the vessel will not use sails as it is forbidden to sail in the port, instead it will be equipped with a small motor. Th e idea is to

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Lithuania and Ukraine cooperate in the fi sheries sectorAs Ukraine seeks to become a member of the European Union it needs knowledge of the union’s functioning in diff erent fi elds including fi sheries. In 2012 the Ministry of Foreign Aff airs of Lith-uania supported the project “Aid for the State Agency of Fisheries of Ukraine to strengthen its admin-istrative capacity in the fi sheries area for integration to EU”. Th e aim of the project was to strengthen the administrative and institutional capacities of the Ukraine reform-ing Ukrainian fi sheries policy in order to meet the principles of the EU Common Fisheries Policy. To implement this project Lithuanian experts visited the Ukraine twice and Ukrainian experts came once to Lithuania in 2012. Lithuanian experts from the Fisheries Depart-ment of the Ministry of Agriculture and from Fisheries Service shared Lithuania’s experiences when it was joining the EU and provided recommendations and training in the following areas:

1. Implementation of EU fi sh-eries control system;

2. Th e fi ght against illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fi shing;

3. Enhancement of the role of fi sheries sector’s organisa-tions; fi nancial assistance for fi sheries;

4. Principles of harmonisation of national fi sheries legisla-tion with EU legal acts;

5. Pisciculture system in state water bodies in Lithuania.

Th e hope is that this project will facilitate the move by the Ukrainian fi sheries sector towards more responsible and sustainable fi sheries thus ensur-ing the long-term viability of the sector. Th e Ukrainian side confi rmed the political will and intention to further integrate and adapt its fi sheries sector to EU requirements. Both sides are planning to continue this successful cooperation.

Zigfridas Kairys, President of the Neringa association, Vidmares.

make Klaipeda attractive for tour-ists, says Petras Cirtautas, and therefore we are also cleaning and renovating parts of the city as well as developing the banks of the river to create a waterfront.

Neringa municipality seeks its own FLAG

Indeed the potential that FLAGs have shown has been so popu-lar that one of the Lithuanian FLAGs is proposing to split into two. Th is is the Silute FLAG which includes the municipality of Neringa, the spit of land that encloses the Curonian Lagoon. Darius Jasaitis, the mayor of Ner-inga, and Zigfridas Kairys, presi-dent of the Neringa association, Vidmares, point out that Neringa has quite diff erent priorities from Silute. Neringa has both a Baltic

Sea coastal fi shery as well as a fi shery in the Curonian Lagoon, while in Silute it is only the Curo-nian Lagoon fi shery that is of interest. In addition the repre-sentatives from Neringa who are members and board members of the FLAG fi nd it onerous to travel from Neringa to Silute where the meetings are held, especially in summer. It is a long trip to make and in the summer months Neringa is full of tourists mak-ing it a particularly busy time for the local fi shermen. Th e inability to attend meetings means that Neringa’s voice is diminished in


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LITHUANIA

the FLAG’s internal discussions about various issues, and raises the question of whether Nerin-ga’s interests are being properly represented and safeguarded.

Mr Jasaitis says that for Neringa it is important that the FLAG works primarily to improve con-ditions for the fi shermen and to build fi sheries infrastructure. For the Neringa fi shermen their pro-fession is part of their identity. Certain products like smoked fi sh are processed in a way that is typical of Neringa and represent a cultural and culinary tradition that brings tourists from the mainland as well as from other parts of Europe and is defi nitely worth preserving, feels Mayor Jasaitis. Establishing a new FLAG for Neringa has the support of all the concerned parties – the

fi shers in Neringa, the members of the rump Silute FLAG, and, crucially, also the Department of Fisheries. Th e potential FLAG has not yet been recognised but the organisation behind it has nonetheless been developing projects that will improve condi-tions for the fi shers. Among these is the construction of two ramps, one in Juodkrante and the other in Nida, that will assist the Baltic Sea fi shers in getting their boats in to and out of the water. Another idea that is being discussed is the construction of sheds, in which Curonian Lagoon fi shers can store their gear and their boats. Curonian Lagoon fi shers are also interested in the construc-tion of processing facilities so that their catches can be fi lleted and smoked. Such projects make economic sense says Mr Jasaitis,

as the price for the processed fi sh is perhaps six times higher than for the fresh. By adding value to the product the fi shers will be able to improve their standards of living and will not be depend-ent on the state for support. Nor, he adds, can the fi shers build such facilities on their own as there are too many rules and regulations to be fulfi lled. Th e fi shers would need assistance to deal with these issues so making this a FLAG project would be an obvious way to proceed.

Vessels in dire need of renovation

Among the other ideas that are being discussed among the members of the FLAG and one which is of enormous interest to the fi shers is the renovation of

their vessels, which, as Mr Kairys observes, “are one step from sink-ing.” Th e boats used to fi sh in the lagoon are small and the fi shers are interested in support from the government to renew them. While this is unlikely to be forth-coming, in other parts of Europe producer organisations have considered setting up a fund based on a proportion of the pro-ceeds from fi sh sales that could be used for the renewal of ves-sels. Proponents of the Neringa FLAG are aware that there is no money available for projects in the current programming period (2007 to 2013), but are optimis-tic that over the course of the year the FLAG will be properly established and recognised and can start submitting project for approval for the next period (2014 to 2020).


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LITHUANIA

Vichiunai’s new whitefi sh processing facility to open in summer 2013

Exploiting its strengths in production and distribution in Central and Eastern Europe Vichiunai established its reputation as a producer of surimi-based items becoming one of the top producers in the world of a vast variety of analogue seafood products. The growth in the surimi side of the business was rapid and led to the brand Vichiunai being indelibly associated with surimi products in the public eye.

Vichiunai however started as a processor of salmon and manufac-turer of products in brine includ-ing mussels, crayfi sh tails and pink shrimp, an activity that has contin-ued to the present. Th e company has been growing and diversifying

steadily. Among its fi sh processing activities the company works with whitefi sh, the volumes of which have increased so much that the company has invested in a brand new processing plant just outside Kaunas in Lithuania.

Kaunas FTZ offers logistical and fi nancial

advantages

Tomas Bagdonavicius is the head of business planning and analysis for the Vichiunai Group as well as

the director of the new process-ing factory. Kaunas, he says, was chosen as the site of the plant for two reasons. From a logistical point of view, Kaunas is particu-larly favourable as it lies on the main highway from Klaipeda on


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Metalbud-Nowicki at EUROPEAN SEAFOOD EXPOSITION

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the Baltic Sea to Vilnius, the capi-tal city and then continues on to Eastern Europe. Since the com-pany will distribute its production within Lithuania as well as in to Eastern Europe a production site in Kaunas is convenient. Th e sec-ond reason is fi nancial. Th e fac-tory is located in a free trade zone (FTZ) which gives the company certain tax benefi ts. Th ere are other FTZs in Lithuania, in Klai-peda, for example, says Tomas Bagdonavicius, but we found that it was more advantageous to build here. Today there is no real need to build close to the source of the raw material. Logistics are so good that the quality of the fi sh is not impaired if it spends a couple of hours in a truck before it is processed. In many cases the product is shipped halfway across the world to be processed and is then freighted back again to be consumed.

Support from the European Fisheries Fund

Th e new factory will be used to process whitefi sh. In the fi rst instance operations will comprise fi lleting, glazing and packaging of whitefi sh. Th e fi sh will be sourced locally from fi shermen landing

Tomas Bagdonavicius, Head of Business Planning and Analysis for the Vichiunai Group and Director of the new factory in Kaunas.

their cod catches from the Baltic Sea at Klaipeda harbour, a cou-ple of hours away, as well as from other parts of the world, such as Argentina (hoki) or the United States (Alaska pollock). Once processed, the fi sh will be dis-tributed to the company’s target markets in Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia as well as locally in Lithu-ania. Operations are scheduled to start in summer 2013 when the fi nal work at the site is fi nished. With an area of 10,000 sq. m and an expected staff count of 200 the facility will have a capacity of 14,000 tonnes of fi nished product. Th e project called for an invest-ment of EUR10m roughly a quar-ter of which came from the Euro-pean Fisheries Fund, and most of the rest from bank loans, while Vichiunai took a minor stake. Vichiunai will have a major role to play in the branding and market-ing of the product where it has a lot of expertise and many years of experience.

Contract processing services for the

whitefi sh industry

Th e factory represents the expan-sion of an activity, contract pro-cessing of whitefi sh, that Vichiu-nai has carried out at its other facilities until now. Building a big new factory represents the importance Vichiunai attaches to this activity and also focuses production, so that one site con-centrates on one kind of prod-uct rather than having a facility where a wide range of diff erent products are processed. As Mr Bagdonavicius says, the bigger the assortment of items manu-factured, the more it aff ects the cost of production. By specialis-ing in a single type of product one makes optimal use of the staff and their competencies. Th us Vichiu-nai’s processing factories tend to specialise; each of the three


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LITHUANIA

The 10,000 sq. m factory has a capacity of 14,000 tonnes of fi nished products and will employ 200 people. It is scheduled to start production in summer 2013.

Vichiunai Group Company Fact FileVichiunai GroupV. Kreves av. 97LT-50369 KaunasLithuania

Tel.: +370 37 314484Fax: +370 37 [email protected]

Tomas Bagdonavicius, Head of Business Planning and Analysis

Facility: New 10,000 sq. m processing facility scheduled to start operations in summer 2013

Products: Filleted, glazed, pack-aged whitefi sh

Capacity: 14,000 t of fi nished product

Employees: 200

plants in Plunge in Lithuania, for example, focuses on diff erent products (salmon, surimi and herring), while another plant in Estonia concentrates on breaded products.

Well established operations in Central and Eastern Europe

With the new whitefi sh produc-tion facility in Kaunas Vichiunai is counting on its strengths as an effi cient producer and trader with its own extensive distribution net-work and highly developed brand management skills to attract potential customers. Th ese will be companies interested in sup-plying whitefi sh to markets in

the Baltic States, or further east in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, or even Kazakhstan, where Vichiu-nai has logistics and distribution companies with their own fl eet of vehicles, warehouses, and cus-toms clearing agents. Vichiunai is fl exible about the kind of agree-ments that it enters into with these potential customers. Th ey could supply the raw material that we process and then hand back, says Mr Bagdonavicius, or we can provide the raw material and sell the fi nished product, it all depends on what the client wants. For its raw material needs the company has initiated discus-sions with the local fi shermen about supplying raw material and these negotiations are ongoing.

We all know each other in the business, says Mr Bagdonavicius, and hopefully we will come to a mutually favourable agreement.

With its new whitefi sh process-ing factory in Kaunas Vichiunai

is hoping to capitalise on its strengths as a processor and trader with extensive distribution networks in Central and Eastern Europe. Companies interested in this region will fi nd Vichiunai a useful partner.


Tel. +45 9752 2099 . www.kroma.dk . [email protected]

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Hall 4 stand 6067


NETHERLANDS

Aquaculture in the Netherlands: traditional methods and modern technologies

Near-natural shellfi sh cultures and fi sh production in recirculation systems

The farming of mussels and oysters in aquaculture off the Dutch coast began as far

back as the end of the 19th century. Although these maricultures have in the interim been developed further they are today still based on traditional methods. Mussels grow almost without exception in extensive bottom cultures under natural conditions without any additional feed (only six compa-nies that together produce about 700 t/year grow their mussels on ropes.) No use is made at all of chemicals or medication. Th is means that mussels and oysters are purely natural products even if they come from aquaculture. What is an advantage for product marketing, however, constitutes a problem for the farms because they are dependent on environ-mental factors and the vagaries of nature. Th e annual amount of mussel seed that can be harvested fl uctuates, and the plankton that is needed to feed the mussels does not develop the same every year; starfi sh steal from the mussel cultures, and weather conditions often cause damages. Under these conditions yield fl uctuations are hardly to be avoided and they are sometimes considerable. In the

1990s the farms produced about 100,000 t of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) per year. Today, produc-tion sometimes amounts to only half of that (56,227 t in 2010).

What makes life particularly hard for mussel farmers is a lack of mussel seed. Th is is taken from natural mussel banks, but large spat falls did not occur in recent years. Added to that, the farmers are not permitted to take as much seed from along the coast as they want, for seed removal is regulated by a quota system. Large areas of the shallow, lucrative Wadden Sea are closed to “seed gatherers” in order to leave enough juveniles in the mussel banks and to give sea birds suffi cient feed. Th ere have been strict regulations for the accessible marine regions since 1993 which state how much seed can be removed. Scientists inves-tigate seed occurrence every year in spring and autumn and check the condition of the mussel stocks to enable estimation of how much seed can be removed. If there is too little seed, which was often the case in recent years, other coastal regions can be closed, too. Envi-ronmental groups pay scrupulous attention to make sure the quotas

The Netherlands have a long tradition as a fi shing nation but aquaculture plays only a minor role in the country’s economy. Two sectors stand out within the industry: extensive shellfi sh cultures in coastal waters, and onshore fi sh farming that is operated almost without exception in intensive recirculation systems. The Dutch are among the pioneers of this technology in Europe. They never tire of looking for profi table new fi sh species that might be suited to farming in recirculation systems.

are not set too high. Th is doesn’t make it easy for the seed gatherers to fi nd enough seed to satisfy the farms’ demand, particularly since

they are only permitted to collect seed during two short periods of the year. Demand for seed is high: in bottom cultures about 1 kg of

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In its heyday eel farming was carried out in nearly 50 eel farms like this one in the Netherlands, together producing nearly 5,000 t of eel per year.


NETHERLANDS

mussel seed is required to produce 1.5 to 2 kg of marketable mussels.

Special boats use dredgers to scrape the mussel seed from the sea bed at a length of about 2 to 3 cm and take it to carefully cleaned and prepared mussel fi elds, called plots, on which it is then spread evenly. Th e plots are usually 1 to 5 hectares in size and are located in shallow coastal waters which are particularly rich in nutrients. In the southwest of the Netherlands these areas include particularly the Wadden Sea and the deltas in the province Zeeland, the Eastern Scheldt and the salt Grevelingen Lake. It takes one to two years for the mussels to grow to a market-able size of 6 to 8 cm. During that time they are lifted repeatedly by boats to prevent the cultures silting up, to remove starfi shes and mud and – if necessary – to take the mussels to other plots that perhaps have better growth conditions and provide more plankton.

New ways being tested for attaining mussel

seed

Although Holland’s mussel farm-ers use other methods, too, to ensure an adequate supply of seed mussels, they have so far still not found a satisfactory solution to the problem. Part of the seed is imported, for example, from

Ireland, although environmental-ists contest this practice because they fear that diseases and para-sites will be introduced. In 2007 a pilot project began (and is still on-going) with the aim of enabling the production of blue mussel seed in onshore hatcheries. Hopes are high that experiments with seed collectors, similar to in oyster farming, will prove useful. Th e col-lectors off er the mussel larvae opti-mal settling conditions when they progress from the planktonic life stage to a settled existence. A solu-tion to the seed problem is urgently needed for the current production level will have to rise further if jobs are not to be lost in the long run. In the coastal regions of the Nether-lands just under 300 people work-ing in about 50 farming companies earn their livelihoods with mussel farming.

Not only are blue mussels pro-duced in mariculture but also oysters. Some companies have specialised in oyster farming and produce nothing else, but often the oysters are farmed as a second species by mussel farm operators. Pacifi c cupped oysters (Crassostrea gigas) account for more than 90 of production with an annual pro-duction level of about 30 million oysters. Th is adds up to a total vol-ume of about 3,000 t, although the sum can vary from year to year. Th e best results so far were achieved in 2010 with 3,860 t. Most of the nearly

30 oyster farming companies, of which many are located around the town of Yerseke (Province of Zeeland) produce not only C. gigasbut also the European fl at oys-ter (Ostrea edulis) which is much more popular with connoisseurs. About 1.5 million of these oysters are farmed per year, equivalent to a production volume of 70 to 100 t. Like the blue mussels these oysters grow in bottom cultures which involve higher losses than the methods that are common in France where the oysters grow on tables.

Oyster farming is based on natural seed, too. After the plots on which the oysters are to grow have been thoroughly cleaned and prepared the sea bed is covered with mus-sel shells shortly before the point in time at which the oyster larvae settle on fi rm substrates. Due to the occurrence of the dangerous Bonamia parasite in a lot of places along the Dutch coast European fl at oysters can only be farmed in the saline water of Grevelingen Lake which is about 11,000 ha in size. It takes about four to fi ve years for these oysters to reach a marketable size of 70 to 100 grams. Pacifi c cupped oysters are resistant to Bonamia and can thus also be grown in the southwest of the country in the shallow waters off the coast. Th is oyster species generally reaches a marketable size already after three years. Like blue mussels the oysters are lifted by special boats several times dur-ing their growth to clean them and sort out poor qualities.

Whilst oysters are delivered directly to restaurants, retailers or wholesalers, mainly in Belgium and France, mussels are sold via a specialised mussel auction in Yerseke. Two thirds of blue mussel production is sold as fresh prod-ucts in 2 or 2.5 kg vacuum packs to France and Belgium, the rest are

cooked or prepared in some other way and mainly enter the market as canned products. All mussel farming locations, the entire farm-ing procedure and the processing conditions are subject to constant controls by the state supervisory authorities in accordance with the valid EU requirements.

Heated recirculation systems dominate inland

aquaculture

Compared to the mussel farms off the coast, inland aquaculture activities produce a relatively low volume of fi sh. However, it is a very dynamic sector. 70 to 80 years ago the Dutch government tried to increase yield from inland waters through regular stocking meas-ures. At that time the semi-gov-ernmental Organisation for Inland Fisheries Improvement (OVB) introduced large quantities of glass eels, young pike and carp to Dutch waters. Th ere are still comparable programmes today, although under diff erent responsibility and with much smaller scope. For the stocking programme the Dutch government founded several smaller hatcheries at the start of the 20th century which bred trout fry in concrete channels and fl ow-through ponds. About fi ve of these companies that were privatised during the 1930s still exist today. Th ey fi nance themselves mainly through put-and-take ponds for sports fi shermen (for which about 300 to 400 t of trout are produced annually) and the hatching of stocking fi sh (about 40 t/year). Four outdoor companies grow cold-water ornamental fi shes for garden ponds, among them gold-fi shes (Carassius auratus auratus), ides (Leuciscus idus) and sturgeon (Acipenser spp.)

Indoor activities within Dutch fi sh farming are considerably more wide-spread and larger than



NETHERLANDS

the outdoor fi sh farms. About 90 companies which together have an annual production capacity of nearly 10,000 t produce fi sh for consumption in heated recir-culation aquaculture systems (RAS). It would be hard to fi nd such strong usage of this sophis-ticated technology in any other country throughout the world. Nearly every fi sh for consumption that is produced in aquaculture in the Netherlands comes from a recirculation system. Th e Dutch have succeeded in optimising RAS technology and adapting it to the requirements of diff erent fi sh species. As a result of this experience their skills and know-how are in demand worldwide, as can be seen from the system pro-ducer HESY International from Th e Hague. Founded in 1984 the company already designed and built over 170 intensive RAS for numerous fi sh species in 28 dif-

ferent countries. Indoor systems with integrated water recycling mean that the water can be used several times over and circulates within the system, making farm operators largely independent of climatic conditions in their cho-sen location. Such systems are to be found nearly everywhere in the Netherlands, particularly in the southern provinces.

Introduction of RAS throughout Holland was probably only pos-sible because with European eel (Anguilla anguilla) a fi sh species was found whose production led to suffi cient profi t to cover the costs of the construction and operation of these expensive systems. Th ere were sometimes nearly 50 eel farms operating in the Netherlands which together produced just under 5,000 t eel with a “farm gate” value of 40 mil-lion EUR. Due to the enormous

problems of glass eel supply, how-ever, production has fallen again, and today fl uctuates around 3,000 t per year. Small eels weighing up to 150 grams mostly remain in the Netherlands. Th ey are usually smoked, fi lleted, packed in MAP and sold at markets, to fi shmon-gers and supermarkets. Larger eels of weights exceeding 500 g (which only account for a small share of production, however) are exported fresh, preferably to Bel-gium and Germany.

African catfi sh, tilapia and other exotic fi sh

species

Although eels helped move the introduction and acceptance of RAS forward, the spectrum of fi sh species produced in heated recirculation systems grew consid-erably over the years. Dutch fi sh farmers are undoubtedly among

the pioneers in Europe with regard to the introduction of new, often exotic fi sh species. Th e aquacul-ture sector was given important support from research institutes in the country, too, for example from Wageningen University & Research Centre which already in the 1980s was involved with the reproduc-tion and culture of the North Afri-can catfi sh (Clarias gariepinus) in recirculation systems. Th e Dutch were among the fi rst Europe-wide to grow this fi sh in aquaculture. Production of Clarias catfi sh rock-eted to start with and reached a volume of 4,500 t per year but then disillusionment soon followed. Th e unknown fi sh species was not easy to market and could only be sold for relatively low prices so that a lot of farms lost money. Current pro-duction of Clarias catfi sh amounts to slightly above 3,000 t, with most of the fi sh being farmed in super-intensive RAS that work with high


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The company Solea operates a hatchery and a recirculation system in IJmuiden for growing sole (Solea solea).


NETHERLANDS

fi sh densities. Nearly all the fi shes are marketed as fresh or smoked fi l-lets, a small share as value-added, ready-to-cook products. About 60 to 70 of the fi shes are exported to Germany, Belgium and France.

Developments in Dutch aquacul-ture were much the same where tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)was concerned. Production grew rapidly at fi rst, reaching its peak in 2006 when the fi ve tilapia farms in the Netherlands together produced 1,250 t. In the meantime production volume has decreased sharply and FAO statistics for 2010 name only 100 t. Tilapia are also mostly traded as fi llets, mainly in Holland, but with some going to France, too. Th e fact that Clarias catfi sh and tilapia failed to fulfi l, or only partly fulfi lled the high expectations placed in them has in no way, however, curbed the Dutch fi sh farmers’ enthusiasm for experimenting, and unde-terred they try out new species which are diffi cult to farm and species that are largely unknown and thus not easy to market.

Dutch aquaculture does not only off er eel, Clarias, and tilapia but a whole host of other species, too. On the southwest coast of the country where there is access to sea water, turbot (Psetta maxima)are produced, for example. Pro-duction currently amounts to about 250 t/year. Th e necessary fry for stocking are imported from

France. In IJmuiden one company operates a hatchery and sea water recirculation system in which sole (Solea solea) are raised. Th e sole spawn naturally in circular tanks of the hatchery. Th e fry grow in an ongrowing facility in shallow chan-nels that are arranged shelf-like in seven rows on top of one another. It takes about two years for the sole to grow from the egg stage to a marketable weight of 200 to 300 g. Production volume in 2010 is stated at 20 t in the FAO statistics. Two other farms are involved with farming barramundi. A farm in Groningen went into operation in 2005, and a second in Urk has been producing since 2007. Th e necessary fry are imported from Australia. Zander are also hatched and raised to a marketable size in the Netherlands in RAS. Th e com-pany Excellence Fish hatches the fi sh throughout the year and also carries out a selective breeding programme. Th e stocking fi sh from the company in the Dutch town of Horst are in demand from a lot of zander farms throughout Europe.

Even tropical shrimps (Litope-naeus vannamei) are produced in an indoor facility which makes use of the heated water from a neigh-bouring power station. Th e Happy Shrimps Farm in Maasvlakte near Rotterdam went into operation in 2006. About 30 t of shrimps grow every year in the farm’s 24 basins which together contain six mil-lion litres of water. New species

are constantly being tested for their suitability to recirculation systems. GrovisCo, a company in Stavenisse in the southwest of the Netherlands which mainly produces turbot and saline plants (Salicornia, Seeaster) has, for example, investigated whether amberjacks (Seriola spp.) are suited to production in RAS.

Code of Practice defi nes standards of sustainable

aquaculture

Dutch aquaculture is well organ-ised. Mussel and oyster farmers are members of their respective producer organisations. A lot of fi sh farmers are members of the country’s fi sh farmers association “NeVeVi”. Th is association drew up a Code of Practice for fi sh farmers which was accepted by the members. It defi nes among other things standards for sustain-able, responsible, and environ-mentally oriented aquaculture. Despite their huge know-how, their high production standards and entrepreneurial abilities, and the quality of their products a lot of fi sh farmers have experienced quite some pressure in recent years. After production volume grew for many years it is now decreasing for a lot of species. Th e reasons for this are numerous, as a research team headed by A. P. van Dujn from Wageningen University found out when they analysed the situation in 2010. Th ey found a

clear concept for the development of aquaculture was lacking, and that production does not always meet market needs, particularly since a lot of the products are des-tined for export. Consumer wishes in the target countries were too little considered and, added to this, there were the eff ects of the economic crisis in Europe. A lot of aquaculture products were simply too expensive and so the custom-ers sooner chose cheaper alterna-tives particularly since locally pro-duced fi shes hardly diff ered from the cheaper imported fi shes.

Th e problem of high production costs is a diffi cult one to solve for RAS are very expensive in both investment and running costs. Added to this are harsh environ-mental laws, national production regulations, and numerous EU requirements that in their sum make fi sh farming even more expensive. And production vol-umes from small farms were also frequently found to be too low for the big retail chains and the farmers often saw one another as competitors instead of co-operat-ing with one another. Th e future of Dutch aquaculture will prob-ably also depend on how fast and how well the industry succeeds in solving the aforementioned prob-lems, in becoming more market oriented, and in developing mar-keting chains that enable more value adding and are thus more profi table. mk

According to FAO statistics 250 t of turbot were produced in recirculation systems in the Netherlands in 2010.


Live feed for fish and shrimp larvae in aquaculture

Dry feed still not a substitute for Artemia and rotifers

Compared to a lot of marine fish larvae, raising salmon fry is child’s play: the larvae

already measure about 20 mm in length when they hatch; they are fairly robust and, after consuming the yolk sack, they can immedi-ately be fed on dry starter feed. In contrast, marine fish larvae are sometimes only 3 or 4 mm long and extremely sensitive. In a lot of cases there is no artificial feed mixture that would be accept-able to the tiny organisms during this tricky phase. For that reason hatcheries mostly fall back on live feed. Of course, the best would be wild plankton but this is rarely available in the required quanti-ties and quality. That is why other organisms are used that are always available and can be produced in the desired quantity at the right time. They include for example microalgae, ciliates, rotifers or Artemia (brine shrimp) nau-plii. The production of this feed demands considerable effort but it has long been routine in hatcher-ies. In some companies that grow marine fish and shrimp species the departments in which the live feed is produced are just as big as the sections where fish eggs and larvae are kept.

Brine shrimp or Artemia are an almost universal live feed for aquaculture. The life cycle of these

shrimps is about one year. The females that have reached sexual maturity eject eggs about every six days and, given good living conditions, the nauplii will hatch immediately. Under poor condi-tions, for example if the salinity of the water rises above 150 ppt or if oxygen is lacking, they produce cysts that are extremely resistant and can even survive tempera-tures of minus 190°C or boiling water. This ametabolic state of life that is entered by an organism in response to adverse environmen-tal conditions is called cryptobio-sis. Artemia cysts can remain in this state for over two years, only to hatch within just a few hours once more favourable conditions prevail. This attribute makes the cysts particularly suited to use in aquaculture because they are available in large quantities, eas-ily storable and relatively inex-pensive. The 0.4 mm nauplii can be hatched at exactly the required time for immediate use as feed.

The potential of these tiny crus-taceans for use in aquaculture was recognized in the 1970s and since then demand for them has risen continuously. In Great Salt Lake (Utah, USA) alone, which covers about 90 of global requirements, 2,000 to 3,000 t of Artemia cysts are gathered per year. Other sources such as Lake

Although work on the development of an artificial starter feed for fish and shrimp larvae has made considerable progress live feed continues to be indispensable in a lot of areas of aquaculture. Marine fish larvae, in particular, often have very high dietary requirements and during the first days of their lives have to be fed on Artemia larvae, rotifers or the even smaller ciliates. Producing this live feed is by no means easy.

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Urmia (Iran), Bolshoye Yarovoye (Siberia, Russia) or some salt lakes in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan are becoming increasingly sig-nificant, too. The biggest buyer of Artemia worldwide is China with an annual demand for 1,500 t

cysts, part of which they can sat-isfy themselves, however, with cysts from Bohai Bay and Aibi Lake. The rise in demand for Arte-mia cysts led to a rise in price. Whereas in the 1980s one kilo-gram of cysts cost about 25 USD


[ AQUACULTURE ]

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The production of live feed is a routine process in hatcheries, but one that demands close monitoring.

they can cost 80 USD or more today. The price depends heavily on the cysts’ quality. Important quality criteria are, in particular, the hatching rate (in per cent) and the efficiency (number of nauplii per gram of cysts), as well as syn-chronicity of hatching.

Under conducive conditions (salinity approx. 35 ppt, tem-perature about 25°C, pH value around 8.0-8.5) and intensive aeration (the eggs should be constantly in motion and not lying on the bottom) the incu-bation of the cysts rarely causes problems so that the nauplii will hatch after one to two days. The exact time of hatching depends on the temperature, the cysts’ origin, their age, and other fac-tors. To remove the nauplii it is sufficient to switch off the aera-tion. The empty cyst shells rise to the surface while the nau-plii gather on the bottom of the tank. Because the larvae move towards the light it is possible to concentrate them in a suitable place using a light source so that they can then be sucked in with a tube over a tight meshed sieve. In the hatcheries whole batteries of incubation vessels are usually in operation so that nauplii are available for feeding the fish lar-vae whenever they are needed.

Enrichment improves the nutritional value of live

feed

Due to their yolk reserves freshly hatched Artemia nauplii are relatively nutritious. Depend-ing on the species of incubated brine shimp (in practice not only Artemia salina are used but also A. franciscana, A. parthenogenet-ica, A. gracilis, A. sinica and some other species) the nauplii contain between 37 and 71 protein and up to 30 fat which, although it contains unsaturated fatty acids, hardly contains any EPA and DHA which are of particular importance to marine fish larvae. Added to this is the fact that the nauplii quickly eat up their own yolk reserves. The more time passes before they are fed to the fish larvae the more nutritional value is lost. Because Artemia as live feed do not con-tain all nutrients in the composi-tion and quantities that the young fishes need to enable their healthy development the nauplii are often enriched with the missing sub-stances prior to feeding. To do this the nauplii are fed with unsatu-rated fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, pigments, minerals and trace elements as well as, if neces-sary, medicaments. After enrich-ment, the intestines of the nauplii thus contain all the nutrients that

they otherwise lack. These are then absorbed and digested by the fish larvae during feeding.

Using this simple method (which is also called bioencapsulation) it has been possible to solve some of the dietary deficits and devel-opmental disorders that had previously often occurred during marine fish farming. The occur-rence of backbone deformation and pigment defects decreased noticeably. Of course, enrich-ment is only possible once the Artemia nauplii have reached a certain age and their intestines are fully developed. As a rule that is about eight hours after hatching when the nauplii are in the second larval stage and have moulted. Often it is sufficient to feed the nauplii with phytoplank-tonic algae (green water) or yeast cells. These substances contain valuable nutrients that the tiny crustaceans otherwise lack. There are also industrially produced concentrated supplements that are exactly geared to the nutri-tional requirements of fish larvae. The tiny microparticles of these concentrates spread out in the water to form an emulsion that is filtered out of the water again during the non-selective feeding of the nauplii and consumed.

As far back as the 1980s a tech-nique was developed for freeing the Artemia cysts of their thick shells (decapsulation) with the help of chemicals, for example through treatment with sodium hypochloride. The embryos are then practically naked but still fully viable and vital. The decap-sulation of the cysts offers the great advantage that a lot of microbial germs are also removed with the shell, thereby quasi dis-infecting the cysts. This is particu-larly useful where sterile, germ-free conditions are necessary for example in shrimp hatcheries

that grow SPF postlarvae. Apart from that, decapsulation prevents the remains of shells from enter-ing the tanks containing the fish larvae during feeding with nau-plii. The hard shells are not digest-ible and can block the intestines of the fish larvae and even cause their death. When nauplii hatch under normal conditions and have to break open the thick shell of the cysts they also use up a lot of energy. This effort is not neces-sary in the case of decapsulated cysts with the result that the nau-plii have 30 to 55 more energy which makes them much more nutritious for the fish larvae.

A further option for the use of Arte-mia is to feed the adolescent, sexu-ally mature organisms to suitably sized larger fishes. Adult males of brine shrimp reach a length of about 8 to 10 mm, the females are somewhat larger at 10 to 12 mm.

Rotifers – optimal starter feed for a lot of marine

fish larvae

Despite their tiny size Artemia nauplii are still too big as a starter feed for a lot of fish larvae. If this is the case rotifers are usually used. The word “rotifer” is derived from a Latin word meaning “wheel-bearer”, due to the crown of hair-like cilia around the mouth that when in motion resembles a wheel which is used to waft feed into the mouth cavity. Some rotifers are only half the size of Artemia nau-plii. Of the approximately 2,000 rotifer species that are known up to now it is mainly two species that are used in marine and brackish water aquaculture: Brachionus plicatilis(“L”-strain, size = approx. 0.20-0.36 mm) and Brachionus rotun-diformis (“S”-strain, size = approx. 0.12-0.22 mm). Rotifers constitute an optimal live feed for smaller marine fish species because they are very small, too, have a soft body


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and are highly digestible. They spread out evenly in the water and swim so slowly that they easily fall prey to the fish larvae. Apart from that, they reproduce quickly and can be fed easily with microalgae in special cultures.

From one single rotifer a popula-tion of several thousand rotifers can develop within just a few days. Under ideal conditions the individual number in a rotifer population can grow by 50 per day. Under practical conditions in hatcheries the growth rate is mostly lower but even there con-siderable rates of 20 to 30 are attainable. These reproduction rates are achieved through par-thenogenesis, an asexual repro-duction mode for which no male organisms are needed. Under favourable conditions (22-28°C, pH 7-8.5, oxygen content over 4 ppm, salinity 10-35 ppt) the

females simultaneously eject up to 7 eggs from which only females will develop that will in turn eject their own eggs after 12 to 18 hours. In this way the number of indi-viduals in a population can rise astronomically within just a very short time. If the environmental capacity is exhausted and living conditions deteriorate the rotifers can also reproduce sexually and, like Artemia, produce very resistant cysts.

When growing rotifers for use as live feed in hatcheries either seedstocks of parthenoge-netic rotifers or cysts are used. Two methods are commonly employed for the cultures. The first is to use batch cultures, dis-continuous techniques in which the rotifers are usually produced at four to five day intervals. On the first day rotifers are added to the culture and they develop

quickly with daily algal feed and partial water exchange. At the end of the cycle when the rotifers have reached a density of about 500 organisms per millilitre the whole population is harvested (one part will be added to the next cycle), fed to the fish larvae and the culture restarted. The second method is continuous cultures. These provide rotifers daily over a longer time period but require much more effort and are more susceptible to failure. Continuous cultures work on the principle of a recirculation system in which circulating water is repeatedly cleaned with particle and bio fil-ters and protein skimmers and the germ count reduced with ozone or UV light. The more stably the water quality can be kept at a level that is conducive to rotifers the more productive the culture will be in general. Algae pastes are mostly used for feeding. These

are dispensed from machines. In well adjusted continuous cultures rotifer densities of 1,000 to 5,000 and more organisms per millilitre are possible.

Before they are fed to the fish lar-vae the rotifers are rinsed several times over in clean salt water. In order to ensure high survival rates and good growth the fish larvae should be “swimming in” feed. To grow red seabream (Pagrus major) successfully the feed den-sity should be about 2 to 4 rotifers per millilitre. For black seabream (Spondyliosoma cantharus) 5 to 10 rotifers / ml or even more are necessary.

Like Artemia nauplii, rotifers have a relatively low nutritional value and should thus be enriched with unsaturated fatty acids, particularly EPA and DHA and other nutrients before being fed


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to larvae in the hatcheries. You could almost say that rotifers are only as nutritious as the feed they have just consumed. As filterers, rotifers waft almost any feed that arrives in front of their hair-like crowns and fits into their mouths. Particle sizes usually range from 0.001 to 0.010 mm. As a rule, their feed today consists of microalgae that are mostly put into the water in aquaculture in the form of highly concentrated algae pastes (green water technique). This saves the effort of preparing addi-tional algae cultures and is very efficient because the algae con-centrates mostly have a high qual-ity. On average about 1 to 1.5 ml of algae paste per million rotifers is required daily. As soon as the algal density decreases more has to be added since the rotifers must not be without sufficient feed for longer than a few hours.

Aquafeed industry looking for acceptable

alternatives

The mouth cavities of some fish larvae are so small, however, that even “normal” rotifers would be too big for them. For example, the fact that some grouper species are very difficult to raise is not least due to problems concerned with feeding. Ciliates are often fed to these fish species, single cell wheel animals whose best known representative is probably Paramaecium caudatum. With a length of almost 0.3 mm its size is similar to that of the rotifer but due to its slender body shape it can be picked up much better by a lot of fish larvae. Apart from that, the group of ciliates com-prises about 6,000 species so that the choice of potential live feed is very large. For feeding marine fish larvae tintinnides and species of the genus Euplotes are often used. Because ciliates have a low nutri-tional value the diet is changed

A Croatian producer of seabass and seabream Cromaris has its own broodstock and hatchery for the production of the fish larvae. In common wih other hatcheries for these species Cromaris pro-duces its own live feed (rotifers) to feed the seabream larvae once these have consumed the yolk sac. In the case of seabass the first feed given to the larvae is artemia. Irrespective of the species, this is a delicate stage in the life cycle of the fish and hatcheries want complete control over all the parameters includ-ing the feed to keep mortality rates within tolerable limits, says Gordana Sarusic, the hatchery manager. Cromaris has invested significantly in trained per-sonnel, equipment, and space to produce rotifers and the phytoplankton on which they feed.

The larvae feed on the live organisms for about 40 days in the case of seabream. Rotifers are added to the tank at regular intervals to ensure a density that is high enough for the fish larvae to have easy access to their food. Phytoplankton is added to the rearing tank, which provides additional food for the rotifers. The presence of phyoplankton also improves the water quality in the tank by limiting the development of bacteria and reducing nitrogen and phosphorus loads. After about 20 days the artemia is introduced to the fish as well, so the fish are gradually weaned off the rotifers. Finally, the artemia is slowly substi-tuted with dry feed only. Seabass larvae go through

Cromaris farms seabass and seabream

In-house control over hatchery feed production safeguards quality

to enriched rotifers as quickly as possible once the fish larvae are large enough to pick these up. Like Artemia and rotifers ciliates can also be produced quite easily in mass cultures. Most simply this can be achieved by pouring water onto hay which in a short time leads to the mass development of various ciliate species.

Ciliates reproduce by cell divi-sion. Under normal temperature conditions of around 20°C they divide about once in 24 hours. By raising the temperature to 26°C

division frequency can be double or even triple that rate.

The feed industry is going to great effort to develop high-quality alternatives to the use of live feed in aquaculture. This would be an effective contribution towards lowering effort and costs of rais-ing and stabilising production of fry. In the meantime it has been possible to bring forward the point in time at which larvae can switch from live to dry feed (weaning) for some species but apart from occasional successes

the industry is still a long way from finding a solution to this problem. At present live feed cannot be replaced in the early phase of farming of a lot of fish species. Although its nutritional value does not always match the exact needs of the larvae live feed does offer some advantages. The swimming movements of the live feed awaken the larvae’s hunting instinct, it can be swallowed more easily, and it is closer to the pre-ferred flavour of the fish larvae than is at present the case with dry feed. mk

Rotifer production at the Cromaris hatchery.

the same procedure except they are fed only with artemia.

We certainly remain aware of developments in the feed industry and if we find compelling reasons to switch to dry feed we will certainly consider them, says Ms Sarusic. For the moment, however, we find that the fish do well with live feeds and being able to control the whole production process is an added advantage that we will not dispense with lightly.


[ AQUACULTURE ]


Eurofish Magazine 2 / 2013 43

[ RESEARCH ]

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Increasing number of products enriched with omega-3s

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

In 2006 a review assessing the effects of long and short chain omega-3 fats on total mortality, cardiovascular events, cancer and strokes, published in BMJ (British Medical Journal) found no evidence of a clear benefit of these fats on health. More recently, the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) published an article by a team of researchers studying the impact of omega-3 fatty acid consumption on the risk of major cardiovascular disease.

The scientists conducted a meta-analysis of 20 studies involving close

to 70,000 patients and con-cluded that the consumption of omega-3 fatty acids was not associated with a lower risk of cardiac disease incidents such as heart attacks, strokes, or death due to coronary disease. Both studies provoked a storm of debate in the scientific press as well as in popular media. Researchers specialised in the subject criticised the Brit-ish study for methodological errors, bias, and inaccuracies, while in the case of the JAMA article experts questioned the size of the sample, the tight def-inition of statistical significance used, and the fact that many of the people studied were taking medication that may have had an effect on the outcomes.

Scientific and popular interest in fish fats

Why should a relatively aca-demic subject produce such a storm of debate? Partly because it is a subject, human nutrition, that strikes a chord with most people. Why else are food, cooking, recipes, and other nutrition-related subjects so much a part of the popular media today? Perhaps

more importantly, the debate about omega-3 fatty acids also influences policy decisions nationally and internation-ally. Official dietary guide-lines, to name one example, to eat more or less of certain foods are built on research. In addition, there are com-mercial forces too that have an interest in the issue. Judg-ing by the number of products fortified with omega-3s that are available on the market today, a number that is stead-ily increasing, companies that believe in the promise of omega-3s have made sub-stantial investments. There are thus a lot of interests with a stake in the debate, which explains why developments in the field are followed closely by scientists as well as the media.

But first some background on what omega-3 fatty acids are and where they can be found. Omega-3 fats are polyunsatu-rated fatty acids (PUFA) that are essential for the human body. Essential in the sense that it is necessary to get them from external sources as the body cannot synthesise them itself. The best-known kinds of omega-3 fatty acids are EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid),

The conflict over mackerel does not bode well for the future and it may be just the beginning of further global controversies if stocks redistribute.

DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid). The two former are found in fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel, her-

ring, sardines, and tuna, while the latter, ALA, is found mainly in veg-etable sources including walnuts, flaxseed (linseed), rapeseed and

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[ RESEARCH ]

44 Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 www.eurofishmagazine.com

their oils, and some green leafy vegetables. EPA and DHA are long-chain fatty acids with 20 or 22 carbon atom in the chain and therefore also known as LC-PUFA, while ALA has 18 carbon atoms. The human body can con-vert ALA into EPA and DHA but it is an inefficient process that transforms about 15 of the ALA absorbed by the human body in to EPA and even less into DHA. Fish is a richer source of omega 3 fatty acids compared with other forms of proteins as can be seen in Table 1.

Fat-rich fish such as herring, mackerel and salmon contain high proportions of the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids EPA and DHA.

Eating fish oil capsules, while a convenient way of ingesting the important omega-3 fatty acids, does not give the same benefits as consuming fish.

Table 1 Nutrients in marine and terrestrial sources of meatSalmon, farmed Salmon, wild Carp Tilapia Chicken Ham

Protein g/100g 20.4 19.8 17.8 20.1 18.6 20.3

Total lipid (fat) g/100g 13.4 6.3 5.6 1.7 15.1 10.6

Water g/100g 65 69 76 78 66 69

Ash g/100g 1.1 2.5 1.5 0.9 0.8 1.1

DHA + EPA mg/100g 1966 1436 350 91 40 3

Source: FAO, USDA National Nutrient Database

Chemically, polyunsaturated fatty acids are fatty acids that con-tain more than one double bond between their carbon atoms. All PUFAs have an acid group (COOH) at the starting or alpha end and a methyl group (CH3) at the terminal or omega end. The position of the first double bond counting from the methyl end of the chain determines the name of the molecule. Thus, in omega-3 fatty acids, the 3 refers to the position of the first double bond between the third and the fourth carbon atoms. In omega-6 fatty acids the first double bond is located between the sixth and sev-enth carbon atoms.

Omega-3 fatty acids have been extensively studied since the 70s and have been implicated in beneficial impacts in relation to a huge variety of medical condi-tions from heart disease to Alz-heimer’s. Research into omega-3 fatty acids was provoked when in 1968 an article in the Danish Med-ical Society’s weekly journal drew attention to the fact that Inuits on Greenland despite a diet rich in animal fat from seal meat and fish had a low rate of death from heart disease. The article provoked two Danish researchers, Jørn Dyerberg and Hans Olaf Bang,to travel to Greenland in 1970 to study what was happening. After

multiple trips and the collection and analysis of blood samples taken from the Inuit population the scientists concluded that the low incidence of heart dis-ease was due to the high levels of PUFAs that the Inuits got from the fish they ingested regularly. Since then a vast body of research has identified a number of area where omega-3s play an important role in the proper functioning of the body. The Linus Pauling Institute (LPI) at Oregon State University in the United States specialises in research into nutrients and their role in preventing disease and promoting health. Summarising some of the work done in the field the LPI mentions that omega-3s are an important component in cell membranes, affecting prop-erties of the membrane including its flexibility, permeability and the activity of enzymes. DHA is found in high concentrations in the membranes of retinal cells and in the brain’s grey matter suggesting that it has a role to play in vision and in the function of the cen-tral nervous system. EPA in the cell membranes is metabolised


[ RESEARCH ]

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to eicosanoids, chemicals that are involved in a number of effects such as the constriction and dilation of blood vessels, the transmission of nerve impulses, fat metabolism and changes in respiration. Omega-3s are also implicated in the modulation of gene expression including those that play a role in the metabolism of fats and inflammation.

Internationallyrecognised benefits

In January 2010 two United Nation bodies, the World Health Organi-zation (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), convened a Joint Expert Consul-tation on the risks and benefits of fish consumption. The Expert Consultation was tasked with comparing the health benefits and the risks associated with the consumption of fish and con-cluded that among the general adult population the consump-tion of fish lowers the risk of mor-tality from coronary heart disease. In addition the Expert Consulta-tion found convincing evidence that long chain omega 3 fats are important for optimal brain development during gestation and infancy, while maternal fish consumption during gestation and nursing lowers the risk for suboptimal brain development in their children. The strength of the evidence of the positive impact of seafood consumption on a range of other medical condition varied from “possible” to “probable” to “convincing”. The medical con-ditions included cardiovascular diseases, mental illnesses, as well as inflammatory diseases and cancer. The Expert Consultation highlighted the risks and benefits from all the constituents of sea-food, but the health attributes are due in large part to the omega-3 fatty acids. The Consultation concluded that to avail of these

benefits it was enough for adults to consume 250 mg of omega 3 fats per day while for children the figure was 150 mg.

In Europe average per capita con-sumption of fish and seafood is 28 g a day, according to the Euro-pean Nutrition and Health Report from 2009, ranging from 9 g a day in Hungary to 63 g a day in Nor-

way. Official fish and seafood con-sumption recommendations vary somewhat from country to coun-try with most national authorities laying down the minimum num-ber of times per week it should be eaten by the average consumer and with more specific advice to pregnant women. In general 125-150 g at least twice a week includ-ing a portion of oily fish would

seem to cover most people’s requirements.

Sources of omega-3s

Like humans most fish also get their omega-3s from their diet – when farmed, through the fish oil in their feed, and in the wild from marine microalgae. Microalgae are microscopic plants that are found


[ RESEARCH ]

46 Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013 www.eurofi shmagazine.com

All PUFA have an acid group (COOH) at the starting (alpha) end and a methyl (CH3) group at the terminal (omega) end.

in marine and freshwater bodies. Th ey are responsible for half the atmosphere’s oxygen, which is a by-product of the photosynthetic process whereby the microalgae use sunlight to fi x carbon dioxide into carbohydrates. Th ey are also the fastest-growing plants known with an ability to double their bio-mass in the space of a day if the conditions are right. Microalgae are important sources of nutri-tion for aquatic animals providing fats, including omega-3 and other fatty acids, carbohydrates, and proteins. An interesting aspect of microalgae is that their chemi-cal composition can be varied by changing environmental factors such as illumination, temperature, pH, carbon dioxide supply, or nutrients. As the primary source of omega-3s interest in the commer-cial cultivation of microalgae to extract these fatty acids has grown in proportion to the increasing knowledge of the health benefi ts that they off er. Bacteria, fungi, and plants are also being stud-ied for their potential to produce long-chain omega-3s on a com-mercial scale, but according to a paper co-authored by Peer Schenk from the University of Brisbane, microalgae have some advantages over the other candidates. Among the drawbacks of fungi cultiva-tion is that they have long growing periods, while cultivating plants has the disadvantages that they require space, time, and, in addi-tion, they cannot produce long-chain PUFAs. Microalgae grow rapidly and can be produced on non-arable land. Systems for the commercial production of micro-algae include open ponds and closed photobioreactors both of which have their advantages and drawbacks. Research into microal-gal production systems continues to make them cheaper and more productive.

Krill, the common name for a group of about 85 crustacean spe-cies, found in the Antarctic Ocean is another source of omega-3 fats. Most species of krill measure between 8 and 70 mm and they feed on microalgae. Krill stocks are substantial, but fi shing them is expensive. From 2009 to 2010 production volumes jumped 70 to 215,000 tonnes mainly because of a huge increase in Norwegian catches. Krill has high concentra-tions of omega-3 fatty acids and is additionally interesting because of its low level of heavy metals and toxins. In contrast to a lot of other regions of the world’s oceans the Antarctic waters are still largely free from harmful substances such as PCB, dioxin, etc. which make krill oil a good substitute for fi shoil. According to Jogeir Toppe, FAO Fisheries and Aqua-culture Dept., today about 80 of the global production of fi shoil is used in fi sh feed, however, despite the worldwide increase in farmed fi sh output this proportion seems to be falling, partly due to an increase in demand for fi sh oil for direct human consumption. Th e benefi ts off ered by DHA and EPA have been enthusiastically

taken up by the nutraceutical and the food industries. Fish oil is available as capsules for those seeking the benefi ts of omega-3s, yet for whom the consumption of fi sh in the requisite quantities poses problems. Th ese could be due to its price or availability, or a person’s religion, personal prefer-ences, or lifestyle.

Fish offers more benefi ts than fi sh oil

Eating fi sh oil capsules, while a convenient way of ingesting the important omega-3 fatty acids without consuming fi sh, is not without its detractors. Tom Sanders, a professor of nutrition and dietetics at Kings College, London, says that in addition to supplying omega-3s, eating fi sh provides other nutritional ben-efi ts. Fish and seafood contain important nutrients proteins, choline (a member of the vitamin B family), vitamin D, essential amino acids, and minerals. While these are also found in other foods, “the health eff ects of fi sh consumption may be greater than the sum of its individual constitu-ents”, according to David James an

FAO consultant and author of the Globefi sh publication Risks and benefi ts of seafood consumption. Th us, while fi sh oil supplements may benefi t some people, they may not substitute all the advan-tages of eating seafood.

Th is does not seem to deter the food industry which is develop-ing increasing numbers of prod-uct that are fortifi ed with fi sh oil including baked goods, dairy products, drinks, fi sh fi ngers as these are typically made with meat from whitefi sh, which have a lower proportion of fat, and even minced beef! Th e problem is that some of these products (such as deep fried and salted snacks) are unhealthy in the fi rst place and adding omega-3s is not going to compensate for the negative aff ects of too much oil, starch, and salt. Other products while not particularly unhealthy may contain such small quanti-ties of the omega-3 fats that any meaningful benefi t could only come from consuming such large quantities of the product that any advantages from the omega-3s are negated and all the consumer is left with is a big bill. bt

HOOC

HOOC

eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5 w-3)

docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6 w-3)

CH33

CH33


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Weak world economy, slack demand and low prices

Difficult times for the global shrimp industryWhen a female shrimp that had been caught in the wild spawned for the first time in a test facility in Florida in 1973 the farming of Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), usually known simply as white shrimp, began. It has been an unprecedented success story, for today this species is the most produced shrimp in the world’s shrimp farms. Production is stable and brings forth such large quantities that supply sometimes even exceeds demand.

During the last four decades we have seen rapid growth in aquaculture produc-

tion of white shrimp. They were first hatched and reared in 1973 and since 2003 white shrimp has been the most produced shrimp species throughout the world’s farming facilities. An amazing tri-umph for this little shrimp which originally comes from the coastal waters between Mexico and Peru in the East Pacific where tem-peratures of above 20°C prevail all the year round. Up to the 1990s white shrimp were only pro-duced in Latin America, mainly through extensive farming in ponds. Thanks to selective genetic breeding it was soon possible to improve the economically signifi-cant performance parameters of the shrimps, and the life cycle of white shrimp in aquaculture was finally closed fully. This made the farms independent of wild par-ent shrimps and natural stocking because the necessary postlarvae could now be produced in hatch-eries. The constant supply of high-quality stocking material to the farms is one of the most impor-tant prerequisites for meeting demand. The real breakthrough came, however, when in the 1990s experts succeeded in Hawaii in producing pathogen free (SPF) and pathogen resistant (SPR) L. vannamei lines. These

More than 2.72 million tonnes of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) were produced in aquaculture in 2010.

developments made shrimp farming overall more stable and vannamei shrimp highly attrac-tive for shrimp farmers in Asia, too. A large number of farms in Asia that had previously produced black tiger shrimp switched to white shrimp. After a decade ago more vannamei shrimp were pro-duced in worldwide aquaculture than monodon shrimp the white shrimp became the most pro-duced shrimp in global aquacul-ture.

Although Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) grows to a maximum length of 23 cm and is thus one third smaller than the giant tiger prawn (Penaeus mono-don) which can grow to a length

of up to 36 cm white shrimp has a higher yield: 66 to 68 per cent more shrimp meat from van-namei shrimp compared to 62 per cent from monodon shrimp. White shrimps also tolerate low salinities and can even survive in fresh water. This means that vannamei shrimp offers more possibilities for farm locations than black tiger shrimp which can only be farmed under marine conditions. The biggest advan-tage, however, is the availability of SPF and SPR postlarvae because this drastically reduces the need for chemicals and medication. The development of pathogen resistant and pathogen free lines was only possible after the closing of the vannamei shrimp life cycle

in aquaculture. For monodon shrimp this has proved possible only in individual cases. Mono-don shrimp postlarvae are in the meantime mainly produced in hatcheries, too, but a lot of the parent shrimps are still taken from wild catches. This consti-tutes a further high risk that the parent shrimps will pass on to their offspring diseases which can then be brought into the farms.

In the past it was often chance occurrences or hardly control-lable diseases that decided the fate of shrimp farming facilities. Thanks to the progress made with vannamei shrimp and the farm-ing and technological achieve-ments with this species shrimp

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farming has become less suscep-tible to disease, more constant, safer and ultimately also more efficient and more planable. Pro-duction is in the meantime so stable that it actually endangers its own commercial success. It sometimes happens that produc-tion from shrimp farming is in excess of actual demand.

Important farming countries trying to cut

back shrimp production

At the end of the second half of 2012 it again became apparent that more shrimps were being produced worldwide than the markets can absorb. A consider-able share of the products could only be sold at strongly reduced prices. The situation on this very special market is extremely com-plex. The interplay of demand and supply is rarely balanced which is why it constantly has to be read-justed. When demand rises this adjustment process presents no big problem since the short pro-duction cycles of shrimp allow rel-atively fast production increases: depending on the climatic zone two to three harvests a year are possible. The opposite case is much more difficult to tackle: it is not easy to reduce production once farming has really got going.

At the beginning of 2012 a lot of the forecasts were still relatively pes-simistic. Vietnam, after China and Thailand in the meantime in third place in global shrimp aquacul-ture, reported considerable har-vest losses. Virus epidemics such as NHP and IMNV had led to huge damages, first in the Mekong Delta and then later in the northern and central regions of the country. In some areas the shrimps developed a higher susceptibility to disease due to unusually strong fluctua-tions in day and night tempera-tures. Production losses meant

that a lot of farming enterprises got into the red with the result that they were then often no longer allowed loans by the banks. In some cases farms produced so few shrimps that individual process-ing companies even had to import raw materials from abroad in order to fulfil their export obligations to their customers. To make matters worse, Japan, the most important export market for Vietnamese shrimps, authorised that shrimp products from India and Vietnam should be more strictly controlled. During routine controls they had come up against ethoxyquin resi-dues in excess of the permitted 0.01 ppm. Ethoxyquin is a kind of antioxidant agent which is mixed with the feed as a means of pro-tecting against spoilage under tropical climatic conditions.

Whilst in Vietnam production losses were rather the result of the conditions prevailing there, other producing countries intentionally tried to cut back shrimp produc-tion in the second half of 2012. This was the case in Thailand and Indonesia, for example, because demand and prices remained weak. Indonesia’s government reduced its production targets for the shrimp farms to 300,000 t and additionally set up a promotion programme for supporting the marketing of shrimps on the domestic market. Thailand, after China the second biggest shrimp producer and at the same time the world’s most important export nation for shrimps, faces even bigger challenges. The intensive shrimp farms in Thailand oper-ate under very high production standards and this leads to higher costs which in turn make the shrimps more expensive. This is a considerable competitive drawback, particularly when the economy in the target markets is slack and demand low. A sup-port programme set up by the

Thai government succeeded in stabilising ex-farm prices with support purchases but this is naturally only possible in the short term. Sales problems could even be exacerbated as shrimp production continues to rise worldwide and competition and price pressure are increasing. Of further concern for Thailand’s shrimp industry are the new GSP (Generalised System of Prefer-ences) regulations for exports to the EU. Should these take effect as planned in January 2014 it would make shrimps from Thai-land even more expensive. Export duties for raw shrimps will rise by 4.2 to 12, for cooked and cock-tail shrimps by 7 to 20 per cent.

More and more farms in India are switching

to vannamei shrimp production

One reason for the current tur-bulences on the shrimp market is developments in India which had long held back from import-ing and producing vannamei shrimps because they felt that the risk of infection through dis-eases and ecological and social risks was hardly calculable. In the face of the production achieve-ments made in particular in

Thailand and Indonesia through the use of SPF and SPR shrimps India gave up its resistance a few years ago, also and particularly due to the fact that their tradi-tional shrimp production which was mainly based on black tiger shrimp had fallen by 7.7 dur-ing the period from 2005 to 2009 when a lot of farms were hit by diseases. Following the success of initial attempts to farm van-namei shrimp on a 10,000 hectare pond area in the state of Andhra Pradesh white shrimp farming is now growing fast. More and more shrimp farmers are switching from farming monodon shrimp, whose production has allegedly already fallen by half, to van-namei shrimp. Official produc-tion figures speak of only 130,000 t vannamei shrimp but insiders estimate that the actual pro-duction volume is considerably higher, perhaps even double the official figure. Farms that do not produce for export are hardly reg-istered and their production is – if at all – only recorded carelessly.

Domestic demand for shrimps on the Indian market is high, particu-larly for the smaller counts above 70 (HOSO per kg). Larger counts usually go into export. Some Euro-pean countries have increased

Production volume of the two most important shrimp species in global aquaculture.

Glo

befis

h, F

igis

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Eurofi sh Magazine 2 / 2013 49www.eurofi shmagazine.com

their imports from India, and the USA are also importing more than in the past. US imports from India rose by 59 to 48,100 t in 2011 com-pared to 2010. Th is hurts Th ailand in particular since their export industry had traditionally sup-plied the US market. Compared to Indian shrimps Th ai shrimps are about 10 to 20 more expensive which leads to considerable price pressure. A lot of exporters can cur-rently only sell their products with hefty price reductions. Although the low-price vannamei shrimps at present only contribute about one third towards India’s shrimp exports (at the moment vannamei shrimp account for 35 of shrimp exports, monodon shrimp’s share has dropped from formerly 82 to 61 per cent) they are reaping record sales for the country’s sea-food exporters. In the business year 2011/2012 India exported fi sh and seafood worth 3.5 billion USD, with shrimps accounting for nearly half, or 1.7bn USD. Although the export of Indian shrimps to Japan has become more diffi cult due to excessive ethoxyquin residues sales of farmed shrimps to South East Asia have more than doubled in volume terms, and even tripled in value terms. Th is success has whet appetite for more and the MPEDA, the authority responsible for promoting seafood exports, is hoping for an increase to 4.5bn USD for the current fi scal year.

Th is is to be made possible by increasing vannamei shrimp pro-duction and by extending and modernising the country’s pro-cessing facilities in order to be in a position to produce more value-added products for export. Frozen and storage capacities, in particular, are being expanded. Some producers are also invest-ing in processing machines too, however, because wages in the seafood processing industry have risen fairly strongly by Indian

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standards. Th e success of Indian shrimps on the international mar-kets is putting additional pressure on the country’s shrimp industry because the currently low demand and subsequent low price level is also a burden on India’s shrimp farms. Export-oriented compa-nies, in particular, reported lower

production fi gures for the second half of the year but sometimes the decreases are not caused by inten-tional reductions in production but more by the poor quality of the stocking material. Th e hatcheries are currently having diffi culties coping with the massive growth in demand for vannamei shrimp

postlarvae and even low-quality shrimps are quickly snatched up.

Euro problem in Europe affecting the shrimp

market

After three relatively stable years in which demand and prices

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About one million tonnes of black tiger shrimps (Penaeus monodon)were available in 2010. 781,581 t came from aquaculture and 209,662 t from wild catches.

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displayed neither strong rises nor falls the shrimp market suddenly collapsed in mid-2012. The price for black tiger shrimp (16/20) from Bangladesh that cost 12 to 13 USD/kg in June suddenly fell by two dollars within just one week. Although a lot of importers negotiated new prices and passed them on to their customers they were not able to sell all of their stocks. And even the low price level could not stimulate the slug-gish demand lastingly.

The continuing euro crisis and the economic problems of some EU countries have caused demand in Europe to remain low. Consumer buying power has decreased and the weak euro makes imports more expensive. Under these conditions cheaper shrimps are more popular, for example from Bangladesh, which benefits from

GSP, or from India. Thailand was able to assert its position as the most important supply country for the EU market but Bangladesh, which increased its exports to Europe by 35.7 and India, whose exports rose by 22.2, benefited much more strongly from the cur-rent developments. Because cus-tomers mainly look at the price per kilogram when buying shrimps importers sooner choose smaller piece weights for vannamei shrimps under the present condi-tions. In Spain 60/80 counts are particularly popular and in France even smaller 80/100/kg shrimps. The usual stimulation of business at the end of the year failed to hap-pen. It is hardly to be expected that the EU market will recover rapidly and find its way back to its usual strength under the present general economic conditions.

The fact that demand for shrimps in the UK remained almost stable is probably thanks to the Olym-pic Games in the summer of 2012 which livened up the market con-siderably. The German market also displayed only few changes. The effects of the euro crisis were to be seen most strongly in Spain where demand fell by one fifth in 2012. Although demand in Italy decreased to about the same extent the economic effects of the slump in demand are harsher in Spain because Spain is the biggest importer of shrimps from aqua-culture in the EU.

Demand in the USA is also rela-tively low on account of the eco-nomic problems there and a lot of importers are waiting to see what happens. Although shrimps continue to be the most impor-tant seafood product consump-tion preferences have shifted. Whilst shrimps used mainly to be consumed in restaurants a lot of consumers now choose to eat them at home to save money. This

improves the market chances for convenience products but exporters have mainly ordered non-processed frozen (head-on and head-off, raw or cooked) shrimps. It remains to be seen whether a better offer of value added shrimp products might succeed in stimulating demand again. Shrimp products that have undergone further process-ing have the advantage that in contrast to raw shrimps they are rarely subject to anti-dumping penal duties. For value added products it is generally of no importance whether the prod-ucts were produced using black tiger or white shrimp. The two species differ only slightly from a culinary point of view. However, consumers in the USA seem to be of a different opinion here, as a test of the Food Science and Human Nutrition Department at the University of Florida recently confirmed. According to this, vannamei shrimp are consider-ably more popular among Ameri-can consumers than monodon shrimp. The Americans favour shrimps that have grown in water with a low salt content. Appar-ently their aroma, smell, appear-ance and texture are better then.

The shrimp market in Asia is at the moment fortunately less gloomy. Although the economy in China is no longer growing quite so

dynamically as in previous years, demand is still very high. About three quarters of Chinese shrimp production is consumed within China itself. Demand is grow-ing in other Asian countries, too, although not sufficiently strongly to offset the drop in demand in Europe and North America. In Japan, which buys about 80 of its shrimp imports from Asian coun-tries, particularly Thailand, Indo-nesia, Vietnam, India and China, demand even rose in the first six months of 2012 by more than 2. The ethoxyquin residues detected in Vietnamese and Indian shrimp imports have apparently hardly worried Japanese consumers or stopped them from buying – par-ticularly since the favourable shrimp price is a convincing sales argument.

Experience has shown that con-sumers in Europe react much more sensitively to such occur-rences. And this means that the EU regulations, maximum resi-due limits and import controls are accordingly severe, with the zero tolerance principle applying to some chemicals and antibiotics. The standards are equally high on all other important markets, whereby in the USA there is also a very strong focus on hygiene standards such as HACCP, as on flavour and sensory quality parameters. mk

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[ TECHNOLOGY ]

In addition to the advantage of a smaller investment, pur-chasing refurbished equip-

ment provides the opportunity to buy a well-built machine that has stood the test of time and proven its success at performing a par-ticular operation.

According to Ulf Grönqvist, “The life expectancy of a machine depends on how it is maintained. Normally, a machine can last for a minimum of 20 years. A com-pletely renovated machine can last for an additional 10 to 20 years. One of today’s stainless steel machines can probably last forever”.

Grönqvist has led the Swedish firm SEAC AB as president for 20 years. The company has more than 40 years experience with machines made by Arenco and VMK for processing pelagic spe-cies. It has been one of the main global suppliers of refurbished fish processing machines and now also manufactures its own line of equipment.

He recalls buying used VMK stainless steel machines that were built in 1985, and were still in operation. He has seen Arenco machines from the 1960s still functioning and points to two Arenco SFD-300s in Denmark, built in 1958 and 1959, that are still running. “These machines were particularly well built and seem able to run for 20 to 30 years with-out any trouble. But of course,

they must be maintained”. He shrugs, “If you don’t take care of them, they won’t last long”.

Buyer beware!

There are many types of second-hand processing equipment with different origins and varying lev-els of quality. For example, a plant might be shut down as a company downsizes or goes out of busi-ness, and processing lines can be replaced or re-equipped. The con-dition of the equipment can range from almost new to showing vari-ous amounts of wear and tear.

Challenges in buying pre-owned equipment include determining the level of renovation that you either require or can afford, and finding a reputable dealer. Each firm has its own standards and way of working when it comes to selling pre-owned machines. They can be offered simply as is, or they can be partially or completely renovated. A renovated machine is stripped to its basic frame, it is cleaned, and parts are replaced as necessary when the machine is reassembled. Modifications can also be carried out to incorporate improvements made by the manufacturer since the machine was first developed, for example, modifications to allow the processing of additional species.

What standards?

Currently, there are no universally accepted standards for grading

Second-hand seafood processing equipment

Yesterday’s machines, today’s profitThe purchase of refurbished equipment for the start-up of a new seafood processing business or the expansion of an existing one can help keep costs under control. Still, it is a substantial investment, and a wrong decision can have serious consequences.

A VMK-16 nobbing machine during complete renovation.

the completeness of a renova-tion. Grönqvist, who worked for years without success to intro-duce a form of certification, pro-poses a four-level classification of second-hand equipment (see the box on page 53) that might help buyers and sellers agree whether the renovation brings the machine to an acceptable stand-ard of robustness and longevity, at an acceptable price.

Buying a used machine will cost considerably less than purchas-ing a new one, but Grönqvist is adamant that it’s important to buy a good machine that costs a bit more because, in the end, a machine that requires constant repair will be more expensive.

“There are many things that are not immediately appar-ent. For example, you can’t see if the gearbox is worn out. The

important thing is having a good guarantee. Sometimes, refurbish-ing the machine takes as long as building a new one”.

Roberts Dlohi, a member of the board of directors of the Latvian firm Peruza, agrees. “A large-scale renovation can often cost as much as a new machine. If the machine was well made originally, as is the case with the machines that Grönqvist mentions, the renova-tion will take less effort. But for machines that are not well made or are close to the end of their useful life, the renovation may not be worth it. The economics of the venture must add up”.

David Boyd, Chairman and Man-aging Director of Boyd Food Machinery, sees the process as a dialogue between the customer and his firm. “We are totally flex-ible according to the customer’s

SEA

C A

B.

11_TECH.indd 51 03/04/13 8:32 PM


[ TECHNOLOGY ]

wishes. Our job can be as sim-ple as cleaning and tidying up a machine or as complex as doing a complete renovation. Our seven engineers, working in our dedi-cated workshop, tailor solutions to the customer’s requirements.“Some customers want a guaran-tee and others don’t need it”, he says. “In some cases, we offer a guarantee called Boyd Approved, which indicates that the machine has been stripped down and all of the hydraulics, electrics, and pneumatics, whatever is relevant, have been totally rebuilt”.

A little history

After the Second World War, two companies emerged in Europe as the leading fish processing machine manufacturers. The Baader Group was founded in 1919, and by 1955, it was the most active fish processing equipment manufacturer internationally.

The Swedish company Arenco was founded in 1927, although it traces its earliest beginnings to 1877. It combined the manufacture of fish processing machinery with a diverse range of products, includ-ing machinery to make matches, cigars, and wall paper, as well as machines for packing and tube filling and printing. In 1979, Baader

acquired Arenco, which in turn led to the creation of two Swedish competitors, Norden and VMK, staffed by former technicians and management staff from Arenco. VMK acquired Norden in 1989. Ulf Grönqvist had been working at Norden when he joined the newly formed company SEAC AB in 1992. It started refurbishing old machines immediately.

The voice of experience

With this extensive background, Grönqvist is well qualified to offer advice about judging offers from the several companies in Europe that offer second-hand machines. “Today, there are many ways to renovate second-hand machin-ery, as well as a number of levels of quality”, he says. “This is often confusing for the customer. Prices for the same renovated model can vary by as much as US$10,000 to US$15,000”.

Grönqvist suggests that the first thing that a prospective buyer should ask is does the seller have any connection with any of the companies mentioned above. A working knowledge of the most important brands will contribute to a good renovation. Does the seller have his own workshop? How skilled and experienced

are the firm’s engineers and technicians?

The seller should supply a list of parts that have been replaced and the work performed. Does the seller guarantee the renovation? How long is the guarantee period and what is included? Grönqvist notes that “today, there are a number of different companies in Europe offering second-hand equipment, some small, some large. But among them, only a few offer any guarantee”. Does the seller offer any post-sales service? Can the seller supply spare parts? Does the seller offer installation and staff training? Finally, can the seller supply a reference list of other customers?

An EU sea change

SEAC started refurbishing machines in 1992. Last year, how-ever, the company changed its focus to manufacturing and sell-ing new machines. In 2012, they sold ten new machines and eight refurbished machines. There are two reasons for this change. First, EU subsidies are not granted for refurbished machines. Second, as Grönqvist put it, “We are back to making a new machines again because we have trouble finding old VMK and Arenco/Norden

A view of the Peruza production floor. The company is located in Riga, Latvia.

Peru

za L

td.

machines to refurbish. I suppose that’s because we have already sold so many refurbished ones”.

Grönqvist believes that the EU doesn’t wish to fund the same machine twice. He says, “I told them that our machines were manufactured before we entered the EU, but that didn’t help. It’s a bit of a contradiction. The EU wants us to save resources and the environment. If we can use the same machine again, isn’t that saving resources?”

Customers in most EU member states, especially new EU mem-ber states, are buying only new machines because of the support available. According to Grönqvist, the grants can cover 50 and up to 90 of the purchase price, depending on the location of the buyer and the seller. “Because of the EU ruling, 99 of the EU market for renovated machines is closed to us”, he comments. “But this has the advantage of push-ing us into making new machines again. We are forced to search for new markets outside of the EU. For example, we have sold machines in Australia, Thailand, and Peru, among other non-EU countries”.

Peruza’s Roberts Dlohi offers a further explanation. “Support for the purchase of new equipment multiplies the benefits. They are felt by both the final user and the machine’s producer. The econ-omy is stimulated at least twice. Refurbishing machines doesn’t encourage industrial growth. I think that’s the logic behind it”.

To refurbish or not to refurbish

For Dlohi, there are other down-sides to refurbishing machines. “Someone in the market to buy a second-hand machine is very conscious about getting a low

11_TECH.indd 52 03/04/13 8:32 PM


[ TECHNOLOGY ]

price. Often, refurbishing a machine takes more effort than it’s worth”. Dlohi says that manu-facturing new machines is often preferable to renovating old machines. “When we make new machines, we can better meet the customer’s needs and demands”. Dlohi reveals that most of Peru-za’s work is for export because of the limits of the local market, a situation similar to that of SEAC and Boyd Food Machinery.

Although Peruza was established in 1991, immediately following Lat-vian independence, the experience of its founders and specialists had been gained long before, work-ing in the equipment-engineering shops of Latvian fishermen’s coop-eratives and for the well-known Latvian enterprise VEF (State Elec-tro-technical Factory).

Dlohi says that one of the com-pany’s original founders, Arnis

As is The equipment can be in any condition. Even if the seller’s description is qualified by words like average, good, or excel-lent, it is impossible to predict its working life. No guarantee is offered.

Overhauled This has been inspected by the seller, and some parts have been replaced. Sometimes, the machine has been painted but not dismounted prior to painting. No guarantee is offered.

Partially renovated This has been partially refurbished. Broken and some worn parts have been replaced. This step is similar to “Over-hauled”, but offers greater reliability. Often, some form of guarantee is given.

Completelyrenovated/ rebuilt

The following work is included.

Dismount the entire machine. Technicians experienced with this model check all parts, including the guards.

Dismount each gearbox; mount new gears, if necessary.

Replace all worn or damaged parts, including guards. This includes bushings, rings, hubs, lubricators, etc. Some parts are remanufactured specially, including shafts, hub wheels, and guards. Shafts have to be checked carefully because a defective bushing will damage the shaft.

Blast and paint galvanized steel frames and castings with protective paint in the original colour. Immerse stainless steel frames and undamaged guards in an acid bath.

Parts newly designed by the original manufacturer are added to the machine.

New water and electrical systems (with CE-compliant motors) may be mounted.

Post-sales service, including installation and staff training, must be included. The seller must demonstrate the ability to supply spare parts reliably. A guarantee of at least one year must be included.

Classification of second-hand equipment

A reputable firm will make clear the extent of the work done to pre-owned machinery. However, no universally accepted classification of second-hand seafood processing equipment exists. Here is a sug-gestion for classifying equipment, based on a presentation given by Ulf Grönqvist, president of SEAC AB, Sweden.

Petranis, still steers the company, providing the knowledge that allows the company to develop new machinery and technologi-cal solutions, up to and including complete turnkey plants. He explains that “limited resources in the past forced us to be creative in finding solutions to problems in the most cost-efficient way. That helps us to honour our company motto, ‘smart budget equipment specialists’. It doesn’t mean cheap. It means getting value for money”.

More than a low price

David Boyd cites his company’s 15 years experience refurbishing equipment, and notes that their number-one selling point isn’t actually price. “A full refurbish-ment of a machine is cheaper than a new machine, but it’s not 20 of the cost of a new machine. It is a significant investment”. He explains, “We actually sell a lot of our equipment based on quick availability rather than price.

“Last week a customer needed a machine very quickly to replace one that had gone down. He had only one machine remaining in the factory. We were able to ship the machine within one day of receiv-ing the order. He couldn’t have got-ten a new machine in that amount of time. It would have taken at least 13 weeks to supply a new machine. We did it in 13 hours!”

Boyd says, “Most of the time, we have these machines in the ware-house, rebuilt and ready to go. If not, we have a huge database of our customers around the world, and we can usually find what the customer needs very quickly”. The company has 20 employees, seven of whom are engineers. The entire sales staff is based in the company’s office; there are no agents in other countries. But staff members speak many different languages, allowing

the firm, like the other companies mentioned here, to search for busi-ness globally, most recently in Aus-tralia, Spain, France, South Africa, Denmark, and Malaysia. More than 90 of their sales is outside the UK.

Boyd says that repeat business is very important to the company. “For example, if we sell someone a machine or a complete line to do 500 kg per hour and future increased sales leads to demand for two tonnes an hour, we will buy back the 500-kg-per-hour equipment and sell them the two-tonne machinery”. Although the EU does not encourage the business of second-hand sea-food processing equipment, innovative firms within the EU have found ways to turn yester-day’s equipment into today’s profit. William Anthony

5-241

[email protected]

Visit us at theEuropean Seafood

11_TECH.indd 53 03/04/13 8:32 PM

54 Eurofi sh Magazine 2/ 2013 www.eurofi shmagazine.com

[ TECHNOLOGY ]

Metalbud Nowicki prioritises customer satisfaction

Machinery for the fi sh and food processing industryThe Polish fi sh processing industry is highly dynamic producing between 360 and 380 thousand tonnes of product annually (in comparison Germany with twice the population produced just over 490 thousand tonnes of processed products). About 60% of the volume is exported to countries within and outside Europe, among them Germany, the UK, France, and Denmark.

Polish processors produce a variety of items including smoked fi sh, marinades

and salads, canned fi sh, as well as fresh and frozen products. Th e presence of a signifi cant fi sh pro-cessing industry has also spurred the development of a domestic industry producing machinery for fi sh processing.

Highly trained team constantly improves

machinery

One Polish supplier of process-ing machinery is the company Metalbud Nowicki which was established in 1974 in Rawa Mazowiecka in the centre of Poland and builds equipment for

processing fi sh, meat and other foods. Th e company emphasises the need to invest in research to ensure the steady evolution of its machinery and the develop-ment of new ideas. It therefore has a team of dedicated engi-neers, technicians, designers, and machine operators to study, design, build and test its machin-

ery before releasing it on to the market. Th e competence of the employees ensures that no task within the fi eld of processing is insurmountable and as the products manufactured in the fi sh processing industry have increased in sophistication the machines to produce them have followed suit.

Vacuum tumblers are designed for marinating the fi sh, (herring, trout, and other species) in a vacuum to ensure a high quality product. The capacity of the tumbler can vary from 200 l to 10,200 l.

The high-speed rotation vacuum cutter Typhoon II is designed to produce all kinds of homogenised fi sh mince with different degrees of crumbling (e.g. for fi sh sticks). Bowl capacities range from 60 l to 750 l.

11_TECH.indd 54 03/04/13 8:32 PM


[ TECHNOLOGY ]

SALMCO SM 3027Carpaccio Slicer

SALMCO SM 5418Double Lane Slicer

SALMCO SM 5290Vertical Slicer

SALMCO SM 5218Shingle Slicer

SALMCO SM 3015Manual Slicer

SALMCO SM 5500

Horizontal SlicerSALMCO SM 3026Semi AutomaticCold Slicer

SALMCO SM 5118Single Lane Slicer

SALMCO SM 3029Fully AutomaticCold Slicer

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Slicers made in Hamburg

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Metalbud Nowicki produces some 150 machines in stainless steel, all of which conform to EU and US legal requirements. Metalbud Sp. z o.o. Company Fact File

96-200 Rawa Mazowiecka Podlas 3Poland


Products: Equipment for fi sh and food processing including complete lines

Types: Tumblers, cutters, grinders, cleaning equipment, ice makers, smokehouses, etc.

Distribution: Sales offi ces in 45 countries

Production of the processing equipment uses sophisticated digi-tally controlled machinery for cut-ting, including water, plasma and laser cutting tools; plastic forming; and welding. As the quality of the fi nal product depends on the raw material that goes into its produc-

tion the company has quality con-trols that start with the raw material and continue along each stage of the production. Th e comprehen-sive quality control system is com-puter monitored to enable any components that do not meet the quality standards to be eliminated

and only fault-free elements to be used in the production.

Products for any processing requirement

Altogether Metalbud Nowicki pro-duces some 20 series of products comprising a total of about 150 machines, all of which are made with stainless steel and conform to EU and US statutory requirements.

Apart from individual machines the company also produces com-plete processing lines tailored to the customer’s requirements. Among the machines the company produces are injectors, tumblers, cutters, grinders, cleaning equip-ment, ice makers, smokehouses, cookers, and refrigerating machin-ery. Th e company has a global net-work of agents that covers 45 coun-tries on all the fi ve continents.

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[ SPECIES ]

The species’ geographic range extends along the Norwegian coast as far as

the cold North Atlantic waters off Greenland, Iceland and Spitzber-gen. It is thus to be found in the same habitat as the Atlantic hali-but (Hippoglossus hippoglossus),a relatively close relation that is considered to be the “real” halibut in a lot of other coun-tries. Although the two species are similar in appearance and behaviour closer examination

Halibut is a popular, but expensive fish that is proving difficult to farm

Marked differences between black and white halibutWhen people talk about halibut in Europe they usually mean Reinhardtius hippoglossoides: Greenland halibut or black halibut. The name halibut is derived from haly (holy) and butt (flat fish) due to its popularity on Catholic holy days.

White halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is a sought-after species, but catches amount to only some five and a half thousand tonnes.

Man

fred

Klin

khar

dtreveals a number of noteworthy differences.

The world’s biggest flatfish

Whilst black halibut only grows to an average length of one metre – males about 80 cm and females 1.20 cm – the record for Atlantic halibut is 3 m and 320 kg. Atlantic halibut is thus considered to be the biggest representative of the flatfish species worldwide. The two species also differ in colour, although Atlantic halibut is not really white: but the grey-brown darkly marbled shade on the eye side is visibly paler than is the case with black halibut. The dif-ferences on the blind side are even more marked: whilst Atlantic halibut– like nearly all flatfishes – is pure white, black halibut has the same colouring here as on the upper side.

One difference that could be of particular significance – and not only for gourmets – is the difference in the culinary attributes of the two flatfishes. Flavour and consistency of black halibut are probably suf-ficiently known for hot smoked pieces of black halibut are part of the standard range at northern European fishmongers’. Its snow white flesh is short-fibred and very soft. This is due to the high fat con-tent which over the course of the year rises to above 20 and even at spawning time when the fishes eat

less and become haggard rarely falls below 10. These product attributes set certain limits on the possible usages of black halibut in the kitchen. The fish is particu-larly suited to grilling, baking and frying. In the north of Scandina-via and on Greenland the fillets are also often dried or preserved through salting. Salted halibut roe is considered a particular delicacy.

Atlantic halibut – an expensive delicacy

The flesh of the Atlantic halibut is also white but, in contrast to that of black halibut, is much firmer and has a considerably lower fat content with average fat content fluctuating around only 6. Sometimes it can sink so low that the fillet is almost too dry.

If a fishmonger or good restaurant offers Atlantic halibut it would be a shame to miss the opportunity to enjoy this fish which is one of the best the northern oceans have to offer, something which is also to be seen in the price, for Atlantic halibut costs about twice as much as black halibut. Examination of the catch statistics soon explains this price difference. The global average annual catch of black halibut is 120,000 t (FAO, 2010), of Atlantic halibut only 5,600 t. Demand for Atlantic halibut is high, supply limited, and the price accordingly attractive. It would be hard to conceive of bet-ter preconditions for producing a fish in aquaculture! And so for a lot of years Norway, Iceland and other countries invested consid-erable sums in the development

Names of black halibut

Danish: hellefisk,

Dutch: helibot, zwarte helibot, Groenlandse helibot

English: halibut, black halibut, blue halibut, mock halibut

Finnish: grönlanninpallas

German: schwarzer Heilbutt,Grönland Heilbutt

French: flétan noir

Greenlandic: qaleralik

Icelandic: grálúpa

Italian: halibut di Groenlandia

Japanese: karasugarei

Norwegian: blåkveite, legekveite, svartkveite

Polish: halibut niebieski

Portuguese: alabote-da-gronelân-dia

Russian: paltouss

Spannish: hipogloso negro

Swedish: helgflyndra, lilla haelleflyndra, mindre haelleflyndra

12_SPECIES.indd 56 03/04/13 8:33 PM


[ SPECIES ]

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of farming techniques for Atlantic halibut. Th e bottleneck so far was above all the production of suffi -cient juveniles to enable regular stocking of the net cages in the sea. Production has stagnated at about 1,800 tonnes for the three years to 2010 with Norway responsible for almost all the ton-nage. Although Atlantic halibut will presumably never achieve the market success of salmon, if it picks up aquaculture might in this case, too, make a decisive contribution towards giving this excellent fi sh a fi rmer place on restaurant menus.

But the Greenland or black hali-but is also a valuable food and on account of its high fat content very recommendable. Its fat is highly rich in polyunsaturated Omega 3 fatty acids which are

said to have numerous health giving benefi ts – a fountain of youth for the human organism, so to speak. And black halibut also contains minerals, trace elements and essential amino acids that our bodies cannot produce them-selves. One hundred grams of hal-ibut cover the higher daily needs of vitamin D in growing children and pregnant women.

Black halibut is a voracious feeder

Th ese “inner values” are no accident, either, for black hali-but is a fi sh that loves the cold and prefers to live in the icy water of the Arctic Ocean to the north of 60° latitude, at depths of between 500 and 1,000 metres where temperatures are con-stantly around 4°C. Th e greedy

predator swallows just about everything that it can get the bet-ter of: small-sized skate, cod and other fi shes, squid and crusta-ceans. Northern prawn (Pandalus borealis) is a particular favourite. Th e broad deeply cloven mouth has numerous pointed spear-like teeth, which in the upper jaw are arranged in two rows behind each other. Fishermen often have inter-esting tales to tell of the voracity of these fl atfi shes. Sometimes they even seem to follow the fi sh-ing vessels and devour everything that is thrown overboard from the ship’s kitchen: chop bones, poul-try remains and other kitchen waste have been found in the stomachs of these halibut.

Tagging experiments have con-fi rmed that black halibut under-takes extensive migrations in

the North Atlantic when moving between their winter habitat, and their grazing and spawning grounds. In the course of a year they cover several hundred kilo-metres in the process. Th e spawn-ing grounds off the Norwegian coast are between Vesterålen and Bear Island on the slope of the continental shelf. Th e fi shes migrate to this region during spawning time which lasts from March to June. In the dark depths of about 1,000 m the females eject several hundred thousand eggs which are subsequently fer-tilized by the males. Th e eggs are a good 3 mm in size, fl oat in the water and drift with the currents. When the tiny larvae hatch they are only 6 to 7 mm long. At that time they hardly resemble their parents at all for the translucent body is absolutely symmetrical.

12_SPECIES.indd 57 03/04/13 8:33 PM

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[ SPECIES ]

It is only when they have reached a length of 25 mm that the left eye begins to move to the right side of the body and the juve-niles take on the typical appear-ance of a flatfish. In spite of their

enormous appetites the fishes grow slowly. After 6 to 8 years they measure about 55 cm and have attained sexual maturity. The oldest proven age of black halibut is about 30 years.

However, hardly any fish reaches that age today because pressure from fisheries has increased. Icelandic and Nor-wegian fishermen, in particular, go after halibut with trawls and

longlines. The catch is mostly frozen immediately on board because the fat-rich fish spoils quickly, particularly at higher temperatures. mk

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Participants at the training workshop on Good Aquaculture Practices in Mymensingh, Bangladesh.


[ FISH INFONETWORK NEWS ]

Events

Marketing seminars on sustainable aquaculture

FAO supports international Master in sustainable fisheries management

Two seminars were held in Bang-ladesh as part of the activities under the CFC/INFOFISH Pro-ject on Promotion of Processing and Marketing of Freshwater Fish Products. One was a train-ing seminar for fish farmers and district fisheries officers and the other an awareness seminar for industry and government officials.

The training seminar on Good Aquaculture Practices was held 19 January 2013 in Mymensingh with some 60 participants in attend-ance. Prof Subhash Chandra Chakraborty, Director General, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Mymensingh, was the chief guest. Others at the opening were Sures Chandra Sarker, District Fisheries Officer, Mymensingh;

Dr Mahmudul Karim, Executive Director, Bangladesh Shrimp and Fish Foundation; and Mrs Fatima Ferdouse, Chief, Trade Promotion Division, INFOFISH. The Awareness Seminar on Sus-tainable Aquaculture and Market-ing was held 22 January 2013 at the Department of Fisheries (DoF) office in Dhaka. Some 40 partici-pants from industry and govern-ment attended. The seminar was opened by the Director General of the DoF, Mr Syed Arif Azad. Also present was DoF Principal Scien-tific Officer Nittya Ranjan Biswas.Presentations made during the

seminars were on various aspects of sustainable aquaculture and mar-keting. The presenters were Thai experts Dr Naruepon Sukumasavin and Ms Amputchanee Naunsang, as well as Tarlochan Singh and Mrs Fatima Ferdouse. Nitya Ranjan Biswas, principal scientific officer of DoF gave details of the quality assurance system for aquaculture products in Bangladesh while Ali Muhammad Omar Faruque, also of DoF, gave an overview of freshwa-ter aquaculture in the country. An introductory lecture on the CFC/INFOFISH Freshwater Fishery Project was also included.

The Master programme is jointly organized by the University of Alicante, the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Envi-ronment, through the General Secretariat of Fisheries, and the International Centre for Advanced Mediterranean Agro-nomic Studies, through the Med-iterranean Agronomic Institute of Zaragoza, and it is an official Master of the Spanish university

system. Furthermore, the Mas-ter counts on the collaboration of the Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.

The Master is developed over two academic years on a full-time basis (120 credits, following the European Credit Transfer System (ECTS)], and is struc-

tured in two parts. The first part of the Master (60 ECTS) is professionally oriented and includes lectures, practicals, supervised work, seminars and technical visits. This part will be held in Alicante, in the Faculty of Science of the UA, from 14 Octo-ber 2013 to 13 June 2014 The sec-ond part of the Master (60 ECTS) constitutes a period of initiation to research or to professional

activity in which participants work on their Master of Science Thesis. This part will begin from September 2014 onwards and will last for 10 months, during which research work will be con-ducted, followed by the elabora-tion of the thesis, that must be publicly defended and approved by an examining board. For more information visit www.globefish.org.

13_NewsFIN.indd 59 03/04/13 8:33 PM


[ FISH INFONETWORK NEWS ]

Aqua Aquaria India 2013The second edition of Aqua Aquaria India, focusing on the aquaculture and ornamental fish sectors, was considered one of the largest shows in Asia in its cat-egory. The show was held from 8 - 10 February 2013 in Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh. The three-day event comprised technical sessions on aquaculture and

ornamental fish, as well as trade interactions followed by field visits and buyer-seller meets for exporters.With more than 150 local and international exhibitors, the exhibition showcased the latest technology, inputs and services on aquaculture and the orna-mental fish sectors. INFOFISH

Aqua Aquaria India is an event for the ornamental fish and the aquaculture sectors.

Technical and trade workshop on tuna held in Pakistan.

Two Commodity Updates released in February

Group discussion during a workshop on technical issues related to Pakistan's tuna fishery.

A two-day workshop on “Tuna Handling, Catch Documentation, Traceability and Quality Assess-ment” was held in Karachi, Paki-stan on 9–10 January 2013 under the FAO/INFOFISH TCP Project (TCP/RAS/3302). The workshop was attended by about 50 par-ticipants representing all stake-holders including policy makers, implementation agencies, fish processors, boat owners, commu-nity organisations etc. The Director General of the Marine Fisheries Department officiated the workshop. Direc-tor of INFOFISH, Dr Muham-mad Ayub, gave an overview of the project and activities under-

taken in the five participating countries.

Presentations were made on Global Trends in Tuna Markets and Marketing (by Fatima Fer-douse, INFOFISH); Traceability, Chain of Custody in Tuna Indus-try (S Hathurusinghe); Value-added Products of Tuna in the EU Market (S Hathurusinghe); Expe-riences from the CFC Project on Value Addition (Fatima Ferdouse, INFOFISH); Quality Assessment Methodology Options - organo-leptic, histamine, or microbiolog-ical (S Hathurusinghe). A visit to a fish processing plant was also part of the programme..

had a stand promoting its services and publications related to the industry. The event was

organized by the Marine Products Export Development Authority (MPEDA), India.

In February GLOBEFISH released Commodity Updates on sardines and bivalves. The Commodity Updates contain information from around the world on prices, production, processing, con-sumption, imports, and exports for one commodity. This informa-tion is collated at GLOBEFISH, the FAO centre for international fish trade information. The informa-tion is taken form the network of GLOBEFISH correspondents, the European Price Report, GLOBE-FISH Highlights, INFOFISH Trade News, FAO FISHDAB, EUROSTAT and others.

Subscriptions to a complete set of 15 different commodity reports (freshwater fish, cepha-lopods, groundfish, small pelag-ics, fishmeal and oil, bivalves, tuna, salmon, crab, lobster and shrimp) are available for EUR 150 a year (by post) or EUR 100 a year (pdf files by email). Individual Updates can be bought for just EUR 20 each from www.eurofish.

Publications

Bivalves

Extract from GLOBEFISH DatabankPrices - Exports - Imports - Production

February 2013

COMMODITY UPDATE

Sardines

Extract from GLOBEFISH DatabankPrices - Exports - Imports - Production

February 2013

COMMODITY UPDATE

dk with a credit card or from www.globefish.org using a download-able form.

13_NewsFIN.indd 60 03/04/13 8:33 PM

www.eurofishmagazine.com Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 61Eurofish Magazine 2/2013 61

The Fish Infonetwork (FIN)The FIN consists of 7 independent partner organizations. They cover all aspects of post-harvest fisheries and aquaculture. With more than 50 governments support-ing the network, which also has strong links to the private sector, the activities are truly international. The FIN pages, which are a regular feature in the four network magazines – Infofish International, Infopesca Internacional, Eurofish Magazine, and Infosamak Magazine – present the FIN-wide spectrum of activities, showing actions and results. The FIN has more than 80 full-time staff and works with more than one hundred inter-national experts in all fields of fisheries. Through its link from FAO Globefish to the FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, it also has access to the latest information and knowledge on fisheries policy and management issues worldwide.

FIN executes donor projects, prepares market research for private companies, and organizes training courses on marketing and quality assurance. All seven ser-vices offer different possibilities for co-operation with the private sector, institutes, government offices and donors.

GlobefishFisheries and Aquaculture Policy and Economics Division, FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla I 00100 Rome, Italy Tel.: (+39) 06 5705 2692 Fax: (+39) 06 5705 5188 [email protected]: Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries, Copenhagen, Denmark; National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS/NOAA), Maryland, USA; European Commission (DG MARE) Brussels, Belgium; ASMI, Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute; Norwegian Seafood Council, Tromsoe, Norway; AGRIMER, France - Division Observatoire Economique Etudes; Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain

InfopescaCasilla de Correo 7086Julio Herrea y Obes 1296 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay Tel.: (+598) 2 9028701/2 Fax: (+598) 2 9030501 [email protected] Member Countries: Argentina, Belize, Brazil, Columbia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Venezuela

Infofish 1st Floor, Wisma LKIMJalan DesariaPulau Meranti47120 Puchong, Selangor [email protected] Countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Indonesia, Iran, Maldives, Malaysia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Thailand

InfopecheTour C -19éme étage, Cité Administrative, Abidjan 01, Cote d‘Ivoire Tel.: (+225) 228980 / 215775Fax: (+225) 218054

[email protected]/index.php?id=1113Member Countries: Benin, Cameroon, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mauritania, Morocco, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo

InfosaSouthern African suboffice of InfopecheP.O. Box 23523, Kenya HouseRobert Mugabe Avenue, 4th FloorWindhoek, NamibiaTel: (+264) 61 279430Fax: (+264) 61 [email protected] Countries: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

EurofishH.C. Andersens Boulevard 44 - 46DK-1553 Copenhagen V, DenmarkTel: (+45) 333 777 55Fax: (+45) 333 777 [email protected], www.eurofish.dkMember Countries: Albania, Croatia, Denmark, Estonia, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey

InfoyuRoom 203, Bldg 18, Maizidian Street, Chaoyang District Beijing 100026, P.R. China Tel.: (+86) 10 64195140 Fax: (+86) 10 64195141 [email protected] www.globefish.org/index.php?id=2074Member Countries: China

Infosamak71 Boulevard Rahal Meskini B.P.16243 Casablanca, MoroccoTel.: (+212) 22540856 Fax: (+212) 22540855 [email protected] Countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Mauritania, Morocco, Sudan, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, Yemen

[ FISH INFONETWORK NEWS ][ FISH INFONETWORK NEWS ]

TILAPIA WORLD CONFERENCEINFOPESCA, together with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Ministry of Fisheries and Aquaculture of Brasil (MPA) and the Government of Rio de Janeiro are hosting the Tila-pia World Conference.

The event will be held in the city of Rio de Janeiro between 16 and 18 of September 2013 (location details will be published shortly). Market analysts with wide experience and representatives from the commer-cial and productive sector will dissert on the main aspects and recent developments within the tilapia world market. This event intends to continue with what was done in the Tilapia World Conference held in Kuala Lumpur in 2010 , and hosted by INFOFISH. An presentation regarding the sector will be held simultaneously.

Main topics of the Conference’s agenda include:

- Global strategy for tilapia and prospects of the fishery and aquaculture industry.

- Major global trends- Tilapia’s contribution to development of the sector- Distribution channels- Product differentiation

- Recent developments within the main markets and productive regions.- Tilapia’s role in the sector’s development- China and Asia- USA- Europe

- Latin America: A growing production region and market.- Latin America’s potential as producer and market- Experiences in Latin American countries such as: Ecuador,

Mexico, Brazil.

- Recent experiences in Latin American industries.

- Recent global experiences in the industry.

- New developments in production technologies.

Location details will be provided on the website shortly, along with the possibility to register for the conference, the preliminary agenda, and speakers. For more information, contact [email protected], or visit www.infopesca.org/tilapia.

Tilapia World ConferenceRio de Janeiro

BRAZILSeptember 16 - 18

www.infopesca.org/tilapia

13_NewsFIN.indd 61 03/04/13 8:33 PM

Add your event to www.EurofishMagazine.com

DIARY DATES

9-11 April 2013North Atlantic Fish FairKlaksvik, Faroe IslandsTel.: +298 58 29 [email protected]

18-20 April 2013Seoul Seafood Show 2013Seoul, KoreaTel.: +82 2 6000 2800Fax: +82 2 6000 [email protected]

22 April 20134th European Tuna ConferenceBrussels, BelgiumTel.: +31 162 714044Fax: +31 162 430525support@EuropeanTunaConference.comwww.EuropeanTunaConference.com

23-25 April 2013European Seafood ExpositionBrussels, BelgiumTel.: +1 207 842 [email protected]

24 April 2013GLOBALG.A.P. News ConferenceBrussels, BelgiumTel: +49 22 15 79 93 [email protected]

10-13 May 2013Slow FishGenova, ItalyTel.: +39 0172 419653Fax: +39 0172 413640www.slowfish.it

22-24 May 2013PolfishGdansk, PolandTel.: +48 58 554 93 [email protected]

22-26 May 2013World of SeafoodBangkok, ThailandTel.: +65 6500 6712Fax: +65 6294 [email protected]

9-12 August 2013Aquaculture EuropeTrondheim, NorwayTel.: +32 9 233 4912www.was.org

13-16 August 2013Aqua NorTrondheim, NorwayTel.: +47 73 56 86 [email protected]://nor-fishing.no

3-5 September 2013Asian Seafood ShowWanchai, Hong KongTel.: +1 207 842 [email protected]

23-24 September 2013Developmental trends and diversification in European AquacultureBremerhaven, GermanyTel.: +49 471-94646741 [email protected] www.aquaculture-forum.de

1-3 October 2013Conxemar 2013Vigo, SpainTel.: +34 986 433351Fax: +34 986 [email protected]

9-11 October 2013DanFishAalborg, DenmarkTel.: +45 99 35 55 [email protected]

22-24 October 2013Seafood BarcelonaBarcelona, SpainTel.: +1 207 842 [email protected]

07-09 November 2013EXPO PESCA & ACUIPERULima, PeruTel.: +511 201 7820 (202)Fax: +511 201 7820 (209) [email protected]

10-13 December 2013Asian-Pacific AquacultureHo Chi Minh City, VietnamTel.: +1 760 751 [email protected]

14_Dairy_Dates.indd 62 03/04/13 8:33 PM


GUEST PAGES

The Baltic Sea Regional Advisory Council (BSRAC) is one of seven Regional Advisory Councils created after the 2002 revision of the Common Fisheries Policy to give stakeholders with an interest in the fishery a greater say on fisheries management. Stakeholders from the fisheries sector as well as other interest groups (environment, recreational/sports fishery and consumer groups) produce advice and recommendations on matters relating to the fishery and send it to the European Commission, member states, European Parliament and other international/regional bodies. The BSRAC has a General Assembly, an Executive Committee and working groups to deal with specific issues. Reine J. Johansson (formerly president of the Swedish Fishermen’s Federation) has been chair of the BSRAC Executive Committee since 2006.

Q: As chairman of the BSRAC now for the seventh year, what do you consider the most sig-nificant achievements of the organisation during your ten-ure? What would you say are the strengths of the BSRAC in relation to the other RACs?

A: We’ve put the Baltic on the map! We’ve made politicians and managers aware that there’s a body of stakeholders which cares about and has an opinion on the way the Baltic fisheries resources are managed and used.

A significant achievement has to be that we put control and inspection right on the agenda from the beginning. There was a serious problem with unregu-lated cod fishery. We raised this issue almost as soon as the BSRAC became operational. At a BSRAC Conference on control in Copenhagen in 2007, all Baltic member state ministers took part and signed a declaration to do something about eradicating ille-gal, unregulated and unreported cod fishery because it was a major threat to sustainable fishing.

At about the same time, the European Fisheries Control Agency in Vigo was created. So we formed a close cooperation on control issues from the very start and this cooperation has continued. Control and compli-ance underpins our work.

We’ve also put a strong focus on long-term management of the stocks, starting with the so-called Baltic cod management plan and then working on recommenda-tions for a long term plan for salmon. The reason for this focus was a strong wish by us all in the RAC to have stability and long term yields in the fisheries.

As for our strengths in relation to other RACs, I don’t like to compare, since we’re not com-peting with each other! But one significant strength must stem from the very nature of the Bal-tic. It’s a very homogenous area. The Baltic Sea states have a long tradition of working together and we all share the same coastline. And EU membership of the three Baltic States and Poland came as a natural extension of the EU.

Control and inspection have been priorities since the inception of the BSRAC

Working to achieve long term yields in Baltic fisheries

Reine J. Johansson, chair of the BSRAC Executive Committee.

15_GuestPage_Last_Page_Intrw.indd 63 03/04/13 8:34 PM


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But at the same time, we must always remember that the Baltic is a semi-enclosed area. On envi-ronmental issues, we have a past that we still suffer from - i.e. dioxin - and this is where we have to high-light the semi-enclosed nature of the Baltic. So environmental mat-ters influence the fishery much more than in other areas.

Q: The BSRAC represents all the stakeholders (industry, anglers, NGO’s, among others) with a stake in the fisheries sector in the Baltic. These can have widely different interests. Which would you say are the issues where forging a compro-mise has proved particularly intractable in the past?

A: We can’t all agree on every-thing. Different agendas and goals are defined by the organi-sation that you represent. Fisher-men want to fish, eNGOs want to preserve a particular state of the environment, anglers want to fish in their particular areas and ways, and so on. This is a very simpli-fied bird’s eye view of things. But everyone has signed up to advise the European Commission and Member States on matters relat-ing to the management of the fisheries in the Baltic Sea.

Differences between members are reflected in the way members interpret and understand the scientific assessments produced every year by ICES.

As I said, all members share the objective of stable long term management plans for the fish stocks in the Baltic. But some-times the differences of opinion are too diverging. This was the case for a management plan for salmon. Consensus couldn’t be reached. There were differences on the salmon spawning targets to be set in the individual rivers,

Sprats in the Baltic Sea are fished both for human consumption and for conversion into fishmeal and fish oil. Better infrastructure is needed if more of the fish is to be consumed by humans directly.

on the overall fishing mortality level for the open sea fisheries and on the so-called compensa-tory releases. We worked really hard to find a consensus. And as chairman of the organisa-tion, trying to reach consensus is something I take very seriously.

But rather than end up with a watered down position based on too many compromises, it’s sometimes better to record the different views.

And the Commission, as the main reader of the advice from the RACs, has confirmed this. After all, we know that member states and Parliament don’t always reach consensus either. This is the nature of politics and the deci-sion-making process within the EU, as well as in other areas, and fisheries is no exception

Q: The BSRAC was set up in 2006 as one of the outcomes of the 2002 reform of the CFP. How has the BSRAC evolved since its establishment and how do you see its future role

and composition in the con-text of the new regionalised decision-making framework?

A: I wouldn’t say that it’s evolved as such. It’s remained a very sta-ble organisation with a broad membership that hasn’t changed very much over the past 7 years. We currently have 39 members and we’ve hovered around that since the start.

Under the future CFP I don’t see the composition of the organisa-tion changing very much. There have been proposals to have a dif-ferent distribution of membership from the current 2/3 of the seats to fisheries sector and 1/3 of the seats to other interest groups. But I don’t see that happening.

I’d like to see the BSRAC better embedded and more involved in a regional framework. By that I mean I hope it will play a more senior role in the cooperation forum amongst Baltic member states called Baltfish. This cur-rently operates on two levels. Stakeholders are invited to the

broader forum. Then member states meet behind closed doors.

The BSRAC could play a more active part in advice-giving upstream of the political process: when formulating the policy and the rules. And then again down-stream: when drawing up imple-menting measures, such as tech-nical measures, real-time closures or move-on measures etc.

The BSRAC is ready to play a more active and involved role in fisheries management in its broadest sense.

Q: With the reform of the CFP reaching its final phases before it is implemented, what aspects of the new CFP will have a particular impact on fisheries in the Baltic and how will they be manifested?

A: First of all there will be a dis-card ban. The details have to be negotiated by the Council and the Parliament. In general, a discard ban in the Baltic can be dealt with more easily than in other parts of the EU. So we can be optimistic about this working, but we have to make sure that we deal with it in the right way: this is important.

I also hope that a broader, more over-arching framework legisla-tion will be decided at the level of co-decision (between Parlia-ment and Council) and then more responsibilities delegated to the member states. This has to be thrashed out and agreed. If it does work out, I really hope they will involve the Advisory Councils to a greater degree than hitherto.

This can mean that the techni-cal measures connected with the actual practical management and running of the Baltic fisher-ies and other provisions ensuring long term management of the


www.eurofishmagazine.com Eurofish Magazine 2/ 2013 65

GUEST PAGES

resources can be more easily drawn up and managed at the level of the region, or even at sub-regional level. This will give a quicker and more adaptive management.

The proposal on the new so-called Basic Regulation for the CFP says very little about regionalisation as such. But member states working together will mean a regional or sub-regional approach.

Q: A ban on discards has been one of the key points in the reform of the Common Fish-eries Policy and one that has been strongly endorsed by the European Parliament. What is the extent of the problem in the Baltic Sea and is a ban the best way to address it? What according to the BSRAC should be done with the fish that would otherwise have been discarded?

A: A ban is now on the agenda, and the timescale will be stag-gered according to different species and EU waters. We don’t have much time in the Baltic. We have to start work-ing towards developing meas-ures for implementing it. The best measure of all is selectiv-ity: to develop more selective gears so as to avoid catching the unwanted fish in the first place. The BSRAC has recommended that the ban should first of all apply to the species for which there are TACs and quotas (sprat, herring, salmon, cod and plaice) and not include species which have a high survival rate (flounder, turbot, brill and so on). There’s the difficult discus-sion on minimum landing sizes: should we keep them, or should we introduce minimum market-ing sizes, or what? This will have to be discussed and resolved.

We all have concerns about what to do with the fish that’s brought ashore, not least from a hygiene point of view. In the RAC we’ve talked about selling the fish (it’s food after all), or letting it go to fishmeal and fishoil (to in turn produce food). We’ve not reached a consensus on this. In the Mediterranean this is not even questioned! But I note that in the recent second General Approach from the February Fisheries Council the possibility has been introduced of using it for charitable purposes. This is something that we can discuss.

Q: What are the benefits and drawbacks of moving to multi-species multiannual management plan in the Bal-tic as opposed to the current single species management regime? What changes do you foresee such a move will bring about in the fisheries sector?

A: Multi-species considerations are nothing new to the Baltic. The scientific advice has already been taking into account inter-actions between especially cod, sprat and herring. This has con-cerned predation by one species of another, as well as tempo-ral and spatial considerations: where the different species and stocks are over time.

The key word that will come up is trade-offs. And here I think we have to be very careful that we don’t start engineering or manip-ulating the ecosystem through our choices. We can’t start turn-ing knobs to secure more cod as opposed to pelagic stocks, or vice-versa. We can expect that ICES will give advice on the state of the different stocks and their interactions, together with a range of options for the managers to choose from and stakeholders to advise on. The choices will

be hard ones, depending on the interests of the parties involved. For example, we’ve already had some difficult discussions within the RAC on whether to move from the fixed inter-annual ranges currently set out in the current long term plan for cod, to allow a bigger fishery for cod and in turn benefit the herring stocks on which cod predates. There was not one consensus opinion!

Q: Sprat and herring in the Baltic Sea are used both for human consumption and to be rendered into fishmeal and fish oil. What is the BSRAC’s position on converting fish that could be used for human nutri-tion into fishmeal? Should the market alone decide or are there also other considerations to be taken into account?

A: The BSRAC doesn’t have a view on whether the fish should be turned into fish meal or go to consumption. There are differing views on this in the RAC. And in the Baltic there are different end users. In the end, it must be left to the fishermen to decide how to market their catch and it’s also determined by the market. Like any supplier, they want the best price for their product. But it’s very important that some coun-tries and some fishermen try to sell sprat, for example, to the market for human consumption. The problem isn’t the will of the fishermen, but the capacity within the industry: some countries have built this up. In the future, there must be more possibilities to use it for human consumption – and we need the capacity to store and handle it. And maybe you can have freezing facilities at sea. This is a discussion that goes beyond getting the best price. It’s about facilities and infrastructure. So in the future I anticipate that more and more of this fish will be used

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Q: Russia has observer status at the BSRAC. Do you anticipate closer cooperation between the BSRAC and Russia and what form do you envisage this will take?

A: Russia must be with us. Although Russia has a smaller share of the Baltic TACs, it’s a key player. We invite them regularly to our meetings and we seek their opinion on the issues on our agen-das. Third countries have observer status on the RACs, but they have opinions too! On top of this there are opportunities offered under the EU-Russia fisheries agreement to take a broader approach, so we can also deal with issues such as science, control, research and safety at sea.


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Eurofish Magazine 2 2013

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