Eugenia Jambolana

8/6/2019 Eugenia Jambolana

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J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad 2009;21(1)

http://www.ayubmed.edu.pk/JAMC/PAST/21-1/Sadaf.pdf148

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OFEUGENIA JAMBOLANA SEED

EXTRACT ON LIVER OF ADULT ALBINO RATS

Sadaf Rasheed, Mohammad Tahir, Waqas Sami, Bushra MunirDepartment of Anatomy, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan

Background: The therapeutic value ofEugenia jambolana, commonly known as Jamun in Hindi, has

been recognized in different system of traditional medicine for the treatment of various conditions. Itsseeds are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and hyperlipedemia by reducing the lipid levels in

the body; this action is presumed to be due to blocking the action of enzyme 3-hydroxyl methyl glutaryl

(HMG-CoA reductase in the liver. Herbal drugs are getting into use with the notion that these are

relatively harmless; the practice has shown that many of them also have toxic effects. Since hardly anywork is available on the toxic aspect ofEugenia Jamblana, the present study was planed to see the

effect of ethanolic extract ofEugenia Jamblana on liver using albino rats as an experimental model.

Methods: The animals were divided into three groups A, B and C. Group A served as a control and

received only distilled water comparable to the experimental animals calculated according to their body

weight, where as B and C served as experimental groups. 100 and 200 mg of ethanolic extract ofEugenia Jamblana was dissolved in one ml of distilled water each and was given orally for 30 days/kg

body weight. Results: liver enzyme ALT and gamma GT were significantly raised when compared tothe control group, p-value being


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subsequently at weekly interval. The animals were

randomly divided into three groups A, B and C,

having 6 rats each. Group A served as control,

received distilled water orally for thirty days

comparable to that given to the experimental

animals, and experimental groups B and C weregivenethanolic extract ofEugenia jambolana seeds

orally at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively,

daily each dissolved in 1 ml distilled water.

Blood samples from each group were

collected by cardiac puncture in vacuum tubes andallowed to stand, for one hour to separate the serum,

using test tube stand. The tubes were centrifuged at

the speed of 3000 revolution/min, the clear serum

wascollected with the help of a clean dropper in

plastic tubes and stored in freezer at -20 C for

testing on a later date; the tubes were properly

labelled. Serum Alanine aminotransferase andGamma glutamyl transferase levels were measured

by using commercially available kits of HUMAN

Company.The histological preparations of liver were

stained using Eosin and Haematoxylin for generalhistological study, Periodic Acid Schiff and Diastase

techniques for the demonstration of glycogen in the

liver sections.

The information from three groups was

entered into computer software Statistical Package

for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15 and analyzedthrough it. The qualitative and quantitative

measurements were compared between the groups for

differences. Any difference in the qualitative

measurements was tested by fisher exact test and for

quantitative value the ANOVA test was applied. Thep-value of 0.05 or less was considered as statisticallysignificant.

RESULTS

The mean value of glutamyl transferase (Gamma GT)

of group A, B and C were 73.361.37, 96.884.39 and

96.394.73 U/l respectively. Statistically significant

difference was observed when group A was compared

with groups B and C, p-value in both cases being

0.92).

The mean values of Alanine aminotransferase

of group A, B and C were 49.654.53, 57.165.25 and111.617.02 U/l respectively. Difference among the

groups was statistically significant when groups A and

C and, B and C were compared together, (p0.62).

The liver of animals in the control group

showed typical hepatolobular architecture, consisting of

central vein with radiating cords of hepatocytes separated

by sinusoids; portal areas composed of portal vein,hepatic artery and bile duct were situated at the periphery.

The hepatocytes were polygonal in shape, with central,lightly stained nucleus and clear nucleolus, few

binucleated cells were also present, and the cytoplasm

was regularly distributed without vaculations (Figure-1).

In group B the general hepatolobular architecture of the

liver was deranged, there was a loss of radial arrangement

of hepatocytes and sinusoids, Number of binucleated cells

was increased (Figure-2), Inflamantory cells, especially

lymphocytes, were found infiltrating around portal track,i.e., periportal inflammation (Figure-3), areas of necrosis

were found around the central vein, centrilobular necrosis.

Examination of preparations obtained from the animals of

group C, showed comparable changes to group B; it,therefore, appeared that the effects ofEugenia jambolana

extract on the liver were not dose dependent.

Table-1: Mean value of serum enzymes (U/L) in groups (MeanSE)Groups Group A Group B Group C p

Alanine aminotransferase 49.654.53 57.165.25 111.617.02 0.002*

Gamma GT 73.361.37 96.884.39 96.394.73 0.001*

*p


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Figure-1: A photomicrograph of liver sectionfrom group A

Central vein (CV) in the centre of hepatic lobule filled with blood (B).

Hepatocytes (H), arranged in form of cords, are rounded to polyhedral

in shape and radiate peripherally; they show nucleus (N) with clear

nuclear membrane and nucleolus (No), cords are separated by sinusoids

(s) with Kupffer cells (k), H&E stain, 200.

Figure-2: A photomicrograph of liver section from

group B

Deranged architecture of liver, ballooning of hepatocytes (H) withhyperchromatic nuclei (N), nucleoli are not clearly seen, multiple

binucleated cells (BN), sinusoidal (S) arrangement are also seems to

have been deranged, central vein (CV) filled with blood H&E stain 200.

Figure-3: Photomicrograph of liver section from

group CPeriportal inflammation consisting of collection of lymphocytes (L)

around the bile duct (BD), H&E stain, 200.

DISCUSSION

Liver enzymes are the primary markers of liver

damage and were observed to have increased at the

end of the experimental period indicating deleterious

effect on the function of the liver which also showed

histological changes. Eugenia jambolana seed

extract, increased the liver enzymes, ALT and

gamma GT, which was statistically significant

(p=0.002 and 0.001 respectively), when group A wascompared with that of groups B and C respectively,

indicating toxic effect on the liver functions; the

finding is comparable with that reported earlier after

the use of statins9, Dai-Saiko-To (a Chinese herb)

10,

Polygonummultiforum (a herb)11

.Eugeniajambolana

seed extract decreased the lipid levels in rats, by

reducing the activity of HMG-CoA reductasae

enzyme in liver.4

Our findings are comparable to

those reported earlier after using statins (lipid

lowering drugs).1216

The pattern of hepatic damage

by statins was different in these reports, giving

various pictures of cholistatic, toxic and autoimmunehepatitis.

12,14,15Liver lesions with the use of statins

were found in both animals and in humans.5,15In our

study it was observed that the general architecture ofliver in the experimental groups was damaged,

possibly on account of hepatocytic swelling. Thisfinding was comparable to Garba (2006) who used

aqueous extract of Hoechst stem bark and reported

cloudy swelling of hepatocytes.17

It was reported that

herbs caused ballooning of hepatocytes and Kupffer

cells hyperplasia.10

The size of hepatocytes after the

use of Eugenia jambolana seed extract wassignificantly increased, when the size of hepatocytes

from the control was compared with those of the

experimental groups, the difference was statically

significant, (p


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Address for correspondence:Dr. Sadaf Rasheed, Department of Anatomy, Women Medical College, Abbottabad, Pakistan. Tel: +92-333-5378258Email: [email protected]

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