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Transcript of Ethnicity Research Paper
Running head: ETHNIC DIVISION AND PROBLEMS1 1
Ethnic Divisions and the Problems related to the division
Fahad Waseem
Hamza Muhammad
Muhammad Numan Saddiqui
Sachal Saleem
Sannan Jahangir
Ms. Rameeza Aslam
Language, Culture & Society, A
SSC 206
June 29, 2011.
Lahore School of Economics
Ethnic Divisions and Problems2
Abstract
Pakistan was established in 1947 and was one of the biggest Islamic nations at that time.
The fight for the national language started between the provinces at that time and is still
continuing. This research paper covers all the causes and consequences of the ethnic differences
between the Pakistani nations along with their solutions. This research paper comprises of all the
discussion and the analysis of the data regarding these problems. We will be covering the
definition of ethnicity, Different ethnic types, what constitutes a Pakistani Nation, Can an official
or territorial nation exist with such diverse ethnicities and ethnicity as a dividing factor and many
other important questions as research on this topic have never been done before. So this research
will fill the lag currently present.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems3
Acknowledgements
We owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported us during the
writing process of this research.
I would sincerely like to thank Ms. Rameeza Aslam, the guide of this project, for the attention
and care that she devoted to this porject, for correcting our various mistakes and suggesting more
and more improvisation. She has taken pain to go through the assignment and make necessary
correction as and when needed.
To Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui (Ex. MPA of PPP) and Mr. Khaleeq Nazar Kiani (DCO
Chaman, Baluchistan) for their cooperation and allowing us to take the interview
To the General Public of Pakistan, for their selfless cooperation and sharing their precious time.
To our friends, who have been unselfishly extending their efforts and understanding?
To our parents who have always been very understanding and supportive both financially and
emotionally.
And above all, to the Almighty God, who never cease in loving us and for the continued
guidance and protection.
The Researchers
Ethnic Divisions and Problems4
There are many ethnic groups in Pakistan. The basic ethnic division in Pakistan is based
on demographic regions. The major ethnic group in Pakistan includes Punjabis, Sindhis,
Pashtuns, Sariekis, Balochis, Muhajirs, Chitralis and other small groups. Before coming to the
ethnic problems of Pakistan it would be helpful to define ethnicity first. Ethnicity is derived from
the Greek word 'ethnikos'; which referred to (a) non-Christian 'pagans' (b) major population
groups sharing common cultural and racial traits; primitive cultures. Pakistan was established in
1947 and was one of the biggest Islamic nations at that time. The fight for the national language
started between the provinces at that time and is still continuing. This research paper covers all
the causes and consequences of the ethnic differences between the Pakistani nations along with
their solutions. This research paper comprises of all the discussion and the analysis of the data
regarding these problems. We will be covering the definition of ethnicity, Different ethnic types,
what constitutes a Pakistani Nation, can an official or territorial nation exist with such diverse
ethnicities and ethnicity as a dividing factor and many other important questions as research on
this topic have never been done before. So this research will fill the lag currently present.
This research proposes to study the major problems of Ethnicity and to find out the causes
behind these problems, to find out what improvements have taken place in the past.
The scope of this research is to cover all the major problems that the Ethnicity Groups are
currently facing like Movement of Hazara Province, Saraiki Province, Bhawalpur Province and
the Movement of the independence of Baluchistan in all over Pakistan and then to find out what
steps can be taken to solve these problems.
Literature Review
Mr. Farhan Hanif Siddiqi writes about that ethnic factor played an important role in
Pakistan history. Pakistan, being a multiethnic state, needed to evolve an adequate system of
representation and a just and equitable distribution of power and resources in order to maintain
ethnic peace and harmony. However, the dominance of the state structure, especially the
bureaucracy and the military, by one or two ethnic groups, tended to augment ethnic tensions and
violence (Siddiqi, 2002). Which caused the Bengali movement and since it was not taken care of,
it resulted in the separation and thus Bangladesh emerged on the map. Similarly many other
ethnic movements started soon after the separation of Bangladesh but it was forcefully
Ethnic Divisions and Problems5
suppressed by the government with no room for accommodation and compromise thus causing
problems and tension among different ethnic groups. The Blochi, Sindhi, the proud Pathans
didn’t liked how the situation was being handled and how the military is imposing its rule and
not realizing what effects would it have in the future. Baluchis are divided into several tribes and
clans and organized on the lines of traditional semi-feudal Sardari System. After the Chagai
nuclear tests by Pakistan in june 1998, some Baluchi students hijacked one PIA plane to register
their disapproval and draw international attention to the prevailing sense of discrimination in
pakistan against Baluch people and Baluchistan (Singh, 2001). Today Pakistan stands at a stage
where it could lead fallout among the different groups, leaving Pakistan weak internally.
The author describes how ethnic grouping is now considered to be due to based on
language. However he says that in past ethnic grouping was not based on language but rather on
the basis of closed knit tribes that occupied a certain area for example in Punjab the people were
not always known as Punjabi but were divided into Pahari, Jangli etc. on the basis of where they
lived. The author explains how it was only after the British appeared in India and the
communication got better did the people started to recognize the ethnic classification on the basis
of language. He suggests it was rather introduced deliberately by British conquerors as language
based ethnicity is a modern phenomenon that is used to pursue political power (Language and
Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1997). However he says that in past ethnic grouping was not based on
language but rather on the basis of closed knit tribes that occupied a certain area for example in
Punjab the people were not always known as Punjabi but were divided into Pahari, Jangli etc. on
the basis of where they lived. He also suggests that in a close small-scale society everyone
usually prefers to retain one's cast. However, as these people move to larger societies the need to
appear better off May makes them take up the caste name of the upper class.
Research Questions
Primary Research Question
Has ethnicity been a dividing factor in building up a Pakistani Nation? What are the
reasons behind this and how can this problem is solved?
Ethnic Divisions and Problems6
Subsidiary Research Questions
Q1:- What is ethnicity? (Fahad)
Q2:- What constitutes a Pakistani Nation? (Hamza)
Q3:- Can any national nation exist with such diverse ethnicities? (Hamza)
Q4:- Is ethnicity a dividing factor? (Nauman)
Q5:- What are the reasons behind the division? (Nauman)
Q6:- What measures can be taken to eradicate the problem? (Sannan)
Q7:- What are the roles of the politicians in these ethnic divisions? (Sannan)
Q8:- What are the differences in ethnicities about the division of current provinces? (Sachal)
Research Tools
The research tools are field study, distributing questionnaire; and then finally taking
interview from the Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui (Ex. MPA of PPP) and Mr. Khaleeq Nazar
Kiani (DCO Chaman, Baluchistan).
Field study is a general source of data collection in which the data will be represented on
the basis of our personal experience in the same field.
Most of the secondary data and information is obtained from electronic sources, annual reports,
news papers, articles, case studies, books, and journals.
Analysis of Data and Discussion
What is Ethnicity?
Ethnicity denotes to a group of individuals who have their own shared common
characteristics which differentiate it from others within a society. They have distinct cultural
behaviors and ethnic values as far religion, politics, occupation or language is concern.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems7
In modern days ethnicity is considered to be the most influential way of interaction between
cultural groups and strategic position of power within a society. As a result of the searching the
ways in which they can organize themselves politically, a special emphasis is put on traditional
cultures and all an array of symbolic strategies which provide them with proper mechanisms for
distinctiveness and political align.
Behavioral ethnicity is the process of learning values, belief, behavioral norms,
languages or distinctive dialect, by the member of ethnic category during the process of
socialization. They use these social values as their basic interaction manifestation.
Ethnicity is different from race. Race is socially constructed physical differences
drawn among a group of people having different shared ethnic values. For example “Asian”
category is treated both the ethnic group and racial group in historic past. If an Asian individual
is living in U.S, his ancestry is considered as ethnic identity. However, the Asian is also
recognized as a racial category which points toward the problem of usage of term ethnicity and
race.
An ethnic group is a community of people who share cultural or physical
characteristics including historical, political, religious, geographical origins, myths, behaviors,
food, physical features and language. Some people assume ethnicity as group of people who are
in minority in the country and they are living a poor life and it to show their identity. For many
people, their ethnic identity is an important part of who they are.
Major Ethnic Groups in Pakistan
Punjabis are multi ethnical group of people, and can be divided into sub groups. Punjab
has been conquered by Arabs, Persians, Turks and Afghans in historic times. They reason behind
their strong colloquial bond is the sweet language they speak that is “Punjabi” and it has different
dialects that vary from the region to which they belong in Punjab.
Pashtuns sometimes called (pathans) are the Pakistan’s second largest ethnic group which
are natives of west of Indus river. Karachi is the largest populated area having mostly Pashtuns
Ethnic Divisions and Problems8
and then comes Peshawar. Pshtuns are in greater number tha in Afgahnistan. They practice a
unique code of conduct refer to as Pashtunwali and basically comprises on tribal structure,
Sindhis basically inhabits in province of Sindh. They exist along the Indus River and
derived the name Sindh which they inherited from Indus Valley Civilization.
Balochis are settled in in western side of Pakistan. They constitute 6% of the total
Pakistan’s population. 44% of the population of Balochistan comprises of Balochis.
Muhajirs are multi talented ethnic group of people who have descendants from Arab,
Turks and Afghans. They are basically migrants who came from Central Asia and Middle East as
soldiers, bureaucrats, traders, scientists, architects etc. most of the muhajirs are Pashtuns 30-
35%.other than pashtuns they include Bokras, Memons and Ismailis that spoke Gujarati, Memoni
and kutchi languages. The uniting factor of Muhajirs is Urdu language.
Seraikis believed to be the transitional group of people between Sindhis and Punjabis.
They are basically settled in southern part of Punjab. They have an amalgam of Sindhi and
Punjabi.
What constitutes a Pakistani Nation?
Pakistan consists of different kind of societies, in which every kind of people live. In
Pakistan four Languages are mostly spoken, Punjabi, Sindhi, Saraiki and Pashto. Due to these
languages living regions also divided into different parts .Punjabi is the biggest language of
Pakistan with the fact that 44.15% of ethnic of Pakistan are speaking in Punjabi. Before the
partition, Punjabi was mostly spoken in north eastern area. Mostly Punjabi live in Punjab and
they have its own identity because of their region. But Punjabi language does not only spoken in
punjab .There are different Punjabi dialects and along with place where mostly speaks Majhi
(Gujranwala, Sialkot), Jhangvi (Khanewal and also includes Faisabad), Shahpuri
(Sargodah ,Mandi bahawaldin and Khushab) and Hindko.
Saraiki is 2nd large language that is speaking in Punjab. But Punjabi has their own identity
in every aspect. They have different culture like living style, clothes, literature, poetry and many
other things
Ethnic Divisions and Problems9
In sindh, mostly sindhi is spoken. Sindhi is provisional language of Sindh. Sindhi has
also different culture. Sindhi is second most spoken language of Pakistan after Punjabi. Round
about 41 million people spoken sindhi in Pakistan. Holly Quran is first translated in Pakistan in
Sindhi language, that is why sindhi has also a strong religious factor. That is also seen in Sindhi
culture and poetry also. Sindhi poetry is based on mostly sufi-izam. Other different languages are
also spoken in Sindh like Lasi Kutchi and Thari. These languages have small spoken area in
Sindh.
In Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, mostly spoken language is Pashto. Region of this language is
Afghanistan because it is mostly speak in Afghanistan and it is the national language of
Afghanistan. Pashto is provisional language of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Round about 15.42% (25
million) people of Pakistan spoken Pashto language. These other languages are
Chitrali, Kohistani and Hindko. These languages are also practice in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.
In Baluchistan province, Language that is mostly practice is Blochi. Blochi is provisional
language of Baluchistan. Pashto is also speaks in Baluchistan in different areas. Blochi is
basically nearby Northwestern Iranian. In our agencies (North Waziristan and South Waziristan),
mostly people speaks Pashto and Blochi languages.
Our national language is Urdu. Urdu is a mixture of different languages like Punjabi,
Arabic, Farsi, English and different other languages. Speakers of Urdu in Pakistan are only
7.57%. In partition Language (Urdu) was also a big factor but it is real fact that this language is
not spoken so much and understood by the vast majority, including a majority of urban dwellers
in such cities such as Lahore, Karachi, Rawalpindi, Islamabad etc.
English is international language. People are adopted English language very fast and
official communication is also done through in Pakistan. It is the fact that Urdu is our national
and official language but now English takes place Urdu and in every Govt. department, English
has more importance than Urdu. In Pakistan, 10.97% of people speak English.
Can any national nation exist with such diverse ethnicities?
Pakistan is composed of many different ethnicities as explained earlier but the main
problem that still remains is that we are not able to move together as a single unit whatever the
Ethnic Divisions and Problems10
reasons may be that is another question but the main question is can any country with such
diverse ethnicities exist?
Provincialism created doubt amongst our people, which resulted in a race for rights
amongst provinces. Bengalis, Punjabis, Pathans, Sindhis and Balochi came up as major ethnic
groups amidst which “Pakistan” was buried and is still buried. As Pakistan is composed of many
different ethnicities and most of them are fighting with each other while saying that their rights
are ignored by the ethnicity that is in majority there are many nationalist movements in the
provinces like Baluchistan. This is the dilemma of our society that after 63 years of
independence we are still fighting on the basic ethnic issues which should have been solved at
the very start.
Consider the example of our neighbor India. India also got the independence at the time
when we got. They didn’t break; they have been running their country perfectly well. India is one
of the biggest economies of the world. They have progressed a lot since independence as
compared to us. The reason being that they have been able to unify their country whereas, we are
still Punjabi and Pathan we are not able to unite as a single unit. The reasons for that will be
explained later. There are also many other countries, consider South Africa it consists of people
belonging from many different ethnic group. South Africa hasn’t split up they are together as a
unit. They have also progressed a lot in the recent time. Initially they faced many serious crisis as
the problems between the different ethnicities were raged but as the time went by the country
settled and the ethnicities started to settle down an cooperate with each other for their individual
as well as the progress of the country. We can never solve our problems social, political and
economic until or unless the evil “Provincialism” is removed from our hearts.
If Pakistan is to survive as a single unit then it is necessary that we must be a single unit
that is the only way Pakistan can flourish and prosper if we can remove the individual
differences. We have to inculcate the word Pakistani in our selves instead of Punjabi, Balochi,
Pathan etc. We must follow the golden principles of Islam and what our Prophet P.B.U.H taught
us and we must remove the differences between us. The biggest reason for our demise is that we
have gotten away from our religion which is a big mistake by us and if we follow the golden
principles of Islam we can be on the top once again and one of the points is removing the
Ethnic Divisions and Problems11
individual differences present between us. We have been slapped on our face many times but we
are still into deep sleep. Because of provincialism we got split up in 1971 with our east wing now
called Bangladesh and still the mistakes of the 1971 incident haven’t been eradicated the reasons
of this will be given later and the detail of the hole incident will be given later We are still
making those mistakes but the fact is that we can be united as a single unit and a nation with such
diverse ethnicities can exist.
Dividing Factor
There is a crisis of national integration in Pakistan since its birth. It is the victim of poor
national integration. Lack of integration in Pakistan is a major problem and it has been subjected
to comment by intellectuals in the country. Due to lack of national integration in the country,
Pakistan has been pushed to a violent circle. It has made Pakistan a regretful state of affairs, and
a pivot of terrorist's activities. That has deepened the state of instability and helplessness to a
total breakdown of state equipment. This was not the case at first. This nation was the
consequence of unity and integrity and its basis Islam. The Quid-i-Azam, the father of nation
gave the motto to All Indian Muslim League running on in the terms of Unity, Faith and
Discipline; it has been rather unfortunate that after the death of Quid-i-Azam, the country was
left isolated. The national integration was thrown out of the national dictionary.
Usually, Pakistan's ethnic mixture has been defined in terms of the existence of the four
historical "nationalities", the Punjabis, Sindhis, Pushtoons and the Balochistan. In recent times,
however, a political party representing the Urdu-speaking people in Sindh has demanded the
"nationality" status for its group, while there has been a constant demand from a division of the
population in Punjab for the recognition of Saraiki-speaking people as a distinct "nationality.
Income inequalities, social injustice, political clouts and other evils are also present in the
society. All of that made national integration weak. Moreover, the present condition of the
country is not better as well as it should be. There is lack of consensus on crucial national issues
in Pakistan. Therefore, provinces hatred does not show the sign of reduction. Sindh, Khyber-
PukhtoonKhawa and Balochistan accuse Punjab to be the exploiter for certain reasons. Sindh,
Khyber Pakhtoon Khawa and Balouchistan do not compromise for the construction of Kalabagh
Dam. They have different view points to the division of resources. There are also certain hurdles
Ethnic Divisions and Problems12
which stand firmly in way of national integration in country. The major issues in ethnic conflicts
are sovereignty, allocation of resources, inter-province migration and language & culture.
Reasons
Before going to the ethnic problems in Pakistan we first have to study the backgrounds of
the Pakistan movement. The Pakistan movement was led by the Muslim league under the
leadership of Quaid-e-Azam. The movement of the Muslim league was to make an independent
Islamic state as opposed to the secular state idea advocated by the Indian national congress. The
idea of Islamic state overstepped all other secular concerns and Pakistan came into being on 14 th
august 1947. After the existence of Pakistan unfortunately Islam did not act as the biding force
among Pakistanis. The ideological foundation of Pakistan as a unified Islamic state has not yet
taken roots in the mind of Pakistanis. The lack of consensus among the people of different
groups is the major problem who seeks to impose their view on the people of Pakistan. The
founding fathers of Pakistan hoped that the cementing force of Islam would maintain the
integrity and unanimity of the country despite the presence of many ethnic groups.
According to survey that we have conducted the most people think that the main reason
of ethnicity is language (see Appendix-D). The ethnic factor has played a key role in Pakistan's
political history. Pakistan, being a multiethnic state, needed to change an adequate system of
representation and a just and equitable distribution of power and resources in order to maintain
ethnic peace and harmony. However, the dominance of the state structure, especially the
bureaucracy and the military, by one or two ethnic groups, tended to augment ethnic tensions and
violence.
Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui (Ex. MPA) says that ethnicity war is due to individualism
and racialism whose history dates way back. Human want that he, his family and his ethnic
group should emerge as the strongest, that’s why ethnicity concept came into being (Personal
Communication, 2011).
Only the society based on tolerance, equality and justice can be the real guarantee for the
prosperous and strong Pakistan. Every citizen should love this country, its people, its rivers,
Ethnic Divisions and Problems13
streams and the green fields where farmers testify their existence with each stroke, each touch of
earth. James Bryce had once said “Our country is not the only thing to which we owe our
allegiance. It is also owed to justice and to humanity. Patriotism consists not in waving the flag,
but in striving that our country shall be righteous as well as strong”.
According to Mr. Khaleeq Nazar Kiani (DCO Chaman, Baluchistan), the reason of ethnic
division is due to unequal distribution of wealth and injustices from establishment. Examples of
Sui gas field which provide major source of gas to Pakistan but locals residing there have not
access to the gas. Most of the wealth goes to Punjab. Various development projects are being
carried out in Punjab, but the rural areas of Khber-pakhtunkhawa and Baluchistan are being
overlooked for a long period. No electricity, roads and houses for most of the population in
Baluchistan (Personal Communication, 2011).
They are keeping us busy taking us away from our principles and values. They are trying
or have succeeded in creating such miss understandings among us and the worst part is that we
don’t even know it. So the best weapon that we can have against them is to unite, come together.
Leave our differences, respect each other and come together for ONE PAKISTAN. If we will do
this then we can take it back to the level that it belongs.
Measures to eradicate this Problem
Before partition no one can deny that the Muslims of sub-continent were being exploited
on the basis of Religion. Majority of Business was being held by one particular ethnic group.
And this siege was widening day by day. While Hindus and the Hindu populated areas were
being educated, industrialized, and developed, Muslims populated areas were being ignored.
Therefore, it was quite natural that the Muslims of sub-continent demanded a new
country comprising of Muslim Majority areas. Pakistan has a very rich and elaborate past dating
back centuries. The roots of Pakistan were strong enough to unite the ethnicities on the basis of
religion Islam. Pakistan was created by the people of Pakistan to realize their common aspiration.
Their vision was a country where edicts of Islam govern every aspect of life. The quest for
realization of this vision is the cement that unites this nation. After the advent of Pakistan ethnic
differences started increasing because people started prioritizing their specific ethnicity over
Ethnic Divisions and Problems14
Nationalism. Pakistan movement was very strong in Muslim minority provinces; where Muslims
feared Hindu domination most. Pakistan, however, was created in the Muslim majority Provinces
of northwestern India and Bengal. Ethnic, linguistic and cultural distinctions set them apart.
Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui says that education is important when it comes in
understanding and awareness but in Pakistan we see education as a mean of attaining degrees
like e.g. I am MA, BA. Etc. if it’s like that then Karachi is the most educated city. What we need
is to give them education in a way so that the people learn how to live side by side each other
(Personal Communication, 2011).
Punjabis are the largest ethnic community in Pakistan and they mostly live in Pakistan.
Their population in Pakistan is around 90 million which is the 56 percent of total country
population. The main thing is that Punjabis have the biggest share in economy. They are
prioritizing in Government, army trade and politics.
Sindhis are the second largest community in Pakistan. They make up 24 million out of
the 170 million populations. The province has always been very sensitive as far as ethnicity is
concerned. The province has had a history of ethnic riots between Sindhis, Pushtuns and
Mohajirs. Sindh is basically a multi-lingual province and most of the sindhis are involved in
agriculture related businesses as they reside in villages.
The reason for the clashes between the ethnicities is Different history, language, culture,
Colonialism and imperialism. Economic modernization and social change is separating people
from their local identities. Physiographical characteristics are also one of the dividing factors in
Pakistan.
According to Mr. Khaleeq Nazar Kiani (DCO Chaman, Baluchistan), the problem of
ethnicity is more severe. It can be curbed by the rule of law by not letting any sort of
discrimination on the basis of ethnicity. Some steps include fines, sentence to jail etc. (Personal
Communication, 2011).
There are no simple and easy measures to solve the ethnic conflicts. When we talk about
the people of Pakistan meaning 17 crore people as a whole, for us the strongest bond that can
keep us united is with a doubt Islam but if we talk about different sections with in Pakistan then
Ethnic Divisions and Problems15
for them there are different bonds that keep them together. And that sense of togetherness only
activates when they fear of an external foe. So for some people language is the uniting force, for
same certain locality and for some tribal loyalties. Hence one can find diverse reason for partial
unities but when it comes to permanent bond between the people of Pakistan and the Ummah its
only Islam and nothing else.
Other thing is that if the state treats different ethnic groups of the state equally and do not
deprive them of their rights then this evil can be eliminated. Tolerance, patience and respect for
all colors, races, ethnicity and religions can hold us together and remove ethnical differences. We
have to eradicate the discrimination that is present at all levels in our society. Every ethnic group
must respect other ethnic group so that the proudness can be eliminated. Preference must be
given to the underdeveloped and deprived ethnic group of Pakistan. Annual budget must be
made according to the needs and deserving f specific ethnic group or province. They must be
same law for every ethnic group and one group must not be prioritizing on other on the basis of
power.
Roles of Politicians
Before we examine the role of politicians about ethnicity in Pakistan, we will have to
search for its roots in the Pakistan. Ethnicity started by Muhammad Ali Jinnah from the grass
root level in Pakistan. Existence of Pakistan is the biggest example of the role of politicians in
the history of Pakistani ethnicity. The main purpose of all this is that, the history of Pakistan
started with the ethnic controversy and role of politicians in this.
Role of politicians after the existence of Pakistan was separation of Bangladesh. In
Bangladesh division, the role of politicians was unforgettable, who politely solve that
controversy. When the Pakistan was established, the Bengali Hindus were very close to their
Hindu neighbors. Bengali Muslims was different from Hindu Bengalis. Khawaja Nazimudin also
play key role in solving that controversy. But at last, Pakistan had to separate Bangladesh but the
role of politicians of Pakistan was commendable.
Now the latest controversy in Pakistan which was the proof of our politicians that what
our politicians are currently doing to control the ethnic division in Pakistan. I am talking about
the NWFP controversy, the PML-N and the ANP are inching towards an agreement to rename
Ethnic Divisions and Problems16
the NWFP as “Pukhtoonkhwa-Abaseen” and a final decision would be announced in this regard
soon. According to sources in both the parties, the ANP had already showed flexibility on its
demand of renaming the NWFP as Pukhtoonkhwa and even agreed on the names of ‘Afghania’
or ‘Pukhtoonistan’ but the PML-N was demanding the affix of “Abaseen’ or “Khyber with
Pukhtoonkhwa to satisfy the people of Dera Ismail Khan and Hazara belt, where Saraiki or
Hindko dominates, respectively. The PML-N claimed that a consensus was evolved on the
thorny issue of the NWFP renaming, whereas the Awami National Party (ANP) expressed its
ignorance regarding an agreement in this connection. PML-N Senior Vice-President Saranjam
Zamindar, said the two parties had agreed on giving a consensus nomenclature to the province.
Now the main purpose of this controversy was that, the people who live in NWFP all are
Pashtuns and they should be recognized by their race and the name of the province (NWFP)
should be “Great Pashtunistan”. Pashtuns have been campaigning for their name and identity for
the last 63 years peacefully not a single incidence of violence can been attributed to their
peaceful struggle. So the conclusion of this controversy was, the bill of this controversy passed
in parliament and NWFP came into existence as the name of “Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa” in 2010.
After that, the people of Hazara division raised their voice that they also want to live in a
separate and independent province and this controversy is still continued.
There is another controversy of southern Punjab where people and politicians like
Muhammad Ali Durrani (PML Q) said that we also want separate province like Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa and the name of our province will be “Bhawalpur Subba”. Government did not
separate that province yet.
To conclude that, we can say some politicians have done great job for their country but
many of them opposed to control the ethnicity and made reason of ethnicity and many politicians
trying to take part in division of Pakistan. So our opinion is that our politicians should sit
together and make plan to control ethnicity in our country so we can live together and
independently.
Division of Current Provinces
Ethnic Divisions and Problems17
The conflicts between different ethnic groups rose just after the death of main leadership
of Muslim league. After the death of Jinnah and Liaqat Ali Khan, the Muslim league was heavily
Mohajir dominated. Out of top 27 major position including PM, 18 positions were controlled by
the Mohajirs. And due to their dominance they had the biases with Muhajirs and Punjabis.
The combination of Muhajir and Punjabi leadership did not like the Bengali dominated
Pakistan so they were against Bengalis. And there was a big gap between east and West Pakistan
in terms of rituals and customs. Due to the discrimination Bengalis were separated from Pakistan
in December 1971. The ruling political elite in Pakistan were against the demands of different
ethnic groups for the provincial autonomy. The elite temptation to take any demand for
provincial autonomy is like a mischievous conspiracy to divide and disintegrate Pakistan.
Different separatist movements have started in Pakistan due to heavy discrimination,
rampant corruption within the ranks of the government and bureaucracy, and economic
inequality.
The largest separatist movement in Pakistan is going in Baluchistan. The conflict
between the Baluch nationalist and government of Pakistan is ongoing since 1948. In 1948
Baloch nationalist claimed that Pakistan army forced Prince Abdul Karim Khan to give up his
state Kalat. After that Prince Abdul Karim started the separatist movement against Pakistani
government and he conducted a war against the Pakistan army. Many other parties joined him for
the creation of ‘Greater Baluchistan’. The second conflict arose in 1958 when Nawab Noroz took
up arms in resistance to the government policy of the reduction of tribal leaders in government.
The third conflict arose in 1963 by Nawab Khairmarri when Pakistan army started building
military bases in the key areas of Baluchistan. The Nawab Marri also made their bases across
Baluchistan to fight against the army. Their goal was to share the revenue generated by the oil
gas fields.
In 2004 the conflict arose when the Balochi leaders Akbar Bugti and Mir Balachmarri
presented 15 point agenda to the government in which they demanded the control over the
resources of province and moratorium on the construction of the military bases. In august 2006
Nawab Akbar Bugti was kiiled in fighting against the Pakistani armies. Up till now the
Ethnic Divisions and Problems18
Baluchistan issue is out of control. No serious efforts are made to control and resolve the issues
of this large ethnic group.
Sindhudesh is another separatist movement led by GM Syed in 1972. He wanted to Sindh to
become an independent state like Bangladesh. Another movement of Pashtunistan is a proposed
state for the ethnic Pashtuns. But these movements are not strong now days.
Another Pashtun separatist movement proposes the separation of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
by abolishing the Durand line. This idea advocates the joining of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with
Afghanistan, which would mean creating ‘Greater Afghanistan’.
Some of the separatist movements have also started in Punjab. There are voices
demanding that Punjab should be divided into three parts. The one movement is led by the
Nawab of Bahawalpur while the other is led by the Legharis of Dera Ghazi Khan. Both of these
movements wants that their area should be given the status of province. There is another demand
for a Sereiki province. They demand 19 districts from southern Punjab and 2 from Khyber
Pakhtunkhawa. Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui (Ex. MPA) says that there is no need to make
new provinces; instead what we should do is to give them equal rights. If they get satisfy then it
will make Pakistan strong. National level politician will not go into divisions as it will be bad for
him. But the regional level politician will discriminate to get his party strong.
Pakistan is a multi-ethnic and a multi lingual country. The problems of ethno linguistic
assertion are not well managed by our ruling class. The resolution of such problems can be done
under healthy democratic environment. And unfortunately Pakistan could not develop a healthy
democratic culture. Another reason behind the assertion of regional identities is poor economic
condition of Pakistan. Pakistan has failed to maintain its economic growth. The ruling elite of
Pakistan has failed to resolve the major issues like economic inequality and continuous chaos
which are now resulting in the destabilization of Pakistan. All of this has effects on regional
aspiration. The government should now become serious because the frustration is simmering
among many groups which may result in damaging the national integrity of Pakistan.
Conclusion
Ethnic Divisions and Problems19
Pakistani nation must unite because we do not have further time to wake up and Unite as a true
“Pakistani Patriot”. We should make trust and believe that we would never ever regret our unity
over ethnic differences. According to our perception, we need to promote Revolutionary steps
immediately on individual basis as well as a Collective Nation.
Geographically Pakistan is a large country with blessed resources. There are “Four” Provinces
but they are still unable to solve economic and social problems in all the regions. Although,
provincialism has done great damage to the roots of Pakistan. If each province is divided
according to different ethnic class then Pakistan can have even 34 provinces. These provinces
would not only be administratively manageable but all weak to demand independence or survive
independently. This attempt, on one hand would kill Provincialism, and on the other hand
strengthen Pakistan politically. There would be no large ethnic group in the shape of Punjabis,
Sindhis, Pathans or Baluchis. The advantage of grouping of provinces to 34 is that the single
strong ethnic group. We would not be strong enough to provide fear to the other ethnic group.
Recommendations
Give quality education to reduce discrimination, and not as way of earning degrees.
Schools and colleges should not create discrimination among students.
The government must treat every person equally.
Government jobs should be open equally to anyone from every ethnic group.
Regional level politicians should not create discrimination when creating parties.
There is a great need to promote patriotism in Pakistan, so everyone should unite under a
single group i.e. Pakistani.
There should a program called "INTER-ETHNIC MARRIAGES" in Pakistan, in which
marriages should be taken place between people of different ethnic group.
Government should take action to create the sense of unity between people, urge them to
stand united under a single flag.
Only the society based on tolerance, equality and justice can be the real guarantee for the
prosperous and strong Pakistan.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems20
References
Rehamn, T. (1997). Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan. Jstor, 37(9), 833-839.
Separatist movements of Pakistan. Retrieved from Wikipedia:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatist_movements_of_Pakistan
Siddiqi, F. H. (2002). An Introduction to Pakistan's Ethnic and Religious Conflicts.
Singh, S. k. (2001, December 31). Ethnicity and Regional Aspirations In Pakistan.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems21
Appendix A-Interview Questions
Interviewee Questions
Questions for Authority
Q1:-According to you, explain the factors that affect the emergence of minority groups in the
society?
Q2:- Is the establishment contributing towards increase or decrease in ethnicity?
Q3:- What steps are you taking to stop bullying and racial harassment. Are there any support
being provided to such ethnic minorities?
Q4:- What role has education played amongst ethnic variations?
Q5:- Why local politicians are leading towards more ethnic division(demand for Independent
Baluchistan and Saraiki Province) rather than eliminating from our society?
Q6:- The culture is being affected by ethnic variation, what do you think is it cultural
diversification or cultural destruction?
Questions for General Public
Q1:- Do you think Pakistan is divided into ethnic group?
Q2:- Do you think prosperity of Pakistan is distorted due to ethnic division?
Q3:- Are ethnic groups being discriminated or given equal rights?
Q4:- Being a professional/employee do you or people face any barriers in getting promotion due
to their belongingness to the specific ethnic group?
Q5:- Do a certain society, politicians, or establishment supporting a certain race and ethnicity?
Q6:- Do you expect our media to decrease ethnic gaps between groups?
Q7:- With respect to regional ethnicity, are you in favor of forming new provinces in Pakistan?
Q8:- What role has education played amongst ethnic variations?
Ethnic Divisions and Problems22
Appendix B-Questionnaire
ETHNICITY DIVISION AND PROBLEMS
This questionnaire concerns your attitude towards the problems of Ethnicity.
YOUR HONESTY WOULD BE APPRECIATED!
(Tick the box that coincides with your opinion and please tick only one for every answer).
1) Do you consider yourself as belonging to the ethnic group?
a) YES
b) No
c) Sometimes
2) What is your ethnic group? Choose one from section A to D and then tick the appropriate
answer to indicate your ethnic group.
A) Gender
a) Male
b) Female
B) Religion
a) Muslim
b) Hindu
c) Christian
d) Any other………………
C) Geographic Variation
a) Punjabi
b) Sindhi
c) Balochi
d) Pakhtun
e) Saraiki
Ethnic Divisions and Problems23
D) Language
a) Punjabi
b) Sindhi
c) Balochi
d) Pashto
e) Saraiki
3) Is ethnicity a dividing factor?
Yes No Sometimes
4) According to you which is the major reason of Ethnicity?
a) Religion
b) Language
c) Geographic
d) Political environment
e) Other(Specify)_________
5) How intensely do you feel about the concept of “Ethnicity” in Pakistan?
(Tick your number on the scale)
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
6) Does your behavior changes as you meet people belonging to the different ethnic group?
Yes No Sometimes
7) Do you think ethnicity has a major impact when it comes to marriages?
Yes No Sometimes
Averse Indifferent Sympathetic
Ethnic Divisions and Problems24
8) Do you think educated people believe in ethnicity?
Yes No No Opinion
9) How should the problem of Ethnicity be solved or decreased? Through
a) Education
b) By giving equal rights
c) By eliminating Feudalism
d) Awareness through media
e) Any other (specify)____________
10) Are you in the favor of the movements being run for the division of new provinces?
Yes No
11) Is there media creating any ethnicity among the people?
Yes No Sometimes
Any other comments: …………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Age:
o 18-25
o 26-45
o 46+
Profession: ………………..
THANKYOU! (This information is required for a research project)
Ethnic Divisions and Problems25
Appendix-C
Lahore School of EconomicsLANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
INTERVIEW SHEET
TOPIC OF RESEARCH: Ethnic Divisions and the Problems related to the division
PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: Has ethnicity been a dividing factor in building up a
Pakistani Nation? What are the reasons behind this and how can this problem is solved?
NAME of INTERVIEWEE: Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui
Designation & Department Ex. MPA PPP
DATE: 19-06-2011 TIME: 07:00 PMPLACE: MultanEthnicity war is due to individualism and racialism whose history dates way back. Human want that he, his family his ethnic group should emerge as the strongest, that’s why ethnicity concept came into being.
Those people who are few in numbers group together for their safety and security.
Serieky people were condemned further and further that’s why they fought back.
These groups are formed because they want their right so that their future generation should benefit from it. Establishment in the past aggravated ethnicity, but now it’s not the same as before.
Punjabis had great influence in the past and still now they are strong since 50 years e.g. they dominate army and so on. Since, Punjabis have gotten so strong that they had created unsettlement in balochies, seriekies and pathans. But now as these low level groups has started to make a stand for them self it is clear that in the future the establishment will not be able to remain one sided
MQM wants that all its opposition should be kept under pressure, but the one who are being suppressed wants that they should not be overly pressurized that it becomes difficult for them
(Continue on next page)
I hereby declare that all the information present on this paper has been honestly shared and can be used for research project mentioned above.
__________________________
Ethnic Divisions and Problems26
SIGNATURE and STAMP (of interviewee)
Lahore School of EconomicsLANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
INTERVIEW SHEET
TOPIC OF RESEARCH: Ethnic Divisions and the Problems related to the division
PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: Has ethnicity been a dividing factor in building up a
Pakistani Nation? What are the reasons behind this and how can this problem is solved?
NAME of INTERVIEWEE: Dr. Muhammad Javed Siddiqui
Designation & Department Ex. MPA PPP
DATE: 19-06-2011 TIME: 07:00 PMPLACE: Multan
to live. That’s why as a reaction of this there is bloodshed happening in Karachi. But I believe that if they are given the same rights as that of the ruling party then I think this bloodshed can be stooped.
Education is important when it comes in understanding and awareness but in Pakistan we see education as a mean of attaining degrees like e.g. I am MA, BA. Etc. if it’s like that then Karachi is the most educated city. What we need is to give them education in a way so that the people learn how to live side by side each other.
There is no need to make new provinces; instead what we should do is to give them equal rights. If they get satisfy then it will make Pakistan strong.
In Pakistan there is no one culture. Pathans says that have separate culture, they do not believe in Punjabi culture and vice versa. We are a multicultural nation.
National level politician will not go into divisions as it will be bad for him. But the regional level politician will discriminate to get his party strong.
I hereby declare that all the information present on this paper has been honestly shared and can be used for research project mentioned above.
__________________________
Ethnic Divisions and Problems27
SIGNATURE and STAMP (of interviewee)
Lahore School of EconomicsLANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
INTERVIEW SHEET
TOPIC OF RESEARCH: Ethnic Divisions and the Problems related to the divisionPRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: Has ethnicity been a dividing factor in building up a
Pakistani Nation? What are the reasons behind this and how can this problem is solved?
NAME of INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Khaleeq Nazar Kiani
Designation & Department DCO Chaman
DATE: 24-06-2011 TIME: 09:00 PMPLACE: Chaman
Q: - Is the establishment contributing towards increase or decrease in ethnicity?
Yes sometimes; in the era of Zia ul Haq people belonging to Arain cast were given preference
thus leading to increase in ethnicity problems. Sometimes even in renowned educational
institutions like FSD Agricultural University, there are groups of Arain, Jatt and Guggars. It can
be seen today that various politicians from different provinces fight against each other, some
even demanding separate sovereign state, Baluchistan etc. Issue of Kalabagh dam is subjected to
ethnicity problem. Sindh does not want building of Dam as they think Punjab will get hold of all
the water. Several politicians have view that Punjab is depriving other provinces of their due
share.
Q: - What steps are you taking to stop bullying and racial harassment are there any support being
provided to such ethnic minorities?
In Baluchistan ethnical problem is more severe. It can be curbed by the rule of law by not letting
any sort of discrimination on the basis of ethnicity. Some steps include fines, sentence to jail etc.
I hereby declare that all the information present on this paper has been honestly shared and can be used for research project mentioned above.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems28
__________________________
SIGNATURE and STAMP (of interviewee)
Lahore School of EconomicsLANGUAGE, CULTURE AND SOCIETY
INTERVIEW SHEET
TOPIC OF RESEARCH: Ethnic Divisions and the Problems related to the divisionPRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: Has ethnicity been a dividing factor in building up a
Pakistani Nation? What are the reasons behind this and how can this problem is solved?
NAME of INTERVIEWEE: Mr. Khaleeq Nazar Kiani
Designation & Department DCO Chaman
DATE: 24-06-2011 TIME: 09:00 PMPLACE: ChamanQ: - What role has education played amongst ethnic variations?
Education has no role; rather it put fuel to stop ethnic variations. However the huge difference of
standards between private and government education has lead to ethnic variations on educational
grounds.
Q: - Why local politicians are leading towards more ethnic division (demand for Independent
Baluchistan and Saraiki Province) rather than eliminating from our society?
Due to unequal distribution of wealth and injustices from establishment. Examples of Sui gas
field which provide major source of gas to Pakistan but locals residing there have not access to
the gas. Most of the wealth goes to Punjab. Various development projects are being carried out in
Punjab, but the rural areas of Khber pakhtunkhawa and Baluchistan are being overlooked for a
long period. No electricity, roads and houses for most of the population in Baluchistan.
Q6 (Ans.) Mixed. The Cultural diversification is leading towards destruction. Different culture
exists in the country. They have different value and norms. They also differ on linguistic
grounds. The sentiments attached to individual culture lead to the formation of many nations
with in the state.
I hereby declare that all the information present on this paper has been honestly shared and can be used for research project mentioned above.
Ethnic Divisions and Problems29
__________________________
SIGNATURE and STAMP (of interviewee)
Appendix D-Graphs
YES65%NO
5%
SOMETIMES30%
BELONGING TO ETHNIC GROUP
Ethnic Divisions and Problems30
YES60%
NO20%
NO OPINION20%
EDUCATED PEOPLE BELIEVE IN ETHNICITY
YES
NO
SOMETIMES
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5YES NO SOMETIMES
Series1 8 2 10
MEDIA CREATING ETHNICITY
Ethnic Divisions and Problems31
MALE FEMALE
Series1 11 9
1
3
5
7
9
11
GENDERFR
EQUE
NCY
Ethnic Divisions and Problems32
60%20%
20%
ETHNICITY AS DIVIDING FACTORYES NO SOMETIMES
Yes70%
No10%
Sometimes20%
Impact on Marriages
Ethnic Divisions and Problems33
YES NO
Series1 5 15
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
IN Favor OF Movements of New Provinces
25%
20%25%
30%
MAJOR REASON OF ETHNICITY
LANGUAGERELIGIONPOLITICAL EN-VIRONMENTGEOGRAPHIC
Ethnic Divisions and Problems34
25%
45%
15%
15%
HOW PROBLEMS CAN BE SOLVED
Educationby giving equal rightsawareness through mediaby eliminating Feudalism
Ethnic Divisions and Problems35
Yes25%
No35%
Sometimes40%
Behaviour Changes