London, 27-28 April 2017

EUROCAE Symposium & 54th General Assembly

EUROCAE Symposium

SESSION 4: PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION

Moderator: Manfred MOHR, IATA

Speakers: Friedhelm RUNGE, EASAFranca PAVLICEVIC, EUROCONTROLSylvain RAYNAUD, AirbusGeoff BURTENSHAW, UK CAAJohn DYSON, NATSRichard MACFARLANE, ICAO

EUROCAE Symposium

Manfred MOHRIATA

EUROCAE Symposium

Friedhelm RUNGEEASA

Performance Based Navigation

Friedhelm RungeChief Expert Avionics and Electrical Systems

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What is PBN

SAFER & BETTER FLIGHT EFFICIENCY

27.04.2017 PBN EUROCAE Symposium

Main principles

Route structure based on waypoints and independent from ground based navigation facilities (VOR, DME, NDB)Aircraft ability to maintain a path with a given accuracy => RNAVand provide an alarm when getting outside the limits => RNPHarmonised at ICAO level in PBN manual and translated into aircraft certification requirements and route design criteria

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OpinionOther TMA/ADR

SID/STAR may be:RNAV 1 orRNP 1 (plus addtl. function.)

All NPA Rwys must be: RNP APCH with APV

Proposed PBN Regulation (EASA Opinion)

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En route

TMA

APCH

PCP24 Major TMA/ADR

SID/STAR must be:RNP 1 (plus addtl. function.)

Approach must be:RNP APCH with APV

OpinionEn route

Remains RNAV 5

PBN EUROCAE Symposium

Supported by standards

ED-75D MASPS: REQUIRED NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE FOR AREA NAVIGATION, October 2014ED-72A MINIMUM OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATION FOR AIRBORNE GPS RECEIVING EQUIPMENT USED FOR SUPPLEMENTAL MEANS OF NAVIGATION, April 1997, superseded by RTCA DO-316, dated 14/04/2009RTCA/DO-229D MOPS for GPS SBAS, dated December 2006 WG 28/SC 159 work on SBAS CAT II/IIIWG 62 works on MOPS for GALILEO/GPS Dual Frequency Multi Constellation SBAS receiver

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Further standards

ED-54 MOPS for Distance Measuring Equipment Interrogator (DME/N and DME/P), dated January 1987No MOPS for scan DME exists but is one foreseen backupED-22B MOPS for VOR (Jan 1988)Flight Management SystemsED-58 (June 1988) superseeded by RTCA/DO-283B, dated 12 2015ED-76A STANDARDS FOR PROCESSING AERONAUTICAL DATA, June 2015

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Outlook

EUROCAE has a policy to revisit standards for actuality from time to timeIt is suggested to revisit the navigation sensor standards as they exist for quite a while and are still important in the PBN context.

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European Aviation Safety Agency

Thank you for your attentionAny questions?

EUROCAE Symposium

Franca PAVLICEVICEUROCONTROL

Sylvain RAYNAUDAirbus

Geoff BURTENSHAWUK CAA

PBN – Challenges & Solutions

EUROCAE ANNUAL SYMPOSIUM, April 2017

Franca Pavličević Head of NAV & CNSS Research

EUROCONTROL

Geoff BurtenshawPBN Implementation Lead

UK CAA

Sylvain RaynaudFMS/ANF Design team leader

Navigation Systems - EYAN Airbus Operations S.A.S

Three in one

• The concept • PBN, at the beginning … and then?

• From Concept to Flight deck reality• PBN on the flight deck

• From perfect paths to implementation reality• Environmental Impact of PBN

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PBN … at the beginning… and then?

Franca Pavličević Head of Navigation & CNSS ResearchEUROCONTROL

Navigation – quick refresh!

I know where I want to go, but …..

• Where am I?

• How will I get ‘there’?

• How long will it take?

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Are we Philosophers?

Or Explorers?

In search of the perfect lateral and vertical path….

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Visual Reference

ConventionalNavigation

‘Area Navigation’

(RNAV)

PBN(RNAV + RNP)

1910s 1930s 1970s 2008+

The Magic is in the Box

Why PBN?

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PRE2004

B-RNAV

P-RNAV

US-RNAV

RNP10

RNP 4

RNP/RNAV

FUTURE

Boeing

Europe

US

Australia

Canada

South America

China

Japan

Airbus

Russia

Other States-Regions

India

RNAVandRNP

Development of a variety of navigation applications …NO INTEROPERABILITY

PBN, a snapshot

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NavigationSpecification

NAVAIDInfrastructure

NavigationApplicatio

n

Interoperabilityguaranteed Standardised SET

DME / GNSS♦ Globally promulgatedperformance standards (in ICAO Annex 10). ♦

Choice of Infra depends on NAV spec

requirements and local infrastructure decisions.(Service Provider)

Aircraft/Aircrewrequirements

♦ Fixed globally with acceptable means of compliance (in PBN

Manual). ♦ Some options. ♦‘Logic’ is that state /

regional certification should not be more demanding.(OEM/Regulator):e/TSOs part of

AMC

Routes/Holds/IFP♦ Decided locally by

implementation using NS/NI♦ Different applications possible. ♦ Respond to

different airspace concepts. (ANSP)

PBN….

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NavigationSpecification

Document used by State as basis for developing Certification & Operational

Approval

International Navigation Specifications published in Volume II of PBN Manual

PERFORMANCE

Functionalities

Navigation Sensors

Air crew

requirements

ObsoleteRNP

Concept

• Stopped the myth that accuracy = RNAV & RNP

• Generally, Nav Spec linked to flight phase.

10 GlobalSpecifications- Vol II, ICAO Doc 9613

10

Navigation Specifications

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RNAV 10 RNAV 5RNAV 2/1

NavigationSpecifications

ICAO

PUBLISHED IN PBN MANUALUsed by State as basis for developing Certification & Operational Approval

RNP 4

For Oceanic & Remote

Continental

For Oceanic & Remote

Continental

RNP 2RNP 1A-RNP

RNP APCHRNP AR APCH

RNP 0.3

For en route & terminal

For various flight phases

RNPfuture

*

RNP SPECIFICATIONS RNAV SPECIFICATIONS

PBN, in context

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AIRSPACE CONCEPT

In ECAC = RADAR

>> ADS-B; WAM

Procedures & Tools

Data/Voice

ATS RoutesSID/STARs/IAP

Based on needs; sum of Operational, Airspace;

Environmental, technological reality ..

Interoperabilityguaranteed

StandardisationSET

Enter PBN

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PBN improves Safety – which tops any list.

PBN functions provide ‘Confidence’ in navigation performance, both laterally and vertically, along a flight path (i.e. SID/STAR/IAP).

Confidence is provided by PBN’s ten RNAV and RNP specifications. These spell out crew and aircraft navigation performance needed to operate on a route.

PBN’s key benefits: Safety – especially on Final Approach Flexibility – where ATS routes, SIDs/STARs can be placed

A great airspace planning/design tool – if used correctly Interoperability – one qualification, works everywhere; Better access to airports and airspace.

PBN Challenges

• PBN Concept is Simple – Application is Complex• RNAV & RNP Terminology: Mix of Old/New and ‘technical’/‘operational’

• Confused stakeholders – Who needs to know what?• Making PBN work for on the flight deck and for air traffic controllers• ‘Standardising’ 10 navigation specifications globally suggests ‘one size fit all’

• Is there a mandate? • Let’s have Mixed Mode and Let’s have BEBS (Best-Equipped-Best-Served)

• No incentive to equip• Rationalisation of Navaids difficult

• The Environmental Impact of PBN

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PBN on the flight deck: Aircraft implementation for the Approach

Sylvain RaynaudFMS/ANF Design team leader Navigation Systems - EYAN Airbus Operations S.A.S

NOvember 2016Airbus Flight Operations

Page 28

One aircraft design

• Select the best sensors (GPS)

• Apply Guidance laws (efficiency/comfort)

• Along a specific path

• Best performance (GPS) at all times.

• No performance degradation related to RNP value

• Only alert limits are changed!!

Which behavior do you expect??

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NOvember 2016Airbus Flight Operations

Page 29

RNP

On-Board MonitoringTSE

RNAV

External MonitoringATC (mode S, ADS-B, ….)

FTE

XTKNSE

Accuracy NAV ACCURACY Integrity GPS PRIMARY

TSE: Total system ErrorNSE: Navigation System ErrorFTE: Flight Technical Error

OB

PMA

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NOvember 2016Airbus Flight Operations

Page 30

On-Board Monitoring TSE

RNAV

FTE

XTKNSE

Accuracy NAV ACCURACY Integrity GPS PRIMARY

TSE: Total system ErrorNSE: Navigation System ErrorFTE: Flight Technical Error

On-Board MonitoringOBPMA

OB

PMA

30RNP

ExternalMonitoringATC (mode S, ADS-B, ….)

NOvember 2016Airbus Flight Operations

Page 31

+Based on GNSS/Inertial mode Integrity monitoring related to threshold

Except RNP AR below 0.15 NM, GPS/NAV PRIMARY LOST message triggered regardless of the selected RNP value

MONITORING / INTEGRITY

Monitoring and Alerting: GPS/NAV PRIMARY LOST

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Various flight phases

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RNAV 10 RNAV 5RNAV 2/1

RNP 4

For Oceanic & Remote

Continental

For Oceanic & Remote

Continental

RNP 2RNP 1A-RNP

RNP APCHRNP AR APCH

RNP 0.3

For en route & terminal

For various flight phases

RNPfuture

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RNP SPECIFICATIONS RNAV SPECIFICATIONS

•RNAV / RNP approaches include variants, each with operational implications: • RNAV(GNSS) aka RNP APCH -> may benefit from on board ILS look-alike solution (pilots

and ATC can then handle such procedures similarly to ILS) • LPV -> full “precision approach” service (ILS look-alike solution) • RNP-AR -> require specific authorization for aircraft, airline, and crew; may require a

specific a/c solution; specific handling from ATC to join the procedure • RNAV Visual??

Situation is complex

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The Environmental Impact of PBN

Geoff BurtenshawPBN Implementation LeadUK CAA

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Argus News

New Gatwick flight path trials are 'destroying' Sussex village life

Thursday 27 February 2014

• Good luck. I hope you are not planning to implement PBN below 10,000 feet or it could be 2028 not 2018 when it happens

• Wow! PBN has been so amazing. I am now not able to sleep at night and get no respite from aircraft noise even though my family and I were previously unaffected

• PBN is torturing lives NOW, if torture is the way of the future it’s not a future I look forward too

• Residents around your PBN systemisation routes are not impressed. Want you to return to ‘seat of the pants’ based navigation

UK Government Airspace Policy Framework

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Public Response to PBN and

Aviation Noise

UK Government Consultation February 2017:

UK Airspace Policy

CAA/Industry Noise Task Force

Noise Mitigation Considerations when

Designing PBN Departure and Arrival

Procedures CAP 1378

July 2015 Airports Commission

Recommendations

Air Navigation Guidance on Airspace and Noise Management and

Environmental Objectives

UK Airspace Policy:A Framework for

Balanced Decisions on the Design and use of

Airspace

Independent Commission on Civil Aviation Noise

ICCAN)

CAA Draft Airspace Design Guidance: CAP 1520

UK Government Aviation Noise Policy

• Limit, and where possible, reduce the number of people significantly affectedby aircraft noise

• Priority should be given to reducing significant impacts rather than the number of people who will experience some aircraft noise

• Explicit consideration of design options that compare single routes with multiple routes. The need to assess “permanent and planned redistribution” (PPR) of traffic

• Consideration of environmental factors from the outset – via Design Principles and earlier community engagement

• Greater efforts at transparency and explaining noise impacts in meaningful terms

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Example: Multiple PBN routes to disperse traffic below 7000ft(Relief options for PBN SIDs not constrained by NPRs below 4,000ft)

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Noise Objective: Relief, Concentration or Dispersal

Environmental impacts

Total number of people affected by noiseNew populations exposed to noiseIntensity/frequency of aircraft experienced by those affectedNoise Preferential RoutesFuel/ CO2 efficiency

Operational impacts

Runway Capacity

ATC System capacity

ATC system complexity

Aircraft capability issues

Fly-abilityFMC capacity

Applicability

Example: SID Alternation

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Example: Multiple PBN routes to enable use of certain routes at certain times

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Noise Objective: Relief, Concentration or Dispersal

Environmental impacts

Total number of people affected by noiseNew populations exposed to noiseIntensity/frequency of aircraft experienced by those affectedNoise Preferential RoutesFuel/ CO2 efficiency

Operational impacts

Runway Capacity

ATC System capacity

ATC system complexity

Aircraft capability issues

Fly-abilityFMC capacity

Applicability

CAP 1385: ‘Noise Mitigation Considerations when Designing PBN Departure and Arrival Procedures’

http://www.caa.co.uk/Commercial-industry/Airspace/Future-airspace-strategy/Performance-based-navigation/

Lufthansa SESAR AAL Trials

• AAL - Augmented Approaches to Land Curved approaches for the reduction of fuel and noise

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• B748 Higher noise emission due to Configuration and higher thrust setting in turns!

Summary of the Environmental Challenges and Solutions

• Airspace change programme risks in the form of:

• Public consultation

• Cost

• Judicial review

• Hostility from local residents

• Local and national government politics

• All can have a serious impact on timescales for deployment

• One cannot overlook the potential downsides for the communities close to an airport from implementing PBN

• Environmental pressures: real risk to regulatory compliance including ICAO Assembly Resolution A37-11, SES Pilot Common Project, PBN-Implementing Regulation

• Challenge: take mitigation measures through airspace design to minimise the environmental impact on those communities

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Summary of the Environmental Challenges and Solutions

• Area navigation techniques are part of the modern aircraft’s DNA

• ‘Seat of the pants’ navigation is over

• In theory: can design PBN routes to mitigate environmental (noise) impacts, but more work

needed to assess actual level of respite/relief;

• New route designs

• May have environmental benefits, but create operational impacts & aircraft capability issues

• May also have dis-benefits – local community perceptions are important

• It’s not just a challenge to PBN

• The aircraft is the ‘noise generator’:

• Aircraft factors include: operating procedures, configuration changes, climb/descent profile, loading

on departure and arrival routes, night-time noise etc.

• There will be no optimal solution that addresses all stakeholder needs but a balance will be

required in order to find the most acceptable route positioning or operating concept 44

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Thank you

EUROCAE Symposium

John DYSONNATS

PBNImplementation, Implications and OpportunitiesJohn Dyson

Implementation

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• RNAV 1 across London TMA – 2020 - 2024 estimated• RNAV 1 - Prestwick Lower airspace, - Scottish, Manchester , Birmingham

TMAs and Irish Sea - from 2017 – 2020• Airport RNAV 1 SIDS and PBN approaches• DVOR replacement programme – 19 sites – to 2020• DVOR & NDB rationalisation programme – ongoing • DME optimisation and replacement programme

Implications

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• Over 100 ANSPs = co-ordination issues !!• Delays to TMA implementation

– removing airport procedures from VORs (A/Ps own SIDS)– NATS Policy to remove all en-route dependencies from DVOR / NDBs

• Costs and timescales of changing airports procedures • Solutions / options for continued DVOR support – site by site basis• Airspace changes – environmental challenge, consultation, reviews and

costs• Expectation for DFMC provide increased resilience to GNSS support of

PBN

Opportunities• Ground based equipment rationalisation

• (DVOR, NDB, DME, could also be Cat I ILS?)• DME optimisation

• replacement / rationalisation / spectrum management - for DME/DME• Co-ordinate Standards, regulations and implementation activities

• accuracy performance of modern DME Transponders can be taken into account

• Environmental – capacity, fuel, parallel routings, noise,• Safety - confidence in positioning accuracy • Airspace re-design • DME / DME currently independent back up to GNSS support of PBN 50

Thank you

John Dyson

EUROCAE Symposium

Richard MACFARLANEICAO

Eurocae Annual SymposiumPerformance-based Navigation

27-28 April 2017, London

Richard MacFarlaneDD/AN, ANB, ICAO

ICAO assistance for PBN Implementation

• PBN Manual 5th Edition• “How To” Guides• Workshops, Manual Updates• Flight Procedures Programme (FPP)

Additional guidance for Implementation

• Advanced-RNP• Use of RF Legs• Advisory VNAV• Transition to Final

PBN Manual 5th Ed.

Overview of the concept

• Task based approach• Linked material• Supported by ‘added value’ elements such

as worksheets, checklists

“How To” Guides

“How To” Guides

Links to source material

Need for a guide to step user through the processLayers of information

Detail for each Step

Basic Steps

Topic Oriented Task Oriented

“How To” Guides

Step 3

Detailed instructions

Step 2

Detailed instructions

Step 1

Detailed instructions

Reference Centre (Link to useful information

for the user)

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

“How To” Guides

Reference Centre• Added Value:

Customers who subscribe will have access to the online Reference Centre:• Allows for dynamic search of multiple PBN Documents and

the Guide• Provides fast reference• Capacity to search Annexes and other useful external

information • Can ultimately integrate training, videos, data and

newsletter(s)

Reference Centre (sample)

Step 3

Detailed instructions

Step 2

Detailed instructions

Step 1

Detailed instructions

Reference Centre

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Step 3

Detailed instructions

Step 2

Detailed instructions

Step 1

Detailed instructions

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

PBN Ops Approval

PBN ProcedureDesign

PBN Business Case

PBN Airspace design

…

“How To” Guides

“How To ” Guides

• PBN Ops Approval– Proof of Concept– In development now

• PBN Business Case– In discussion with consultant

• PBN Procedure Design

• Workshops– In support of “How To” Guides

• Revised Manuals– Ops Approvals– Airspace Design

Additional Activities

Flight Procedures Programme

• Currently 2 FPPs– Africa and APAC– 3rd (MID) FPP planned for Sep 2017

FPPs

Flight Procedures Programme

• Support States by:– Assisting with the development of PBN

Implementation plan– Developing a sustainable IFP capability in the

region– Providing training on PBN and IFP subjects

• Ops Approval, Airspace design, Flight Procedure Design

FPPs

Questions?

EUROCAE Symposium

SESSION 4: PERFORMANCE BASED NAVIGATION

Moderator: Manfred MOHR, IATA

Speakers: Friedhelm RUNGE, EASAFranca PAVLICEVIC, EUROCONTROLSylvain RAYNAUD, AirbusGeoff BURTENSHAW, UK CAAJohn DYSON, NATSRichard MACFARLANE, ICAO

EUROCAE Symposium

Starting at 20:00Gala Dinner & Award Night

atRoyal Aeronautical Society

4 Hamilton Place, Mayfair, London (map)