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EU IN A NUTSHELL | PREPARATION

FOR THE “EUROPEAN YOUTH EVENT”

Introduction | EU institutions | Decision-making

N.B. Please note that whenever appropriate, screenshots are linked to the relevant website.

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Jean Monnet Chair | EU Ethics & Values

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Agenda

Introduction

EU institutions

Decision-making

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Kick-off question

Picture source: http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC30GNP

Council of the EU vs. Council of Europe vs.

European Council

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The motto: United in diversity

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How did it all start?

Robert Schuman Jean Monnet

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*Česká republika = Česko (2019)

History | accessions

Picture source: EU in slides

N.B. accession treaties = amendments of EU primary law; UK not an EU member any more

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History | accession & withdrawal

• Political criteria: “stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities”

• Economic criteria: “functioning market economy as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union”

• Legal criteria: “obligations of membership including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union”

• (... incl. “Union's capacity to absorb new members”

Europ. Council Copenhagen June 1993

• Possibility “to withdraw from the Union in accordance with its own constitutional requirements” (para. 1)

• Notification of this intention (para. 2)

• Agreement(s) on withdrawal (now: OJ 2020 L 29) and future relationship (see: OJ 2020 C 34)(para. 2)

• End: entry into force of withdrawal agreement, or two years after notification (para. 3)

• Possibility to return (regular accession procedure) (para. 5)

Art. 50 TEU (inserted by Lisbon Treaty)

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EU | Viviane Reding | 11 April 2018

“Europe is not only a market, Europe is built on values”

Picture source: MCI

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EU integration | genesis

Community of economic

integrationHuman rights

Union incl. political

integration

Community of values

1951ECSC

1969CJEU Stauder,

later CFR

1992Maastricht

treaty

2007Lisbon treaty

Aim: to safeguard peace (*)

• Harmonization of national law (positive integration)

• Fundamental freedoms (negative integration)

• N.B. Positive and negative not in the sense of ‘good’ or ‘bad’-

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Agenda

Introduction

EU institutions

Decision-making

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EU institutions | overview

• EU institutions (Art. 13 para. 1 TEU)

• European Parliament (EP)

• European Council

• Council

• European Commission

• Court of Justice (of the EU)

• European Central Bank

• Court of auditors

• Ancillary Institutions (Art. 13 para. 4 TEU)

• Economic and Social Committee

• Committee of the Regions

• European Investment Bank (EIB), Art. 308 f. TFEU

• Ombudsman (Art. 288 TFEU)

• Agencies

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EU institutions | short intro | composition

Picture source: https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/ZIB-2/1211/ZIB-2/14033320

Picture source: https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europ%C3%A4isches_Parlament

Picture source: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/de/council-eu/configurations/

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EU institutions | short intro | decision-making

European Commission

Court of Justice

Court of Auditors

Economic and Social Committee

Committee of the Regions

European Parliament

Council of Ministers(The Council)

European Investment Bank European Central Bank

Agencies

European Council (summit)

Picture source: EU in slides

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European Council

• Composition

• 27 Heads of State or Government of the Member States

• Decisions taken by ‘consensus’ (i.e. if no one is against)

• Tasks

• Definition of the EU’s general political directions and priorities

• Meet at least 4 times a year

• Interests

• Represents interests of the Member States, at highest level

Picture source: EU in slides

European Council (summit)

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EU institutions | presidents

Picture source: https://tvthek.orf.at/profile/ZIB-1/1203/ZIB-1/14033728 (ORF ZIB1 | 1.12.2019)

• Christine Lagarde: president European Central Bank (ECB)

• Charles Michel: president European Council

• Ursula von der Leyen: European Commission

• David Sassoli: European Parliament

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European Commission

• Facts and composition

• 27 (Link) commissioners; appointed by European Council with approval of the EP

• Structured in Directorates-General (DG); see also video

• Approx. 31.000 employees (European Institutions in total: approx. 47.000)

• Tasks

• “Motor of integration”: right of initiation

• “Guardian of the Treaties”: initiation of infringement procedures (Annual Reports Link | Complaint handling Link, new philosophy Link)

• Application of EU law in case of EU competence (otherwise by Member States, i.e. national courts and national administration)

• Interests

• Represents interests of the EU; independence of members

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European Parliament

• Interests and composition

• 751 -> 705 representatives from 27 Member States (MS)

• European Council decision composition old (Link), new (Link)

• Term: five years

• Representatives of the Union’s citizens, acting in their interest

• Elections: direct universal free and secret suffrage (since June 1979)

• Tasks

• Legislative and budgetary (Link) functions (jointly with the Council)

• Assent (in case of a serious breach of the EU-values, accessions, association agreements) N.B. Why the EP is different (Eva L.)

• Language translations• Possible future coalitions• 1min time for speech

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European Parliament | #ThistimeImvoting

Source: The Economist, May 26th - June 1st 2012, p. 24

2014 (42.61%)

2019 (50.66%)

Source: The Economist, March 25th – 31th 2017, p. 12 (of Special Report)

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Council (of ministers)

• Interests and composition

• One representative of each Member State

• 10 formations

• Presidency (3 x 6 month)

• Team presidencies (Link) ->

• 18 month programme (Link)

• Tasks

• Legislative and budgetary functions (jointly with the EP)

• Decision making

• 1. Qualified (double) majority (standard according to Art. 16 para. 3 TEU)

• 2. Simple majority: 14 of 27 (50%+1)

• 3. Unanimity: e.g. Art. 352 TFEU

Council of EU MinistersOJ. 2016 L 208, 42 (Link)

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Council (of ministers)

• Interests and composition

• 10 formations (e.g. Competitiveness)

• Decision 2009, as amended in 2010

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Court of Justice of the EU (CJEU)

• Tasks Court of Justice of the EU

• Legal control, not representing any interests

• Procedure (excerpt)

• Review of legality and infringement for the failure to act

• Preliminary rulings (procedure of co-operation between national courts and Court of Justice)

• Remedies

• Composition

• One judge per MS: 27

• Appointed by common accord of the governments of the MS for a term of 6 years

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Agenda

Introduction

EU institutions

Decision-making

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Who can “make” law?

Legislature

(parliament)

Judiciary

(courts)

Executive

(administration)

Picture credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu

Against arbitrariness (absolutism)

Limitation of power

Guaranteeing freedom Picture credit: http://www.wienbilder.at/category/ballhausplatz/

© Parlamentsdirektion/Mike Ranz

Picture credit: http://www.rechtsfreund.at/begriff_rechtsfreund.htm

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Separation of powers and EU

Legislature

(parliament)

Judiciary

(courts)

Executive

(administration)

Picture credit: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu

Against arbitrariness (absolutism)

Limitation of power

Guaranteeing freedom

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Decision-making | hierarchy of EU law

• Primary law

– TEU, TFEU, Link

– Modifications by Treaty revisions (Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon [Link], etc.) and Accession treaties (e.g. Croatia, Link), protocols etc.

– Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Link)– Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Link)

• Secondary law

– Regulations: general application, binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the MS

– Directives: binding, as to the result to be achieved; leaves choice of form and methods of implementation

– Decision: binding for addressee

– Recommendations and opinions: no binding force

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Decision-making | who can “make” EU law?

• Primary law | all 27 Member States

– TEU, TFEU, Link

– Modifications by Treaty revisions (Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon [Link], etc.) and Accession treaties (e.g. Croatia, Link), protocols etc.

– Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Link)– Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Link)

• Secondary law | European Parliament and Council of Ministers (based on Commission proposal)

– Regulations: general application, binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the MS

– Directives: binding, as to the result to be achieved; leaves choice of form and methods of implementation

– Decision: binding for addressee

– Recommendations and opinions: no binding force

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Decision-making | who can “make” EU law?

• Primary law | all 27 Member States

– TEU, TFEU, Link

– Modifications by Treaty revisions (Maastricht, Amsterdam, Nice, Lisbon [Link], etc.) and Accession treaties (e.g. Croatia, Link), protocols etc.

– Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (Link)– Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (Link)

• Secondary law | European Parliament and Council of Ministers (based on Commission proposal)

– Regulations: general application, binding in its entirety and directly applicable in the MS

– Directives: binding, as to the result to be achieved; leaves choice of form and methods of implementation

– Decision: binding for addressee

– Recommendations and opinions: no binding force

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Primary law | seats of institutions

• Primary law | all 27 Member States

– TEU, TFEU, Link

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Primary law | seats of institutions

• Red: (Plenary) session / Strasbourg• Pink: Committees• Light blue: (Political) groups• Green: External parliamentary activities – constituency

weeks• Dark blue: Elections• Red star: European Parliamentary Week• Circle: Conciliation Committee

• Primary law | all 27 Member States

– TEU, TFEU, Link

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Secondary law | decision-making

Source: EU in slides (2015)

Citizens, interests groups, experts: discuss, consult

Commission: makes formal proposal

Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly

Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation

National or local authorities: implement

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Secondary law | statistics

Source: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/code/about/statistics_en.htm

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Secondary law | when can the EU issue law?

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Secondary law | vert. distribution competences

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Do you now this guy?

Picture source: http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC30GNP

Picture source: http://oe3.orf.at/stories/2762917/

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Do you now this guy?

Picture source: http://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC30GNP

Picture source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WJGZFjHgHj0

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Videos

#GNOe videos in DE: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCo0MGiYtL1olrDhjClMfcOQ• Law | General Introduction

• Transparency: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=785dtph2qpE• Justice | Fairness• EU Law | General introduction

• Vertical distribution of competences, at national level: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ss0SNi2tC1k• National legislative, Austrian parliament: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p012HFi8-Uo• Lobbying: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rywoXYwRMxI

• EU History• EU Law | Non Discrimination

• Discrimination based on gender (#PinkTax): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7X2FEMzvXU• Law and Time• EU Law and Morality• EU Law and Ethics• EU Law and Religion• EU Values

• Fundamental freedoms (part 1 & 2)

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Videos

Topics covered• Law | General Introduction• Justice | Fairness• EU Law | General introduction• EU History• EU Law | Non Discrimination• Law and Time• EU Law and Morality• EU Law and Ethics• EU Law and Religion• EU Values

• Fundamental freedoms (part 1 & 2)

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All the best for your trip!MCI | THE ENTREPRENEURIAL SCHOOL®

Dr. Markus Frischhut, LL.M.Jean Monnet Chair “EU Values & Digitalization”Professor & Study Coordinator European Union Law

Universitaetsstrasse 15, 6020 Innsbruck, AustriaPhone: +43 512 2070 -3632, Fax: -3699mailto:markus.frischhut@mci.edu, www.mci.edu

https://twitter.com/mafrischhut

https://www.instagram.com/markus_frischhut

https://jeanmonnet.mci.edu

https://www.linkedin.com/in/mafrischhut/