EU Agricultural and Environmental Requirements in Sweden presentation

C. Jakobsson 5/2003 1

Compliance with EU Agricultural and Environmental Requirements -

The Swedish Experience

Christine Jakobsson, JTIRegional Conference on Agricultural Source

Pollution in Danube, Baltic and Black Sea Riparian Countries, BucharestSeptember 30 - October 3, 2003


DispositionDisposition

• EU:s NitrateEU:s Nitrate DirectiveDirective• Sweden’s legislationSweden’s legislation

and adaptation to EUand adaptation to EU• Swedish advisory Swedish advisory

service & informationservice & information• Synthesis from the Synthesis from the

implementation of EU:s implementation of EU:s Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive


The policy implementation of nutrient management in European Countries

EU:s NitrateEU:s Nitrate DirectiveDirective

Different approaches in policyDifferent approaches in policy

• Nitrogen or phosphorus based systemsNitrogen or phosphorus based systems

– N based systemsN based systems as in the Nitrate Directive, (170 kg N/ha) are most common

– P based systemsP based systems e.g. Sweden, the allowed level of P is defined as livestock density corresponding to 22 kg P in manure/ha, - no problems with requirements of 170 kg N/ha returned in animal excreta (Nitrate Directive). Another advantage is that information on P content in manure is more reliable, as losses in animal houses and during storage are almost non-existent and therefore easier for the farmer to calculate.

– N and P-based systemsN and P-based systems


The policy implementation of nutrient management in European Countries

EU:s NitrateEU:s Nitrate DirectiveDirective

Implementation of nutrient management legislationImplementation of nutrient management legislation

• The Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive issued in 1991. Most activities to be implemented before 2000.

• ObjectivesObjectives are to reduce water pollution caused or induced by to reduce water pollution caused or induced by

nitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent such pollutionnitrates from agricultural sources and to prevent such pollution. • Member states must identify Nitrate Vulnerable ZonesNitrate Vulnerable Zones (NZVs) on

the basis of monitoring requirements results.• Action ProgrammesAction Programmes with mandatory measures on agricultural

practices must be implemented in NVZs. Maximum amounts of animal manure that can be applied to land yearly (210 kg N/ha until mid-December 2002 when the amount will be reduced to 170 kg N/ha).

• Monitoring of water qualityMonitoring of water quality according to specific requirements. • Codes of Good Agricultural PracticeCodes of Good Agricultural Practice (CGAP) must be elaborated

and are mandatory in the NVZs and voluntary outside.


Nitrate Vulnerable Nitrate Vulnerable Zones in EuropeZones in Europe

Source: J. Duchemin


• Promote the use of suitable methods within agriculturethe use of suitable methods within agriculture to create a general protective level against all pollution general protective level against all pollution of all waterof all water

• Special protection is necessary for certain areasprotection is necessary for certain areas against nitrogen compounds

• Members states must identify vulnerable zones identify vulnerable zones and establish and implement action programmes establish and implement action programmes for these areas (within 2 years)

• Action programmes should contain measures to reduce measures to reduce the land-application of all N-fertilisersthe land-application of all N-fertilisers and in particular to set specific limits for the application of livestock manurelivestock manure

• It is necessary to monitor waters necessary to monitor waters

EU:s Nitrate directiveEU:s Nitrate directive EU:s Nitrate directiveEU:s Nitrate directive


EU:s Nitrate directiveEU:s Nitrate directive

Establish a Code of Good Agricultural PracticeEstablish a Code of Good Agricultural PracticeThe objective of reducing nitrate pollution The objective of reducing nitrate pollution should should cover: cover: • periodsperiods when the when the land application of fertiliser is inappropriateland application of fertiliser is inappropriate;;• the land application of fertilisers to the land application of fertilisers to steeply sloping groundsteeply sloping ground;;• the land application of fertiliser to the land application of fertiliser to water-saturated, flooded, frozen water-saturated, flooded, frozen

or snow-covered ground;or snow-covered ground;• the conditions for land application of fertiliser the conditions for land application of fertiliser near water coursesnear water courses;;• the capacity and construction of the capacity and construction of storage vessels for livestock storage vessels for livestock

manuremanure, including measures to prevent water pollution by run-off , including measures to prevent water pollution by run-off and seepage into the groundwater and surface water of liquids and seepage into the groundwater and surface water of liquids containing livestock manure and effluents from stored plant containing livestock manure and effluents from stored plant materials such as silage; materials such as silage;

• procedures for the land applicationprocedures for the land application, including rate and uniformity , including rate and uniformity of spreading, of both chemical fertiliser and livestock manure, that of spreading, of both chemical fertiliser and livestock manure, that will maintain nutrient losses to water at an acceptable levelwill maintain nutrient losses to water at an acceptable level



Establish a Code of Good Agricultural PracticeEstablish a Code of Good Agricultural PracticeThe objective of reducing nitrate pollution The objective of reducing nitrate pollution may may cover:cover:• land use managementland use management, including the use of crop rotation , including the use of crop rotation

systems and the proportion of the land area devoted to systems and the proportion of the land area devoted to permanent crops relative to annual tillage crops;permanent crops relative to annual tillage crops;

• the maintenance of a the maintenance of a minimum quantity of vegetation coverminimum quantity of vegetation cover during (rainy) periods that will take up the nitrogen from the soil during (rainy) periods that will take up the nitrogen from the soil that could otherwise cause NOthat could otherwise cause NO33-pollution of water;-pollution of water;

• the establishment of the establishment of fertiliser plans on a farm-by-farm basisfertiliser plans on a farm-by-farm basis and and the keeping of the keeping of records on fertiliser userecords on fertiliser use;;

• the prevention of water pollution from run-off and the downward the prevention of water pollution from run-off and the downward water movement beyond the reach of crop roots in irrigation water movement beyond the reach of crop roots in irrigation systems.systems.



Measures to be include in action programmes Measures to be include in action programmes

- - rulesrules::

• periods when the land applicationperiods when the land application of certain types of fertiliser is prohibitedprohibited;;

• the capacity of storage vessels for livestock manure;


EU:s Nitrate directiveEU:s Nitrate directive Measures to be include in action Measures to be include in action programmes - programmes - rulesrules cont.: cont.:

• limitation of the land application of fertilisers,limitation of the land application of fertilisers, consistent with good agricultural practice and taking into account the characteristics of the vulnerable zone concerned, in particular:– soil conditions, soil type and slope;– climatic conditions, rainfall and irrigation;– land use and agricultural practices, including crop rotation

systems; and to be based on a balance between:• the foreseeable N requirements of the cropsforeseeable N requirements of the crops,, and• the nitrogen supply to the crops from the soil and from nitrogen supply to the crops from the soil and from

fertilisationfertilisation corresponding to:– the amount of N present in the soil at the end of winter– through net mineralisation of the organic N reserves in

the soil– from livestock manure– from chemical and other fertilisers



Measures to be include in action programmes - Measures to be include in action programmes -

rulesrules continuation: continuation:

• These measures will ensure that, for each farm or livestock unit the amount of livestock manure applied to the land each year, including by the animals themselves, shall not shall not exceed 170 kg N per hectare exceed 170 kg N per hectare (210 kg N per ha the first 4 years)

• These amounts may be calculated on the basis of animal numbers



Criteria for identifying waters - Criteria for identifying waters -

Monitoring programmes and measuresMonitoring programmes and measures

• if the groundwater contains more than 50 mg/l nitrates

• if if surface freshwaters,surface freshwaters, in particular those used for in particular those used for drinking water, contain more than 50 mg/l nitratesdrinking water, contain more than 50 mg/l nitrates

• if if natural freshwater lakes, other freshwater bodies, estuaries, coastal waters and marine waters are found to be are found to be eutrophiceutrophic or may become so or may become so


• Sweden is a very sparsely populatedsparsely populated and forest dominatedforest dominated

country.• The environmental problems are smallenvironmental problems are small in comparison to

many other countries in Europe. • Nutrient leakage from agricultureNutrient leakage from agriculture, especially nitrogennitrogen, affects

coastal areas and also rivers and lakes negatively.• Surface run-off of phosphorusSurface run-off of phosphorus can be a problem causing

eutrophication, mainly in inland waters, where phosphorus is generally the growth limiting factor.


Programme to reduce nutrient losses from agricultureProgramme to reduce nutrient losses from agriculture

• Launched in 19881988 by the Swedish Parliament

• The goal was to reduce the amount of Nreduce the amount of N that reaches the Baltic Sea by 50%50% from 1985 to 1995 and to substantially reduce the amount substantially reduce the amount of Pof P.

• This goal has not been reached, but 25% reductions in N losses25% reductions in N losses to the Baltic Sea have been calculated. In Svealand the reduction of nitrogen losses to the sea was up to 40% (SEPA, 1997).

• Since 1995 specific measures to reduce the ammonia losses from 1995 specific measures to reduce the ammonia losses from agricultureagriculture were successively elaborated and implemented.

• MeasuresMeasures to tackle the problems are: – requirements and guidelinesrequirements and guidelines– advisory service and informationadvisory service and information– research and developmentresearch and development – economic instruments of controleconomic instruments of control


• To ensure that manure is not produced in excess to the amount of arable land on the farm, a balance must exist between the a balance must exist between the amount of animals on the farm and the amount of land amount of animals on the farm and the amount of land available for spreading manure. available for spreading manure.

• The maximum amount of animalsmaximum amount of animals has been precised with consideration taken to the amount of P and N in manureP and N in manure and a crops normal requirements and removal of plant nutrientscrops normal requirements and removal of plant nutrients.

• The limiting factor is Plimiting factor is P, with a maximum amount of approximately 23-25 kg P per hectare23-25 kg P per hectare.

• As the amount of manure per area will be moderate, the risk of the risk of nutrient leaching of both N and P will be smallernutrient leaching of both N and P will be smaller.

• One advantage with using P instead of N is that the figures on P content in manure are more reliable, as P losses in the stable and

during storage are almost non-existing.


The number of animals per hectare may not be larger than:

Type of animal Animals/haDairy cows 1,6

Cows for breeding calves 2,3

Heifers, bulls, steers > 1 years age 4,6

Calves < 1 years age 5,8

Sheep and goats 15

Sows in production 2,2

Fattening pigs, places 10,5

Laying hens, places 100

Young hens, places 250

Broilers, places 470

Turkeys, ducks, geese, places 140

Horses 3

Mink, breeding females 50

Spreading area for manureSpreading area for manure•Own arable land and leased arable land

•Spreading contracts (min. 5 years) with neighbors & spreading journal

•Exception - if manure is fabricated to a product that leaves the farm


Manure, slurry and urine storage requirements in sensitive regions Manure, slurry and urine storage requirements in sensitive regions and for large farmsand for large farms

• 8 months8 months for animal production consisting of cattle, horses, sheep or cattle, horses, sheep or goatsgoats

• 10 months10 months for other types of animal production.

Applies to all farms with > 10 animal units in a specified pollution sensitive area consisting of southern Sweden and a 20 km coastal zone from the Norwegian border to Stockholm county. They also apply to all farms in Sweden with > 100 animal units.

In the rest of SwedenIn the rest of Sweden

The size of the storage facilities for manure should with good margins be able to handle the need for storage during the time-period when livestock manure should not be spread - 6 to 10 months production of manure.6 to 10 months production of manure.


Ammonia reduction measures for storage of Ammonia reduction measures for storage of slurry and urine slurry and urine

• slurry and urine pits must be covered with a stable slurry and urine pits must be covered with a stable surface crust layer or other covering that effectively surface crust layer or other covering that effectively reduces ammonia emissionsreduces ammonia emissions

• filling must take place beneath the coveringfilling must take place beneath the covering.

Since 1995, this affects farms with > 10 animal units in three counties in southern Sweden, and since 1997 in the rest of Götaland and on the plains of Svealand.

Slurry pits can either be covered with a natural crust, straw, peat, plastic, leca pebbles, a roof or other covering materials that effectively reduce ammonia emissions. Filling beneath the covering is to prevent the slurry or urine from breaking the cover or ending up on top of the cover.


Ban on application of manure and other organic Ban on application of manure and other organic manure during wintermanure during winter

• To prevent nutrient leaching, manure and other organic manure and other organic wastes may not be applied to land in Sweden during the 1wastes may not be applied to land in Sweden during the 1stst of December to the 28of December to the 28thth of February, unless they are of February, unless they are incorporated in the soil the same dayincorporated in the soil the same day to a depth of at least 10 cm.

• Harrowing the surface is not enough.


Sweden’s adaptation of legislation to the Sweden’s adaptation of legislation to the Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive

New requirements on manure application in New requirements on manure application in

sensitive regions since January 1999sensitive regions since January 1999

1. Fertilisers must Fertilisers must notnot be spread in amounts exceeding the be spread in amounts exceeding the crops nitrogen requirementscrops nitrogen requirements for the growing season. The amount of fertiliser applicated should be based on a balance balance between the crops foreseeable nitrogen requirements and between the crops foreseeable nitrogen requirements and the nitrogen supply from all external potential nutrient the nitrogen supply from all external potential nutrient sourcessources, as well as taking into account:a) soil conditions, soil type and slope,

b) climatic conditions, precipitation and irrigation,

c) land use and agricultural practices, including crop rotation systems;

2. Fertiliser must notnot be applicated on water-saturated or flooded water-saturated or flooded ground;ground;


Sweden’s adaptation of legislation to the Sweden’s adaptation of legislation to the Nitrate DirectiveNitrate Directive

New requirements on manure application in sensitive New requirements on manure application in sensitive regions since January 1999regions since January 1999

3. Fertiliser must notnot be applicated on snow-covered or deeply snow-covered or deeply frozen ground;frozen ground;

4. Nitrogen containing commercial fertilisersNitrogen containing commercial fertilisers must notnot be applicated from the 11stst of November to the 15 of November to the 15thth of February of February;

5. Manure and other organic fertilisersManure and other organic fertilisers must notnot be applicated from the 11stst of January to the 15 of January to the 15thth of February of February;

6. Manure and other organic fertilisersManure and other organic fertilisers can be spread from the 11stst of August to the 30 of August to the 30thth of November only to a growing of November only to a growing crop or before autumn sowingcrop or before autumn sowing.


New requirements on manure application in sensitive New requirements on manure application in sensitive regions since January 1999 regions since January 1999

Land application of FYM Land application of FYM with the exception of poultry manure, is is allowed on bare soils, without the requirements of autumn allowed on bare soils, without the requirements of autumn sowing afterwards, sowing afterwards, from 20 October to 30 November in the counties of Blekinge, Skåne och Halland if incorporation takes place, as well as from 10 October to 30 November in the 10 October to 30 November in the defined coastal areas defined coastal areas of Stockholms, Södermanlands, Östergötlands, Kalmar, Västra Götalands and Gotlands county, if incorporation takes place the same day. if incorporation takes place the same day.

Farmyard manure (FYM) is defined as manure and other organic fertilisers that can be stacked to at least 1 meters height stacked to at least 1 meters height without a supportive wall and that has a dry matter content without a supportive wall and that has a dry matter content higher than 20%.higher than 20%.


Ammonia reduction measures for application ofAmmonia reduction measures for application of manuremanure Incorporation within 4 hoursIncorporation within 4 hours

Since 1996, manure, slurry or urine must be incorporated within 4 manure, slurry or urine must be incorporated within 4 hours after land application when spreading on bare soils.hours after land application when spreading on bare soils. This

applies to three counties in southern Sweden.

When applying manure, slurry and urine it is of great importance that incorporation takes place as soon as possibleincorporation takes place as soon as possible, as the largest ammonia emissions take place immediately after application. The ammonia emissions are high, when the contents of ammonia nitrogen are high in the urine, slurry or manure. It is not until the ammonia ion is ammonia ion is adsorbed by soil particles or assimilated by crops, that the risk of adsorbed by soil particles or assimilated by crops, that the risk of ammonia emissions is practically inhibited. ammonia emissions is practically inhibited.


Techniques for application to growing crops Techniques for application to growing crops

In the three counties in southern Sweden, from 1998, slurry must be spread to growing crops with techniques that efficiently reduce losses of ammonia:

Bandspreading techniquesBandspreading techniques or other similar techniques, where slurry is placed directly on the ground beneath the crop cover,

InjectorsInjectors or other similar techniques, where slurry is placed directly in the ground,

Techniques, where one part slurry is dilutedslurry is diluted with at least one half part water before application (broadcasting),

Techniques, that are followed by irrigationirrigation with at least 10 mm water within 4 hours (broadcasting).


At least 60 respectively 50% winter-green land is required 60 respectively 50% winter-green land is required during the autumn or winter on every farm with more during the autumn or winter on every farm with more than 5 hectares arable land in the three most southern than 5 hectares arable land in the three most southern counties and in the rest of Götaland respectivelycounties and in the rest of Götaland respectively. Only open fields, not natural pastures or grazing land, are affected by the requirements. Both the time for sowing and for interrupting plant growth are regulated.

The following crops are accepted: grasslandgrassland, winter cerealswinter cereals, winter oilseedswinter oilseeds, energy forestenergy forest (usually Salix), sugar beetssugar beets, carrotscarrots or other similar root crops (not potatoes), perennial fruit and berry crops, special catch cropsspecial catch crops (usually perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne), set-aside arable land with covering plants.


• Farms with more than 200 animal unitsmore than 200 animal units are required to apply for a permit at the County Administrative Boardpermit at the County Administrative Board to be able to operate.

• The permit usually consists of requirements regarding the requirements regarding the maximum amount of animals, the storage capacity and maximum amount of animals, the storage capacity and application of manure etc. application of manure etc.


Plant nutrients - Plant nutrients - Current legislation affecting the agricultural sector in SwedenCurrent legislation affecting the agricultural sector in Sweden

SummarySummary• Livestock density: Livestock density: according to P contents of manure (23-25 kg P/ha)

• Manure storage:Manure storage: storage capacity, covering of urine and slurry pits, filling beneath the cover

• Application of manureApplication of manure: ban, new requirements, incorporation, spreading techniques when spreading in a growing crops

• Application of fertilisers: Application of fertilisers: nitrogen application according to the crops requirements, ban on winter spreading

• Winter-green land: Winter-green land: 60 resp. 50%

• Permits for farms with more than 200 livestock unitsPermits for farms with more than 200 livestock units


Advisory service and Advisory service and informationinformation

• Advice free of charge for all farms with more than 20 Advice free of charge for all farms with more than 20 livestock units since 1988livestock units since 1988

– Plant nutrient balancePlant nutrient balance (farm-gate balance)- STANKSTANK computer programme

– Plant production planPlant production plan with special reference to strategies for usage of manure

• Plant nutrient newslettersPlant nutrient newsletters

• DemonstrationsDemonstrations e.g. manure spreaders and field trials

• Since 2001 “Focus on Nutrients”“Focus on Nutrients”


Focus on NutrientsFocus on Nutrients• Joint venture between The Swedish Board of Agriculture, The County

Administration Boards, The Federation of Swedish Farmers and a number of companies in the farming business.

• The largest single undertaking in Sweden to reduce losses of nutrients to air and water from livestock and crop production. Mainly in the Southern part of Sweden

• A campaign to provide training and advice and the project´s aim is to encompass the entire flow of nutrients on the farm. Extended extension service and documentation at the farm level, indicators

• Voluntary programme for farmers with environmental payments (EU-CAP). 3 800 farmers have joined.

• The background is the new Swedish national goals for environmental quality


- Zero Eutrophication - Phosphorus losses, nitrogen leaching,ammonia volatilisation

- Natural Acidification Only - Ammonia volatilisation- Good-Quality Groundwater - Nitrogen leaching- Reduced Climate Impact - Nitrous oxide emissions

(nitrogen leaching)- A Non Toxic Environment - Handling of plant protection

chemicals

Environmental Quality Goal Area covered by Focus on Nutrients


Focus on NutrientsFocus on Nutrients

The purpose is to:

* reduce losses of nitrate from farmland

* reduce ammonia emissions from manure

* reduce losses of phosphorus from farmland

* avoid spreading of pesticides into surface and groundwater

This shall be reached by increasing nutrient management efficiency on the farms by increasing awareness and knowledge. The farmer is in focus and therefore the core of the project is education and advising by individual visits by farm advisers.

www.greppa.nu


““Focus on Nutrients” “Greppa näringen”Focus on Nutrients” “Greppa näringen”

Advice - Sequence of advisory modules• Start-planning advisory needs• Basic nutrient balance• Repeat nutrient balance• Nitrogen strategy• Phosphorus strategy• Soil compaction• Handling of plant protection chemicals• Planning wetlands• Grass crop strategy• Animal housing environment• Planning of buildings• Inspection of feeding plan for dairy cows• Inspection of feeding plan for beef cattle• Grazing strategy• Feed consumption recording for piglets• Feed consumption recording for fattening pigs


Options and perspectives of the nutrient policy in Options and perspectives of the nutrient policy in Sweden - Sweden - ConclusionsConclusions

• Sweden is generally satisfied with the legislationsatisfied with the legislation in this area• No large problemsNo large problems exist• No major changes in the legislation are plannedNo major changes in the legislation are planned for the future• Minor adjustmentsMinor adjustments will most likely take place e.g.

– Enlargement of NVZ areaEnlargement of NVZ area

– Definitions of animal unitsanimal units

– Livestock densityLivestock density

• Sweden is more interested in voluntary agreementsvoluntary agreements with farmers • No changes in the ammonia legislationNo changes in the ammonia legislation were introduced after the

review and analysis (1998) - instead wait for the results from the legislation that recently came into place (1995 - )


Options and perspectives of the nutrient policy in Sweden Options and perspectives of the nutrient policy in Sweden ConclusionsConclusions

Measures and controlMeasures and control• No difficultiesNo difficulties

– Livestock density, – storage of manure/urine/slurry, – green land, spreading technology

• Some difficultiesSome difficulties– incorporation of manure/urine/slurry within a time frame (4 hours) -

documentation of spreading on the farm


Advice from Ingrid Svedinger, Ministry of Agriculture, Sweden

• Take regular contact and have discussions with DG Environment, Michael Hamell, chairman(Irland), Liliana Cortelini and Claudia Olasabel

• Be active within the Nitrate Committee• Difference between guidelines (stricter -

should be done, if not otherwise proven) and guidance (only recommendations)


Member state AT BE DK DE EL ES FI FR IR IT LX NL NL PT SE UKWater monitoring + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Designation of NVZ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Codes of GoodAgricultural Practice

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Action programmes + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Report to theCommission onimplementation status

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Notes: + indicates that the task is performed but not necessarily approved by the Commission; indicates that important designations are expected by the end of 2001; shaded cells indicatethat infringement procedures are ongoing (some proceedings at an early stage are not mentionedin this table for legal reasons)

Source: Jean Duchemin, personal communication

Main obligations of the Nitrate Directive and their Main obligations of the Nitrate Directive and their implementation by Member States as of implementation by Member States as of 01/06/200101/06/2001


D. CONCLUSION • At least 30-40% of rivers and lakes show eutrophication

symptoms or bring high nitrogen fluxes to coastal waters and seas. The agricultural origin is 50 - 80% of total N inputs to EU waters, depending on Member States, watersheds and annual variations;

• All M. S. have now transposed the directive, set up a comprehensive monitoring network, established a code of good practice, and designated at least partially their vulnerable zones (except Ireland);

• A CAP more oriented towards quality rather than quantity, encouraging extensive cropping or breeding, “buffer” natural areas and accurate balanced fertilisation, can further contribute to these purposes;

• Cost-efficiency studies on preventive measures should also be encouraged, in order to focus action programmes and practice changes towards the most efficient one;


D. CONCLUSION cont.• Besides financial support for a more environmental-friendly agriculture and

dissemination of knowledge, it is necessary that all M.S. arrive at a full implementation of the Nitrate Directive, reinforce surveys and controls at field level (including checking of fertilisation plans and records, manure storage and handling, soil analysis, natural buffer strips, etc.), and introduce dissuasive penalties for the producers who do not ensure eco-compliance.

• Investments in urban wastewater treatment will be inefficient regarding nutrients if a parallel effort is not devoted to an effective reduction of agricultural nutrients losses.

• Water Framework Directive (WFD). A synergy has to be developed in the future work for common implementation of these water directives, on items such as:

— Harmonisation of water sampling points, networks, parameters and frequencies for water quality monitoring in order to meet, with minimum work at field level, the needs linked with EU Directives, OECD-Eurostat Questionnaires, EEA “Eurowaternet”, Marine and River Conventions, and local/regional needs.


D. CONCLUSION cont.

— Harmonisation of water sampling points, networks, parameters and frequencies for water quality monitoring in order to meet, with minimum work at field level, the needs linked with EU Directives, OECD-Eurostat Questionnaires, EEA Eurowaternet”, Marine and River Conventions, and local/regional needs.

— Assessment of point and diffuse losses of nutrients to waters, and of the breakdown of their origin (agriculture, urban waters, industry, air deposition…:

— Models correlating environmental impacts (e.g. algae blooms) and causative factors (nutrients, natural conditions, etc.), which will allow forecast of impact of various scenarios in the reduction or increase of these factors.

— Cost-efficiency approach for preventive measures. Nitrogen and Phosphorus will certainly appear as priority polluters in many E.U. watersheds.

EU Agricultural and Environmental Requirements in Sweden presentation

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