Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

834
NPS ARCHIVE 1969 NGUYPI N 1 IP! N KM

description

Masubuchi, 1965

Transcript of Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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NPS ARCHIVE1969NGUYPI N 1 IP! N KM

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LIBRAKYmVAL P o ^M,:-,!jATE SCHOOiMONTTEREr . 93940^

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NAVAL P0ST3RADUATE SCHOOLMONTFREY " ' 93940

A STUDY ON SHRINKAGE

DISTORTION OF BUTT WELD

DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARYNAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOLMONTEREY, CA 93943-5101

by

Nguyen-Tien- Ich//

S.B., Naval Academy of Brest (FRANCE); (1957)B.A., Saigon University (VIET-NAM) ; (1962)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the Degree of Master of Science and Naval Engineer

at the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

June, 1969

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\HY'^ ^\. " -%^^^^<ir^'^'\^

^^6u^,^iv i-\c+H

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11

r.

laVAL f ...' ^/:TE SCHOOL

A STUDY ON SHRINKAGE DISTORTION OF BUTT WELD

by

Nguyen-tien-Ich

Submitted to the Department of Naval Architecture and

Marine Engineering on May 23, 1969 in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the degree of

Master of Science and Naval Engineer

ABSTRACT

In a welded structure, shrinkage and external constraintare closely related. Shrinkage decreases as Degree of Con-straint increases

.

In the first part, this paper presents:(1) a formula that can be used to find the transverse shrin-

kage of a free joint in the case of a butt weld,(2) the definition of the degree of constraint of restrained

structures

,

(3) the empirical correlation between transverse shrinkageand degree of constraint.

In the second part, this paper presents:(1) analytical formulae for the degree of constraint of some

simple joint configurations,(2) the numerical method for the degree of constraint of

other joint configurations and the tabulation of the re-sults obtained.

In the last part, the use of the degree of constraintto determine the cracking susceptibility of a welded struc-ture is suggested and a method of experimentation to verifythe numerical results obtained in the second part is proposed.

Thesis Supervisor: Dr. Koichi Masubuchi

Title: Associate Professor ofNaval ArchitectureMassachusetts Instituteof Technology

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Ill

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author expresses his profound gratitude to Prof.

Koichi Masubuchi whose constant guidance and encouragement

are most valuable; to Prof. Sherman C. Reed for his discreet

solicitude; to Prof. Jerome J. Connor and Mr. George T. Will

of the Civil Engineering Department whose help in the com-

puter programming are most crucial; to Prof. Norman Jones

and Prof. Alaa E. Mansour whose offices are always widely

open for free consultations; to Prof. Theodore H. Plan of

the Aeronautics and Astronautics Department for his gene-

rous and enlightening assistance.

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IV

Table of Contents '

Page

Section I ABSTRACT ii

Section II SUMMARY 1

Section III INTRODUCTION 9

1. General 9

2. Technical Background 10

3. Purpose of the Study 26

Section IV PROCEDURE 29

1. Mathematical Approach 29

2. Choice of Appropriate Numerical Method 30

Section V RESULTS 43

1. Presentation of the Results 4,3

2. Discussion of the Results 64

3. The Problem of Experimentation 73

Section VI CONCLUSION 78

Appendices

Transverse Shrinkage Computations

lA. Elliptic Slit - "PSR" and "CSTG" Type 1

IB. Elliptic Slit - "CSTG" Type - Fine Gridwork 31

2. Elliptic Slit - "LST" Type 76

3. Straight Slit 122

4. Straight Slit with Circled Ends - "CSTG" Type 140

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5. Straight Slit with Circled Ends - "LST" Type 164

6. H-Slit 219

7A. Lehigh Test Specimen, No Sawcut 248

7B. Lehigh Test Specimen, With Sawcut 272

8. H-Slit, Aluminum Plate 301

List of Illustrations

Table

1 Node Displacements, Elliptic Slit, "PSR" and"CSTG" Type 36

2 Values of K, Elliptic Slit, "PSR" and "CSTG"Type 37

3 Node Displacements, Elliptic Slit, "CSTG" Type,Finer Gridwork 38

4 Values of K, Elliptic Slit, "CSTG" Type, FinerGridwork 39

5 Node Displacements, Elliptic Slit, "LST" Type 40

6 Values of K, Elliptic Slit, "LST" Type 41

7 Node Displacements, Straight Slit 45

8 Values of K, Straight Slit'

46

9 Node Displacements, Straight Slit with CircledEnds, "CSTG" Type 49

10 Values of K, Straight Slit with Circled Ends,"CSTG" Type 50

11 Node Displacements, Straight Slit with C: rcledEnds, "LST" Type 51

12 Values of K^ Straight Slit with Circled Ends,"LST" Type 52

13 Node Displacements, H-Slit 55

14 Values of K, H-Slit 56

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VI

15 Results of Lehigh Test Specimen, Without Sawcut 59

16 Results of Lehigh Test Specimen, With Sawcut 61

17 Results of H-Slit, Aluminum Plate 63

Figure

1 Schematic Representation of Changes of Temperatureand Stress During Welding 14

2 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length in anInfinite Plate 21

3 Relationship Between Degree of Constraint andTransverse Shrinkage in a Slit-Type Specimen 24

4 Effect of External Constraint on the TransverseShrinkage of Butt-Welded Joints 25

5 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length, EllipticSlit, Finite Plate 42

6 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length, StraightSlit, Finite Plate 47

7 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length, CircledEnds, Finite Plate 53

8 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length, H-Slit,Finite Plate 57

9 Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint as Func-tion of Ratio Weld Length/Slit Length, All Typesof Slits Studied Previously 65

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SUMMARY

Distortions and residual stresses unavoidably accompany

every welded structure. They are not independent of each

other. In the case of an unrestrained structure, the shrin-

kage distortion is determined by the welding heat and can be

determined. However, practical structures are seldom com-

pletely free and welding is performed more or less under ex-

ternal constraint, therefore it seems that if factors rela-

ting to welding heat are definite, the ratio of shrinkage

distortion under external constraint to the one in a free

welded joint is uniquely decided by the degree of external

constraint to which weldments are subjected, or:

(shrinkage under external constraint, S ) = (shrinkage

in free welded joint, S ^) x F

where F is a function depending on the degree of constraint,

S ^ is the transverse shrinkage of the unrestricted joint or

free joint. For a butt joint, S ^ has the following expres-

sion:

\f = ^1 r2 l°^e W7 * ^2 (72)h ° h

where

:

A = sectional area of the groove of the butt joint,

h = plate thickness,

W = weight of deposited metal per unit weld length.

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Wo = weight of deposited metal per unit weld length perwelding of each pass, and

C, and C„ are coefficients depending on arc voltage, arc

current, arc efficiency, filler metal diameter, and

melted weight of rod per unit current and unit time.

For example with the Ilumenite type filler rod of 3.2 mm

diameter, with weld current of 120A and welding speed of 0.3 cm/s

,

it has been found that in the C.S.G. unit system:

C^ = 0.0960, C^ = 0.0416

In this order of idea, Masubuchi has defined the degree of

constraint as:Uniform transverse stress, a

YoDegree of Constraint, K = —— (1)

Average Transverse Displacement [v]

where [v] . is the average of the transverse displacement taken a-

long the weld length i, and has found a graphical correlation

between transverse shrinkage and degree of constraint K (refer-

ences 1,2).

Later, Watanabe and Satoh, after analyzing the experimental

results obtained by Masubuchi and others, have found a correlation

of the form:

^t 1^ ^(2)

^tf 1+ 0.086K°*^^

therefore, in order to determine the shrinkage distortion, the

value of K must be known.

On the other hand external constraint promotes stress. In

fact, the level of stress can be found by combining (1) and (2)

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and for a butt weld, S - [v] for an actual weld. Therefore

a is the average reactiono = S ^ X—py ^° stress along the weld due^° 1+0.086K to constraint

If the external constraint is too high, residual stress can reach

a dangerous level where cracking can occur. Here again, it is es-

sential to know K.

In a few cases, K can be found analytically. But in most

practical cases, it has to be computed numerically.

The object of this study is to compute numerically the values

of K for some test specimens and to propose a method of experimen-

tation to verify the computed results. Also the degree of con-

straint in the case of patch weld has been determined analytically

The numerical method used is the finite element method in

which the plate structure is divided into small elements in each

of which static equilibrium and geometrical compatibility have to

be satisfied. In this case, for each specimen the values of K

are computed as a function of R = — where I is the weld lengthJu

(in this case, it is the length upon which the uniform stress a

acts) and L is the length of the slit. The results are presented

as the non-dimensionalized degree of constraint K = , > > (E is

the modulus of elasticity) curves versus R = £/L in the attached

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diagram (Figure 9) .

One exception is made in the case of the Lehigh test spe-

cimen where the weld is made all along the length of the slit

'

1

T 1 p—

I

1

1"

c -—

o

without saw cut with saw cut

#

(£=L, R=1.0). In these cases, experimental data are available

for comparison:

-«•

K *computed measured

K —Ko computed measured

computed

No Sawcut 45.3 Kg/mra^-mm 44 Kg/mm^-mm 2.87

With Sawcut i28.9 Kg/mm^-mm 27 Kg/mm ^ -mm j 6.70

Assuming E = 19.9 x 10^ Kg/mm^

The object of the Lehigh test specimen is to find the critical

value of K or range of values of the degree of constraint above

which weld cracking may develop, below which it may not. The ana-

lytical results obtained in the case of a patch weld ,which consists

of a circular disc welded to a plate, are for the case of a plate

with large dimensions (infinite plate)

:

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Patch Weld

(1) If the weld can be made along the whole circle in one pass,

then:

KuR

1 E2 R

R is the radius of the plate,

o is the radial stress of the perimeter of the disc, and

u„ is the radial displacement at the weld.

(2) If the weld can be made within a sector 2a, then:

K = R

f^R^2a

HE2aR 2-f (2a)

X

where [u ] „ is the average radial displacement over the weldec^ sec-

tor 2a and f (2a) is a series function of 2a with f (0)=f (n)=0 and

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the series converges as —

.

Because of the linearity of the relations in elastic defor-

mation, the displacement is inversely proportional to the modulus

of elasticity E, and K, which is defined as a stress divided by

the corresponding average displacement, is proportional to E.

Therefore a new factor, called specific degree of constraint K'

,

and defined as:

K' = KE

is independent of the linear elastic material and dependent only

on the geometry of the weld.

Therefore experiments to determine the values of K to verify

the computed results can be conducted on any linear elastic ma-

terials, preferably the ones that have small E and are not expen-

sive. Plastic materials are proposed, and a mechanical way to

stress the specimens is to drive two wedges to make an assembly

r - - - - -1

c^--ij^--1

r

; '-l->-"^-L. ->:

wedge shape

with parallel faces into the slit. Each specimen will have

several sets of wedges with different widths I so that K' can be

•found as function of R = — . Strain gauges put near the edges of

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the slit and visible marks made at the immediate vicinity of the

edges for optical measurements by microscope or comparator are

used to determine stresses and displacements. In these experi-

ments the material at the loading zone is in compression instead

of tension as in the welding. It is of no consequence as far as

the material is linear elastic in compression. It is actually,

and the value of E is between 3 to 5 x 10^ psi (in compression).

The problem of shrinkage control could be conceived as a

problem of choice between two alternatives, based on the degree

of constraint K:

aYo

K =

^-hand the Watanabe-Satoh relation:

iv], S^

^tf ^tf 1+0.086 K°*^^

^tf ^^ ^^® transverse shrinkage of a free joint and for a butt

weld, S^ - [v]^ at the weld. These alternatives are either to

limit the shrinkage by increasing the external constraint, and

thus accept a higher value of K and hence a higher level of re-

sidual stress or to reduce the residual stress level by relaxing

the external constraint thus reducing the value of K and to accept

a larger value of shrinkage distortion.

In the problem of cracking control, it is essential that the

external constraint will result in a value of K below the range

of critical degree of constraint K , characteristic of each ma-

terial and each weld type.

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In these two problems, the important factor is the degree

of constraint K.

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INTRODUCTION

I. General

Welding is an efficient method of fabricating struc-

ture. Various products ranging from miniature electronic

components to bridges, ship hulls, rocket motor cases have

been made by welding.

- One of the troublesome problems that accompany the con-

struction of welded structures is shrinkage distortion. The

more complex the structure is, the more involved the problem

becomes. Shrinkage distortion can cause mismatch of joints

^^ which leads to the possibility of welding defects.

The correction of weld distortion is costly and in

some cases impossible. It is therefore desirable to develop

some techniques to predict somehow the approximate values

of the shrinkage distortion in order that palliative mea- '

sures can be devised that will neutralize or reduce the

effect of shrinkage distortion.

Another problem associated with welding is cracking.

Cracks may form as a result of the welding operation and can

occur within the weld metal or the base metal in the heat-

affected zone.

There are two types of cracking that are experienced in

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#

welding: hot cracking and cold cracking. Hot cracking is be-

lieved to take place during the solidification of the weld-

ment and can occur in the weld metal or in the heat affected

zone. Hot cracks are of intergranular type. Cold cracking

occurs at much lower temperatures than does hot cracking,

in steels at temperatures below the start of the austenite-

martensite transforiaation. Cold cracks may be formed during

or after the welding operation; cold cracks are of trans-

granular type. Cracking, hot or cold, depends on many fac-

tors such as chemical composition of the base and filler

metals, mechanical restraints, welding condition (heat, input)

.

For given welding conditions, chemical compositions of the

base and filler metals, it is desirable to develop a way of

determining quantitatively the degree of restraint that may

promote cracking.

II. Technical Background

Distortion in a welded structure may be determined as

a function of structural parameters, material parameters and

fabrication parameters.

The structural parameters include the geometry of the

structure, the shape of the joining boundary and the type of

the joint.

The material parameters are the nature of the base and

filler materials.

The fabrication parameters include the welding process,

the heating procedure, the welding sequence, the degree of

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#

constraint.

The degree of constraint, which will be the principal

object of this study, is a parameter which characterizes the

external mechanical constraint to which a weld is subjected.

For example, the degree of constraint of a weld made through-

out along the median line of a rectangular plate, case (a).

ra) (b)

is different from that of a weld made only partially along

this line, case (b) . In fact, in case (a), the weld can be

considered to be free while in case (b) , it is not. And in

case (a) the shrinkage is larger than in case (b) and we can

imagine that there should be a relation between shrinkage and

degree of constraint.

According to Masubuchi (reference 2) , to analyze weld

distortion, it is necessary to establish analytical relation-

ships among these three sets of parameters and distortion.

For a simple butt weld as is the case of this study, the

dimensional changes produced in the structure by each weld are

to be determined. This can be done by:

(1) Analyzing the heat flow,

(2) Analyzing the thermal stresses during welding to

determine incompatible strains, and

(3) Determining the dimensional changes.

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In fusion welding, a weldment is locally heated by the

welding heat sources. During the thermal cycle, the weldment

is subjected to thermal stresses. When the weld is completed,

incompatible strains are created in the region near the weld.

Incompatible strains, including dimensional changes associated

with solidification of the weld metal, metallurgical transfor-

mations, and plastic deformations, are the sources of residual

stresses and distortion. When welding processes and parameters

are changed, the heat flow pattern is also changed causing a

change in the distortion of incompatible strains, hence in

shrinkage and distortion.

The problem of determining the distribution of incompatible

strains is extremely difficult. When a material undergoes plas-

tic deformation, the stress strain relationship is not linear.

Furthermore, plastic properties of the material change with

temperature.

When the incompatible strains are known, theoretically or ex-

perimentally, the problem of determination of dimensional changes

can be handled analytically. Moriguchi has developed a funda-

mental theory of stresses caused by incompatible strains, and

Masubuchi has applied Moriguchi ' s theory to the study of resi-

dual stresses and distortion due to welding.

Assuming that the dimensional changes in welds are determined,

either analytically or experimentally, the next step is to deter-

mine the distortion induced in the structure by these dimensional

changes. Although plastic deformation is produced in small areas

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#

near the weld, most of the remaining material in the structure

is elastic. Consequently, the induced distortion can be ana-

lyzed by using the elastic assumption. Hence the relations used

to determine the induced distortion are independent of fabrica-

tion parameters and depend only on well-established material

parameters

.

A. Changes of Temperature and Stress During Welding (from refer-ence 2)

Figure 1 shows schematically how residual stresses are formed

in a weld. Figure la shows a bead-on-plate weld in which a weld

bead is being laid at a speed v. 0-xy is the coordinate axis;

the origin, 0, is on the surface underneath the welding arc, and

the X direction lies in the direction of welding.

Figure 1 shows temperature distribution along several cross

sections. Along Section A-A, which is ahead of the welding arc,

the temperature change due to welding, AT, is almost zero (Figure

lb-1) . Along Section B-B, which crosses the welding arc, the

temperature distribution is very steep (Figure lb-2). Along

Section C-C , which is some distance behind the welding arc, the

distribution of temperature change is as shown in Figure lb-3.

Along Section D-D, which is very far from the welding arc, the

temperature change due to welding again diminishes (Figure lb-4)

.

Figure Ic shov;s the distribution of stresses along these

sections in the x direction, a . Stress in the y direction, a ,X -^

y

and shearing stress, t , also exist in a two-dimensional stress^ ' xy

'

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0. V/eld

AT «

I. Seclion A-

A

Stress ^0

E

1

.1

2. Seclion B-Bo:eoo

AQp'Ap^'

3. Seclion C-C

Residual

stress

\/

==iBiy Siirro?

/J. Seclion D-D

Mb. Ternpcrolure Chongc c. Stress a

A-57275

IWUR}-: 4. SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE AND

STRESSES DURING WELDING. .' •

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*field (Figure la)

.

Along Section A-A, thermal stresses due to welding are al-

most zero (Figure lc-1) . The stress distribution along Section

B-B is shown in Figure lc-2. Stresses in areas underneath the

welding arc are close to zero, because molten metal does not

support loads. Stresses in areas somewhat away from the arc are

compressive, because the expansion of these areas is restrained

by surrounding areas that are heated to lower temperatures. Since

the temperatures of these areas are quite high and the yield

strength of the material is low, stresses in these areas are as

high as the yield strength of the material at corresponding tem-

peratures. The amount of compressive stress increases with in-

creasing distance from the weld or with decreasing temperature.

However, stresses in areas away from the weld are tensile and

balance with compressive stresses in areas near the weld. In

other words

,

So • dy = (a)

*-k .

across Section BB. Thus, the stress distribution along Section

BB is as shown in Figure lc-2.

Stresses are distributed along Section C-C as shown in

*In a general three-dimensional stress field, six stress compo-nents, 0,0,0,1 , T , T exist.

X y z xy zy zx

**Equation (a) neglects the effect of a and x on the equili-brium condition. ^ ^

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Figure lc-3. Since the weld-metal and base-metal regions near

the weld have cooled, they try to shrink causing tensile stresses

in areas close to the weld. As the distance from the weld in-

creases, the stresses first change to compressive and then be-

come tensile.

Figure lc-4 shows the stress distribution along Section D-D.

High tensile stresses are produced in areas near the weld, while

compressive stresses are produced in areas away from the weld.

The distribution of residual stresses that remain after welding

is completed are shown in the figure.

The cross-hatched area, MM', in Figure la shows the region

where plastic deformation occurs during the welding thermal cycle

The cross-hatched area near the origin indicates the region

where the metal is melted. The region outside the cross-hatched

area remains elastic during the entire welding thermal cycle.

Because of the difficulty in determining the distribution

of incompatible strains, no analysis has yet been developed to

trace the change of two-dimensional thermal stresses during

welding and to determine distributions of three residual-stress

components, 0,0, and t . In other words, no analysis has

been made in which both heat flow and stress fields are treated

as two-dimensional problems. In all studies conducted so far,

the problem has been simplified in some way.

B. Shrinkage Distortion

Shrinkage distortion in welding can be considered as the

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result of the combination of two groups of factors:

(1) Factors related to welding arc, arc voltage, welding

current, welding speed, type and size of electrode,

(2) Factors related to external constraint.

1 - Effect of Welding Heat

The effect of welding heat on the transverse shrinkage in

the case of butt weld free of external constraint is known in

the form:

where

S £ is the transverse shrinkage of the free joint,

A is the sectional area of groove of the butt joint,

b is the thickness of the plate,

W is the weight of deposited metal per unit length ofthe weld.

Wo is the weight of deposited metal per unit length ofthe weld in one pass, and

C^ and C^ are constants depending on the arc voltage, arc

intensity, heat efficiency of the welding arc, size and

type of the filler metal and the melted weight of the

rod per unit current and unit time.

2 - Effect of External Constraint

In practical work, welding is performed more or less under

external constraint. In this case, shrinkage distortion in weld

metal is depending also on the mechanical constraints and smaller

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than in free joints. In their work, Kihara and Masubuchi at-

tempted to determine quantitatively the degree of constraint and,

in a slit weld, to find a relation between transverse shrinkage

and degree of constraint.

is the centerof the plate

Accordingly, the degree of constraint K is defined as:

aK =

[y]

(2)

where I is the length of the weld in a slit of length L, a is

the uniform stress applied along the weld length Z and [v] . is

the corresponding mean value of transverse displacement over the

portion of the slit where the load is applied. The physical

meaning of K is that when uniform transverse stress a is ap-

plied along the part of the slit between x=x, and x=x^,

(Ix^-x, I = i) displacement v will occur along the slit. The mean

value of the transverse displacement [v] . defined by:

x^

["^h^I Ivdx is related to a by:

^yo ^""^""h

In the case of a slit in an infinite plate, and using the analogy

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between the residual stress in this case and the vortex theory

in Hydrodynamics, they have shown that (see references 1 and 2)

CiZim^&r- ^,

^— {—>,L

V = - - - -2 L L F

(3)

with

where

a 02F = Z [ / sin0sini:ed0]

n=l 01

£ - X2 x^, X2>x^

X.

0^ = cos"^ (-^!—

)

^L/2

-1 ^2= cos ( )

L/2

£The value of K as a function of R = :r- has been computed and the

curve K = K TT RX

E/L 2 F (R) has been drawn in Figure 2 for the case

where the weld is symmetric, that is x, + x_ = 0, and 0^ = tt-0-

the encircled dots on the diagram are the value of K = z^rrf found

experimentally. We note that K has the dimension of a stress

divided by a length and therefore K is dimensionless . In the

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experiments described in reference 1, the following results have

been obtained:

Slit Lengtl Weld Length L K E/LK

L (mm) I (mm) Tj-i ( Kg/mm ^ /mm) (Kg/mm ^ /mm)

513 173 0.337 51.6 41.13 0.905340 164 0.488 56.4 62.06 0.740174 174 1.000 76.8 121.26 0.636523 174 0.330 52.0 40.34 0.915349 175 0.502 55.2 60.46 0.730174 174 1.000 76.8 121.26 0.636510 163 0.320 38.3 41.37 0.930176 176 1.000 76.0 119.89 0.636i171 171 1.000 78.2 123.39 0.636;340 168 0.494 57.0 62.06 0.735!172 172 1.000 77.8 122.67 0.636'337 172 0.510 55.5 62.61 0.725165 165 1.000 81.0 127.88 0.636202 202 1.000 66.2 104.46 0.636224 224 1.000 59.6 94.20 0.636129 129 1.000 103.5 163.57 0.63696 96 1.000 139.1 219.79 0.636

390 149 0.382 45.6 54.10 0.840290 150 0.518 52.2 72.76 0.720

1

In their report, Kihara and Masubuchi did not mention whether the

welds are symmetric or not in the case of x<1.00. But it has

been confirmed by Masubuchi that the welds are made symmetrically

The length of the plate is L^^ = 1200 mm, its width is B = 800 mm,

its thickness is h = 19 mm. The slit detail is shown in the

accompanying figure.

Page 54: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 55: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

21

(I

aL?^

•73

cV

c^ ^o

s3

\i_

Page 56: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 57: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

22

1 2 , i^ » •> «A

:Co"

3 v^Ul^x

J..i^Zoo >

The experimental values of K are higher than those given by

the theory, instead of the contrary, since the plates are actually

finite and the shrinkages are expected to be larger consequently.

There are several reasons for this. One is that the weld cannot

be perfectly symmetrical, while the values of K and K are lowest

in the symmetric case. Another is that the methods of measuring

the shrinkages as used by the authors give a lower value than

they are actually, since the width of the slit is about 12.8 mm,

while the shrinkages are measured along parallel lines which are

45 mm. apart and the value of the shrinkage at that distance of,45mm - 12.8mmthe weld (

they are at the weld.

= 6.1mm) is expected to be smaller than

Using this degree of constraint thus defined, Masubuchi has

found a corre2,-^tion between the mean shrinkage and K .in a slit

type specijrien as reproduced in Figure 3.

Expanding this idea, Watanabe and Satoh (reference 3) later

determined the value of K for other configurations such as the

H-type and the circular-ring type. Then they found an empirical

correlation between the transverse shrinkage S and the degree

of constraint K for various types of weld in the form:

• tf 1+0.086K0.87 ^c

Page 58: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 59: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

T?

S being the transverse shrinkage of a free joint which has been

defined in the previous part. And they conclude (reference 3)

that, "It may be said... that these data are approximately repre-

sented by one curve despite the fact that various conditions are

different from one to the other. It can be concluded, therefore,

Stthat the function F (= -^—)...or the ratio of shrinkage dis-

^ ^tftortion under external restraint to the one in unrestrained

welded joint is decided by K and it is independent of the otherSt

conditions." The graph of ^— = f (K) has been reproduced in^tf

Figure 4 with some experimental data for comparison. The value

of S, in the case of butt weld is:

A ^ W^„ /A ,^/2

Log —^C (-h^ W„ ^ h

^tf = ^1-. ^°^e r^S^rr^

A: sectional area of groove of butt joint

h: plate thickness

W: weight of deposited metal per unit length

Wo : weight, of deposited metal per unit length perwelding of each pass.

V- In the C.G.S. unit system and with the iLmenite type, the co-

efficients C, and Cp have the following values:

Welding Current Welding Speed Size of Electrode C, C„(A) (cm/sec) (diameter in cm)

120 0.3 3.2 0.0960 0.0416

150 0.3 4 0.1021 0.0584

210 0.3 5 0.1530 0.0745

260 0.3 6 0.1249 0.0690

Page 60: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 61: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

0.8

EE

0.6

o>o>o

•c 0.4

V)

co0)

0.2

i/L f^'^f^weld

Second or

third weld

1 o 6

035-0.55 A A

<035 D O

x:Mul1iIayer v/elding sequence

.1 1 ' JL 1 J u J_-«^. j«—a-50 .100 150

Degree of Constraint (K), kg/mnnVmm

24

viriTRE . RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREE OF CONSTRAINT ANDFIGURE 3. ^^™ ^3^ SHRINKAGE IN A SLIT-TYPE SPECIMEN

Page 62: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 63: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

25

'O 20 <0 CO eo lOO 120 KO

Restroint coet!icicrit f 4O . K^/mrr^- mm

FIGURE 4. Effect of ExternalConstraint on the TransverseShrinkage of Butt-Welded Joints

\

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Page 65: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

16

III Purpose of the Study

The correlation obtained by Watanabe and Satoh presented in

the previous text enables the prediction of the transverse shrin-

kage and the level of transverse residual stress of a plate due

to given welding conditions if the degree of constraint of the

weld is known, provided that this empirical correlation is cor-

rect. The Watanabe-Satoh correlation has been obtained from a

set of experimental data conducted on three types of joints; the

straight slit type, the H-slit type and the circular ring type

specimen. Some values of K given by Watanabe and Satoh are:

esTTT^rzz

-L-^ - n L

(for an infinite plate)

Straight-Slit Type

L.

Ut

1

z:^

K = EB

1+ ( 2L

s -

(No information was given asto the width of the H bran-ches, the length of theplate)

H-Slit Type

Page 66: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 67: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

27

-7

E 1 ri b b -a'K = TTT ii [log — -

4n b-a ^e a j^2+^;

Circular Ring

The straight slit formula has been found by Masubuchi in refer-

ence (1) or (2) . The circular ring formula can be found by using

the elastic theory (Reference: Theory of Elasticity ^ by Timoshenko,

2nd edition, problem No. 4, page 126). The H-slit formula can be

found by using the elastic theory, according to Watanabe and

Satoh.

In these three cases, the geometrical boundaries are rela-

tively simple and analytical formulae are possible. Unfortunately,

with the probable exception of the ring type, these specimens are

not easy to make. Usually to make a slit, it would be easier to

begin by drilling two relatively large circular holes at the ends

and then cutting the plate along a line joining their centers.

/"

Also, the dimensions of the plate are finite. Then the

region is not single-connected any more and analytical formula-

tion becomes very difficult if not impossible, and numerical

methods should be used. The same remark can be applied to actual

structures.

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Page 69: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

28

The purpose of this study is to compute the value of the

degree of constraint K for some types of specimens, to propose

a method of experimentation which, when performed, will provide

a means of verifying the numerical method used in the computa-

tion of K.

This numerical method of computing K provides also a method

of quantitatively evaluating the cracking susceptibility of a

weld. In this case, some experimentation methods have been pro-

posed (see reference 4, page 32-39), such as the Lehigh test, in

which the values of K are measured for different specimens. If

the value of K is too high the plate will crack and there should

be a critical value K , or a range of values, of the degree of

constraint K for which:

K below the critical range, the plate will not crack, and

K above the critical range, the plate will crack.

The critical range of K is determined experimentally and

could be considered as a material and weld type proper.ty. Then

if a weld is to be made for a given plate material, its ability

to crack can be predicted by computing the value of K of the

weld to be made and thus its feasibility can be decided quanti-

tatively before the weld is actually made.

Page 70: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 71: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

29

PROCEDURE

I Mathematical Approach

In most cases, a numerical method will be used which is

based on the finite element method of structural analysis de-

veloped recently and a summary of which can be found in reference

(5) . The computer programs for the finite element methods in

structure analysis are made available by the Civil Engineering

Department of M.I.T., whose user's instructions can be found in

reference (7)

.

The basis of the method is to divide the structure into a

finite number of small elements. Within each element, the dis-

placements u and V at each point (x,y) in the x- and y-direction

are assumed to be series functions of x and y of the form:

1 rr3u(x,y) = .^^ a.. X y

1 „:

M

^Vi h,.

v(x,y) = Z E b . . X y1 3 ID

a. . and b. . are functions of the coordinates (x^^, y^,) of the nodes

M limiting the elements. The functions u(x,y) and v(x,y) are such

that displacement compatibility is satisfied along the boundaries

of the elements to ensure the condition of convergence to the

true solution. By the use of the variational method, a system

of linear equations between forces and displacements can be derived

Page 72: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#

Page 73: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

30

and can be solved for forces if displacements are given or vice

versa.

The computer programs set up by the Civil Engineering Depart-

ment for plates are of four types:

(1) "CSTG" : constant strain triangle, global formulation in which

the elements are triangles, the strain within each element is

assumed to be constant and one global referential system is

used for the whole plate.

(2) "CSTL" : constant strain triangle, local formulation. The

only difference with the "CSTG" is that each element has its

own individual referential system.

(3) "LST": linear strain triangle. The elements are triangles,

the strain within each element is assumed to vary linearly.

(4) "PSR" : plane stress or plane strain rectangle. The elements

are rectangles.

The finite element methods provide a powerful means of anal-

ysis of structure. Any complicated structure can be investigated

without much difficulty. They have, however, their own weaknesses

The input data need to be carefully set up. The results are ob-

tained in the form of numerical answers to the problem and the

influence of different factors are not evidenced. Therefore,

where it is possible, analytical approach will be used.

II Choice of Appropriate Numerical Method

There are two alternatives in the use of the previously-

Page 74: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 75: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Jl

mentioned computer programs, namely the constant strain ele-

ment; "CSTG", "CSTL", "PSR" or the linear strain element "LST."

Therefore the computation of the degree of constraint in

the case of a straight slit in a rectangular plate has been

made first, using both the constant strain element and the linear

strain element programs as means of verifying the adequacy of

the methods themselves and a comparison between the two program

types since analytical results are available (equation [3] , for

an infinite plate) . Also in the case of constant strain, two

types of gridwork are used: one relatively coarse, made of a

combination of triangles and rectangles, "CSTG" and "PSR" types,

with 105 nodes. The other is made with a finer gridwork, of

triangles, "CSTG" type, with 170 nodes. The results are pre-

sented in Tables 1 to 6 , the loading being symmetrical with

respect to the center of the slit. The input and output data

are presented in Appendices la and lb for constant strain and

in Appendix 2 for linear strain. The symbols used are:

R - ^

£: loading length

L: length of the slit

v: local transverse displacement (in the directionperpendicular to the slit)

£ : average transverse displacement over the loadinglength Z

K : degree of constraint computed

aK = -^ '

Page 76: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 77: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

32

K : non-dimensionalized degree of constraint computed:

K E: Young Modulus ofK = :^ Elasticity

^'^ L: Length of the slit

K : non-dimensionalized degree of constraint obtainedoo

,

-

analytically m the case of an infinite plate:

K00

K =E/L

The use of non-dimensionalized K (K or K ) makes the resultsc °°

somehow comparable in the form of curves relating K or K^ to R and

are presented in Figure 5. The difference between K^ and K could

not be considered as a measure of the accuracy of the numerical

method because K^ is the non-dimensionalized degree of constraint

in an infinite plate and for which the only significant dimension

is the slit length L of the weld and K is the non-dimensionalized

degree of constraint in a finite plate and for which the signifi-

cant dimensions include the slit length L, the plate length Lq

and the plate width Wq . But we can expect K to be smaller than

K since the restraint due to a finite plate should be less than00 ^

that due to an infinite plate.

The average transverse displacement [v] , is defined as:

1/2

[v] ^ = -^ / vdx

-%/2

for a symmetric weld, where £ is the weld length.

In order to determine [v] . , the local values of v at var-

ious nodes where loads are applied are plotted as a function of

Page 78: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

^

(•

(#

Page 79: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

33

the abscisse x of the nodes. Then a curve (C) is faired in

through these points and the area limited by the axis Oy

(which is also the axis of symmetry), the ordinate x = •*^/2/

the curve (C) and the axis Ox is measured graphically by a

planimeter

.

f;.

_ Area= / vdx

^—

A,B,C,D are loaded nodes

^D 2

J 1 ,."» ,' .-^

A » ^ . jj

By dividing the value of this area to Z/2, the average

half transverse displacement v/2 is obtained, since the weld

is also symmetrical with respect to Ox and the transverse

displacement is the distance which both sides of the weld

come in to each other.

From the results in Figure 5 these conclusions could

be formulated:

(1) The linear type gives an unusual swing: the curve of K

is above that of K for small R and becomes smaller thanCO

that of K computed by the "CSTG" method for large va-

lues of R.

(2) The constant strain types "CSTG", "PSR" in the two

gridworks give more consistent results. The K curve

obtained is almost parallel to the K^ curve. Also,

there is not much difference between the two gridworks.

Page 80: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

^#

(i

Page 81: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

34

one coarse and the other fine. '

Therefore, the constant strain element type with a

relatively coarse gridwork can be used in the computation

of the degree of constraint of various joint configurations

in plate structure.

Ill Units Used

1) Length:

(a) inch

(b) millimeter wherever comparison with Japanese data

is desirable.

2) Force:

(a) Pound

(b) Kilogram wherever comparison with Japanese data

is desirable.

Page 82: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

m

(#

(#

Page 83: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

ELLIPTIC HOLE

Dimension Characteristics:

35

t

1"

P- :>-'--- VA- - - .- -'

»

«s L-z" ;

~ f

w

— c "Length of Plate, Lo=6

Width of Plate, Wo=4"

Plate Thickness, T=0. 2"

v.-

Length of Slit, L=2"

Maximum Width of Slit,W=0.2"

Large Axis a _ ,

^

Small Axis b~

Mechanical Characteristics:

Force Applied = 2 x 10^ lb/in

a = 10^ psi

Young's Modulus, E = 30 x 10^ psi

^ = 15 x 10^ psi/inL

Page 84: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 85: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

•EH

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Page 86: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 87: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

37

TABLE 2

Values of the Degree of Constraint K and the Non-Dimensionalized

Degree of Constraint K = K Z(p/j\ for Different Values of R = ="

(Constant Strain Element)

R - ^^ - Lv/2

(10-^ in)

K

(10^ psi/in)

K KCO

0.1 1.797 27.824 1.855 2.079

0.2 3.125 16.000 1.067 1.268

0.3 4.192 11.927 0.795 0.975

0.4 5.039 9.923 0.662 0.823

0.5 5.781 8.649 0.577 0.731

0.6 6.315 7.918 0.528 0.673

0.7 6.730 7.429 0.495 0.637

0.8 6.9 04 7.242 0.483 0.617

0.9 6.866 7.282 0.485 0.614

Page 88: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 89: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

38

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Page 90: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(%

Page 91: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

39

TABLE 4

Values of the Degree of Constraint K and the Non-Dimensionalized

Degree of Constraint K =, ,ir-r- for Different Values of R = —

(Constant Strain Elements - Finer Gridwork)

R - ^^ - L

v/2

(10~^ in)

K

(10^ psi/in)K K

00

0.1 1.725 28.986 1.932 2.079

0.2 3.098 16.139 1.075 1.268

0.3 4.157 12.028 0.802 0.975

0.4 5.000 10.000 0.667 0.823

0.5 5.725 8.734 0.582 0.731

0.6 6.222 8.035 0.536 0.673

0.7 6.577 7.602 0.507 0.637

0.8 6.804 7.349 0.490 0.617

0.9 6.780 7.375 0.492 0.614

Page 92: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

^

it

Page 93: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

m(X)

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Page 94: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(#

Page 95: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

40

^IhqCM •^ MD 00

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Page 96: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i*

Page 97: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 6

41

Values of the Degree of Constraint K and theKNon-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint K = . , ,

Zfor Different Values of R = —

j-i

(Linear Strain Elements)

R - i^ - Lv/2

(10"^ in)

K

(10^ psi/in)K Koo

0.2 2.617 19.106 1.274 1.268

0.4 4.805 10.406 0.694 0.823

0.6 6.302 7.934 0.529 0.673

0.8 7.051 7.091 0.473 0.617

Page 98: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 99: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

42

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Page 100: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#

Page 101: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

43

RESULTS

I Presentation of the Results

A. Straight Slit Type - The results are assembled in tables

7 and 8 and in Figure 6 ; the input and output data are in

Appendix 3

.

B. Straight Slit with Circular Holes at the Ends - The re-

sults are in Tables 9 and 10 for the "CSTG" type and in

Tables 11 and 12 for the "LST" type and are assembled in

Figure 7 for both types . The input and output data are in

Appendices 4 for "CSTG" and 5 for "LST." Here again the

two methods, "CSTG" and "LST" are used in order to compare

them again because the weld configuration is different from

the previous cases.

C. H-Slit Type, Steel Plate - The results are in Tables 13

and 14 and ^^n Figure 8. The input and output data, are in

Appendix 6

.

D. Lehigh Test Specimen - The results are in Tables 15 and

16. The input and output data are in Appendices 7a and 7b.

E. H-Slit Type, Aluminum Plate - The results are in Table 17

The input and output data are in Appendix 8

.

Page 102: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 103: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

STRAIGHT SLIT HOLE

Dimension Characteristics:

44

w.-KO n v>vv\

_ y

r

1

/ -.boo VV...M -1

•X

I

1

j

1

-> yc^-pi- ./

->

Length of Plate, Lo=300 mm

Width of Plate, Wo=200 mm

Plate Thickness = 5 mm

Length of Slit, L=120 mm

Width of Slit, W=1.5 mm

Mechanical Characteristics:

Force Applied = 5000 Kg/mm

2a = 1000 Kg/mm

Young's Modulus E = 21,10 Kg/mm

E _ 21,100120

= 175.8 Kg/mm -mm

Page 104: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 105: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

wpq<

(0

u

<D

e•H

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co-HPU(D

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Q)

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W-P

a)

e0)

ufd

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O

^Ih^ n rg ro VDII \ \ \ \ rH-

« rH iH CM in

1

0) o UD iH 00 in rotn (d ,—

,

CNJ a\ rH o ;0rd M -P g CTl o CTl ro rHM M-i 0^ C g • • • • •

Q) rH tn (U— ro in in VD VD

> fd -H g l>|fN<: ffi o

in• r^

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rH

^• ro

rH LO rH^ in •

ro

<T\ in• VD rvj

cr> o in CMro m •

ro•

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ro in in Oro "vT • •

in

^ r-- VD• •^ (Ti 00

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in

in

VD ro <y\• I^ r- ro

00 in 00 r^ CNCN CO • •

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VD

nH o r>- ro• ^ o ^ o

w <X) o o ""^ CN r^<u CN m • • • •

e ^ in VD VDfd

o o 00 O• <T\ o CN 00

(U o in in 00 VD oTl CM CN • • • •

"^ in VD r^

O rH r- 00 C3^• (N in o CM r^

CX) o CO cy\ r-i cr> ro"H CM • • • • •

m "j^ VD VD r-

CTi ro VD rH H/ • in rg ^ VD <-i

in in r- CM ro rH VDiH rH • • • • •

CO in VD r^

roCM o "* ro• rH CM CM ro 00

00 o o •^ in ro t^iH rH • • • • •

"^ in in t^ r^

in <T\ CN 00 VDVX> ^ •"^ ^ o^

00 •

in •

in•

VD• •

00•

^ in VD r- r^

CM o rH in roCM o CTi CTi •<d<H •

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• •

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•^ in VD r- 1 r-»

<D

wCO

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T3 W 6

gS-S

45

Page 106: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 107: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 8

46

Values of the Degree of Constraint K and the

KNon-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint K =^^i, /t ^

Zfor Different Values of R = —

j-i

%

R - ^^ " L

v/2(mm)

K2

(Kg/mm -mm)K K

CO

1/3 3.926 127.36 0.724 0.943

1/2 5.091 98.21 0.559 0.731

2/3 5.918 84.49 0.481 0.649

5/6 6.305 79.30 0.451 0.615

1 6.133 81.53 0.464 0.637

Page 108: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(^

(•

Page 109: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

47

)

.^

J Ms «is• oo

II

T5

-=7

P

TJ

-+-

c5

20='

)

o

I'

I5

Page 110: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

o

(•

m

Page 111: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

STRAIGHT SLIT, CIRCLED ENDS

Dimension Characteristics:

48

~A

W. ' ^

J.L

V A

!1'

;r^

1CH ^-—=(:)

'3).^" ^-:^

"^i 1

^ -^ --L. C.

"->1

— TO"Length of Plate, Lo=12

Width of Plate, Wo=8"

Plate Thickness, T=0.1"

Slit Overall Length, L=6"

Loading Length, LL=5"

End Circle Diameter, D=0. 5"

Width of Slit Along^.^^

1"

Loading Length, 32

Mechanical Characteristics

Force Applied

Yo

= 8 X 10 lb/in

4= 8 X 10 psi

Young's Modulus E = 30 x 10 psi

ELL

= 6 X 10 psi/in

Page 112: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(1

(i

#

Page 113: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

49

C!

•H

1

OH'wO

dw

•H -pP CU oQ) eU 0)

•H iHQ

1

wa^ >H

•Hw fd

^ ^ MCQ -P •p

< COEH cH -P

0) fd4J -pC wOJ Ce o(D uUcd

H04to

•HQ0)

TJOS

^^ 1-q CN '^ <D ro oII

• • • • •

« O o O o rH

1 ^Q) Q) Ctn U -H o ^ O CN ,-{

(d 4-1 fd -P CN CN rH ^ cn <X)

h rH rH C ^rg 00 "^ 00 rH CN(U rd a. (Dl> 1

• • • • •

> K w g o o rH rH CN CN< •H nH

Q ^

ro CN(N O 00*JD LO

CN

CN•

in inIT) ^^J 00lO •

CNin

o rH 00cr> o CTi CO^ •

CM •

rH

00•

rH

IT) in cr»

r^ r^ '^ in•^ •

o•

CN

o *X> ^ O^en in vo cn roro • •^ <Ti CN

i-i •

rH•

rH•

CNIf)

in n 00 <ys

B CN CM in 00 00a ro • VD O COs iH • • •

dj

rH CN CN

TJ O o in cr» (T\

o VD o rH 00 o Os CN • CN r^ CN in

r-i • • • •

rH rH CN CN

in 00 r^ CN (N^ r^ ^ 00 O OCN • ro 00 ro VOo • • • •

t-\ rH CN CN

o o rH C^ CN CNVD in in 00 in r- t-«

nH •

o • • •

ro• •

o f-i H CN CN

in <-t CO in r^ r^CN cn 00 o rH r-i

<T» •

o00

• •

o• • •

o rH CN CN CN

00 O O ,-i CMo KD rH ro ^ -^rH •

o00

in•

O• • •

o rH CN CM CN

Q) ^w cn

W 0)

•H jc;

(U o u .

^d w c

gS-i

Page 114: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(•

m

Page 115: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

50

TABLE 10

Values of the Degree of Constraint K, the

Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint K =

and the Specific Degree of Constraint K' =

KE/LKE

for Different Values of R =

(Constant Strain Elements)

£

H

^= L

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

v/2

(10~^ in)

0.820

1.414

1.840

2.132

J.261

K

(10^ psi/in)

4.878

2.829

2.174

1.876

1.769

K

0.813

0.472

0.362

0.313

0.295

K

1.268

0.823

0.673

0.617

0.636

K'

(in"^)

0.163

0.0943

0.07247

0.0625

0.p590

Page 116: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(t

m

m

Page 117: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Table 11

Node Displacements in the Y-Direction (

t

Node Names

1 147 9 164 16 178 24 193 26 201

NodeAbscisse(inches)

0.0 0.125 0.25 0.375 0.50 0.625 0.75 0.875 1.00 1.125i

1

0.489 0.466 0.457 0.401 0.344

0.718 0.697 0.693 0.653 0.631 0.582 0.556 0.502 0.457

0.896 0.874 0.869 0.829 0.807 0.766 0.754 0.730 0.738 0.726 C

1.051 1.028 1.022 0.980 0.957 0.916 0.909 0.894 0.916 0.923 C

1.174 1.151 1.144 1.100 1.076 1.033 1.028 1.017 1.047 1.064 1

Page 118: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(%

m

#

Page 119: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

9

51

iiO

-2in) , Linear Strain Elements

AverageHalf

Displace-ment

v/2

(10"^in)

«432 216 39 300 47 315 49 323 55 3381

62

1.25 1.375 1.50 1.625 1.75 1.875 2.00 2.125 2.25 '2.12502 2.503

0.445 0.2

t 0.620 0.4

> 0.730 0.690 0.645 0.777 0.6

5 0.953 0.948 0.954 0.924 0.903 0.836 0.765 0.944 0.8

\ 1.106 1.112 1.131 1.116 1.115 1.076 1.050 0.990 0.941 0.852 0.774 1.070 1.0

Page 120: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(I

m

Page 121: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

52

TABLE 12

Values of the Degree of Constraint K, the

Non-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint K = -

cific Degree of Constrai

(Linear Strain Elements)

K(E/L)

and the Specific Degree of Constraint K' = K/E

#

--iv/2

dO"^ in)

K

(10^ psi/in)K K

CX)

1

K'

(in"^)

0.2 0.445 8.989 1.498 1.268 0.300

0.4 0.620 6.452 1.075 0.823 0.215

0.6 0.777 5.148 0.858 0.673 0.172

0.8 0.944 4.237 0.706 0.617 0.141

1.0 1.070 3.738 0.623 0.636 0.125

Page 122: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 123: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

53

r-* 4y\ t.>

Page 124: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 125: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

H-SLIT HOLE - STEEL PLATE

Dimension Characteristics

54

\U^~ c^OO V-.. Uv

v...

a"!

1—

n

JU ^O^Hv-

.V

6 i

LL=!':

r\

u

3) 1 1v..

Vvvvw --W

L. -c: ' ^JC') I'l "I ---^l

L„ ^ ^00 v ^ -5>

Length of Plate, Lo=300 mm

Width of Plate, Wo=200 mm

Plate TL'ickness, T=5 mm

Slit Overall Length, L=140 mm

Loading Length, LL = 120 mm

H-Branch Width, D = 10 mm

H-Branch OverallHeight,

H = 60 mm

Mechanical Characteristics

Force Applied = 50 Kg/mm

=10 Kg/mm'

Young ' s Modulus E =

E ^LL

21,100 Kg/mm

?,1,100 nr- oo T^ / 2! '^— = 175.83 Kg/mm -mm

Page 126: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#

Page 127: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#TABLE 13

-2Displacements m the Y-Direction (10 mm)

55

20

20

22

25

Node Names

26 28 36 38 42 48 57

AverageHalf

Displa-

30 35 40 45 50 55 60

£R=-

cement LL

v/2I

I

(10~^mm) ,

'

)2 5.130i

5.762 1/3

>4 7.650 7.287 6.709 7.839 1/2

'2 9.710 9.402 9.207 8.566 7.909 ' 9.551 2/3

58 1^489 11.208 10.865 10.493 10.033 9.543 8.896 I 11.03 5/6

)1 13.059 12.792 12.481 12.151 11.781 11.423 11.114 10.825 10.610 12.36

Page 128: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 129: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 13

Node Displacements in the Y-Direction (10

Node Names

13 15 20 22 26 28 36

NodeAbscisse(mm)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

6.040 5.996 5.823 5.592 5.130 I

8.316 8.282 8.141 7.954' 7.650 7.2871 6.7091

10.308 10.276 10.146 9.972 9.710 9.402 9.207 8.566 7.909

12.061 12.030 11.905 '11.738 11.489 11.208 10.865 10.493 10.0331

'• •

13.616 13.585 13.463 13.301' 13.059 12.792 12.481 12.151 11.781;

Page 130: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 131: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 14

56

Values of the Degree of Constraint, theKNon-Dimensionalized Degree of Constraint K = . ) .- >

and the Specific Degree of Constraint K' = K/E

for Different Values of R = £/LL

--k v/2

(lO"^ mm)

K2

(Kg/mm -mm)K K«,

K'

(mm"-^)

1/3 5.762 86.78 0.493 0.943 4.164 X 10"^

1/2 7.839 63.78 0.363 0.731 3.023 X lO"-^

2/3 9.551 52.35 0.298 0.649 2.481 X lO"^

5/6 11.03 45.83 0.258 0.615 2.172 X lO""^

1 12.36 40.45 0.230 0.637 1.917 X lO"^

Page 132: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#

Page 133: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

57

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Page 134: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 135: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

LEHIGH SPECIMEN

(No Sawcut)

Dimension Characteristics:

58

^'l

_V_

I I

I I

o -> X

.. .1) I — I

T r, •; I '

<

>!

Length of Plate, Lo=300 mm Slit Overall Length, L=150mm

Width of Plate, Wo=200 mm Loading Length, LL = 125.2mm

Plate Thickness, T=10 mm End Circle Diamater ,D=12 . 5mm

Slit Width, W = 2mm

Mechanical Characteristics:

Force Applied =10 Kg/mm

=10^ Kg/mm^

Young's Modulus E = 21,100 Kg/mm'

Page 136: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 137: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

59

ID

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Page 138: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 139: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

LEHIGH SPECIMEN

(With Saw Cut)

Dimension Characteristics:

60

' 1 li S M.W1

7. Sv^'v

i^— >

I

'

1. n-=. Co \-\\ vv

«-?', : bOv^»"'-*:. i

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r c>!/ ^ , -vie 9-XL) l'^v^

V•>! C X s \1 .SiiM

j

1 1

1 ., 1 cr ^ ,

t

Saw cut width = Imm

Saw cut spacement, s = 2 5 mm

Saw cut length determined by x = 60JTim

Other characteristics remain unchanged.

Page 140: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 141: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

61

W

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Page 142: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 143: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

H-SLIT HOLE, ALUMINUM PLATE

Dimension Characteristics

62

-Mr i

A y

—i'

L L r \0-

A

X

J*-

1

Vy,./M

- y

Length of Plate, Lo=20"Width of Plate, Wo =14"

Plate Thickness, T=0. 5"

Slit Overall Length, L=14"

Loading Length, LL = 12"

H-Branch Width, 0=2"H-Branch Overall Height, H=8"

Mechanical Characteristics:

Force Applied = 5 X 10-" lb/in

a = 10 psiJ o

Young's Modulus E = 10 x 10 psi

Page 144: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

t

Page 145: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 17

Result of the H-Slit, Aluminum Plate

1

Node Names

1 9 13 20 24 32 36 43 47 57 66 81

NodeAbscisse(inches)

0.0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 4.0 4.4

NodeDisplace-ment ^

v/2(10~^in)7.34 7.33 7.31 7.26 7.21 7.13 7.05 6.97 6.88 6.80 6.72 6.6(

Page 146: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 147: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

TABLE 17

Result of the H-Slit, Aluminum Plate

63

Node Names

24

1.6

32

2.0

36

2.4

43

2.8

47

3.2

57

3.6

66

4.0

81

4.4

90

4.8

102

5.0

AverageHalf

Displace-ment

v/2

(lO'^in)

K

(lO^psi/in)

7.21 7.13 7.05 6.97 6.88 6.80 6.72 6.66 6.61 6.58 7.005 7.14

Page 148: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 149: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

64

II. Discussion Of Results

A. Interpretation of the Results

The valid results for different joint configurations

are assembled in Figure 9.

As expected, the K value for a finite plate is smaller

than that for an infinite plate. The effect of finiteness

is also evidenced by the difference in the K value between

the elliptic slit and the straight slit. In the first case,

if we refer to page 35 we see that the ratio between the

plate length L^ and the slit length L is:

(r^) = I = 3elliptic hole ^

while the same ratio for the straight slit, page 44 is

(Lo.) = 300 _J_ ^3L straight slit "^^^ "'-

*^

Both plates have the same aspect ratio L^/Wo = 3/2. It can

there-ore be concluded that for straight slit weld config-

uration, (there is not much difference between an ellipse

with an axis ratio of a/b = 10 and a straight slit) , the

value of K depends on the ratio between plate length L, and

slit length L. K is larger for larger ratio L^/L and for

straight slits having the same length, the degree of con-

straint K is larger for the one with larger L^/L. This re-

sult conforms to common sense.

Page 150: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 151: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

65

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Page 152: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 153: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

66

In the case of a straight slit with circles at the ends,

the diameter of the circle is larger than the slit width, the

value of K is smaller than that for a straight slit without

large-circled ends. And the lowest value of K is obtained

for an H-slit, where the width of the H-branch is larger than

that of the weld slit (D/W = 10/3 = 3.33).

All these results seem to conform to common sense and

could be considered as an indication of the correctness of

the procedure. Theoretically, it cannot be otherwise since

it can be proved that, in the finite element method, if the

compatibility conditions are satisfied, the results will

converge to the true solution as the gridwork becomes finer

and finer. In the cases of constant strain element, the

compatibility conditions are satisfied.

A full verification of the method is made in the case of

the Lehigh specimen (tables 15 and 16) . In the case "without

sawcut", the results are:

2 2K^-.T 1 4-'^ = 48.17 Kg/mm -mm, K , = 44 Kg/mm -mmcalculated ^' ' measured ^'

and the difference is t—- = .*., _ = 7.17%. In the case "with

sawcut", they are;

K__^T^, , ^,^n = 30.69 Kg/mm -mm, K n = 27 Kg/mm -ramcalculated ^' measured ^

and the difference is =7— = ^-, ' ^c^ = 12.02%.

These values of K have been computed by taking the

3 2Young's Modulus E = 21.1 x 10 Kg/mm , which is a little high

Page 154: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

f

Page 155: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

67

3 2If we take E = 19.9 x 10 Kg/mm , then we will obtain

K' = ^|-^ X 19.9 = 45.3 Kg/mm^-mm

for the plate without cut and

K' = 2^'^^ X 19.9 = 28.9 Kg/mm^-mm,

|t?rtk pUle ^^t^ s^«/cut.

With these values, the differences between the calculated and

measured values of K become:

"""^l 45.3-44 1.3 ^ Q_o= z . o7%K^ 45.3 45.3

and .

2 ^ 28.9-27 ^ 1.9 ^ . _.„^K2 28.94 28.9 o./uo

With these differences, the values of K calculated seem

to be acceptable if we think of the complicated boundary con-

dition in the case of the plate with sawcut as described on

page 60.

B. Significance of the Results '

Coming back to Figure 9, it can be seen that the value

K increases sharply for a value of x = i/L smaller than

about 0.30. The degree of constraint K is related to the

transverse stress a by a = K[v]„. From the empiricalYo Yo ^

Watanabe-Satoh relation, the transverse shrinkage is related

to K by

S^ = S. ^ X^^ 1+0.086 K^-^"^

Page 156: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 157: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

68

Along the weld line S = v and for a long straight weld,

[v] p - V since v is almost uniform, except near the ends,

then, by substituting the expression of S in the relation

giving o~~ , we have:

^° ~ ^^ ""

1+0.086 K^*^*^

where a is the average reaction stress along the weld due

to constraint.

The value of ~ /S. ^ as a function of K is plotted below,

<^y.

H

K

Page 158: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 159: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

69

o is an increasing function of K, and could be consi-Yo

dered as an indication of the residual stress level near the

weld.

Therefore, it can be said that if a straight slit in a

large plate is to be welded, and if the weld is long enough

so that more than one block is necessary, the residual stress

would be lower if each weld is made symmetrically and if the

ratio of the weld length £ to the slit length L is larger

than about 1/3,

Also, the Watanabe-Satoh relation can present a problem

of choice: if the transverse shrinkage is to be limited to

small values, then high degree of constraint and consequently

high level of residual stress will result. On the contrary,

if the residual stress is to be small, then low degree of

constraint is necessary (if the degree of constraint can be

controlled) and high values of transverse shrinkage will

result.

On the other hand, welded structures are subjected to

cracking. Mechanical factor is one of the main factors that

promote cracking. The reason might be attributed to high

residual stress associated with high degree of restraint.

Therefore, it may be important to determine a critical value

of the degree of restraint K necessary to produce cracking.

Experimentation is necessary and a series of tests, known as

the Lehigh test specimen (reference 4, page 32) is proposed

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70

to determine K . Basically, it consists of several plates

with a straight weld made along a part of its longitudinal

median line. If the plate is not cut, a high degree of con-

straint can be achieved and cracking may occur. To decrease

the degree of constraint of the weld, several sawcuts are

made along the perimeter of the plate, and the degree of con-

straint decreases as the length of the sawcut increases.

Then there should be some value of the sawcut length for

which cracking begins to disappear, the corresponding value

of the degree of constraint is the critical value K which

can be considered as a material constraint for a given weld

type.

Thus w,ith the value of K determined, we can ^predict

whether a weld will crack or not due to its mechanical re-

straint, since the value of K can be computed for a given

weld configuration. One field of application could be in

the patch weld, which consists of welding a circular disc

,.,vS>*->''"•",•,

/f -^

r'

.

ty' ''

' .

Page 162: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 163: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

71

in a flat plate- If the dimension of the hole is such that

the disc dimension is small compared to the plate dimension

and the weld can be made in one pass, then we have (reference:

Mathematical Theory of Elasticity, by Sokolnikoff , Chapter 5)

:

S_, = —=;— (for an infinite plate)

a_, is tbe uniform radial stress at the weld,

S_, is ttie radial shrinkage along the weld and is

equal to the sum of the radial displacements of the disc and

of the plate at the radial distance, r = R.

Then:

TC = ^ - 1 ^^Sr

" 2 R

In this formula, we find that the degree of constraint

in the case of a complete patch weld is inversely proportional

to R. Therefore, there should be a critical value R of Rc

below which K > K and the weld will crack.c

>

However, this value of K:

K - ^^ " 2R

is an upper limit, for it is exact only for an infinite plate.

For a finite plate, the value of K will be small. The effect

of relative dimension could be seen more clearly by examining

the expression for the radial stress outside the disc, which is

r2^ = a„ • ^r R 2

r

Page 164: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 165: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

72

At infinite, a =0. If R/r = 1/10,. then a /a^ = 1/100. AtIT IT K

a distance equal to 10 times the radius of the disc, the

radial stress is one hundredth of the stress at the weld.

This value might be still important in some cases.

If the disc is large so that the weld can only be made

sector by sector, and if the weld is made symmetrically with

respect to the disc center, then with an infinite plate, we

have, for a weld sector of angular value 2a, as in the figure:

K(2a) = R

'"r1

n E2aR 2 - f (2a)

X

2a

where f(2a) is a convergent series (it converges as 1/n ) with

f(n) = f (0) = 0, [u-,] ,. is the mean value of the radius dis-

placement taken along the weld angular distance of 2a.

The form of the expression suggests that for K(2a) to be

smaller than a critical value K :

c

K(2a) < K

then for a given radius R, there is a value 2a for which

K(2a ) = Kc c

and for a < a , K>K . Thus, if a large circular disc is jto

Page 166: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 167: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

73

be welded to a plate and the weld has to be made sector by

sector, symmetrical around the origin, then there is a cri-

tical value 2a of the angular weld sector below which thec

weld might crack and above which the weld would not crack.

III. The Problem Of Experimentation

In the past, experiments have been conducted by actually

welding the specimens and measuring the transverse shrinkage

and the value of the degree of constraint. Little use has

been made of the elastic assumption and of the resulting

linear relations between stress and displacement.

One inconvenience of the measurement of the strain due

to welding is the high temperature at the weld, and strain

gauges had to be put some distance away from the weld. On

the other hand, because the weld line is not well defined

after the weld is made, the displacements had to be measured

also some distance away from the weld. Furthermore, in some

cases, weld specimens are difficult to make, as the case of

a small slit in a big plate, and consequently expensive.

Taking into account the elastic assumption, it can be

noted that for a given average transverse stress, a , at the

weld line, the local displacement and hence the average dis-

placement is inversely proportional to the Young's Modulus E.

Therefore, the degree of constraint, defined as:

aK

Page 168: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 169: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

/4

is proportional to E, and the ratio of K and E, which has

been defined as specific degree of constraint K':

KK' =

is independent of the material, provided that it is linear

elastic.

Consequently, there could be a simple method of experi-

mentation in the measurement of the degree of constraint K by

having specimens made of material that has a low modulus of

elasticity E and by not actually performing the weld but by

using some mechanical means to simulate the thermal stress.

One such material could be plastic such as cast phenolic

resins for mechanical and chemical purpose whose stress-

strain curves are reproduced in Figure 10 (reference : "Tech-

nical Data on Plastics'/ by Manufacturing Chemists' Associa-

tion, Inc., page 49) and which have a modulus of elasticity

5 5m compression of 3 x 10 psi to 5 x 10 psi (ibidem, page 52)4

To impose stress in the model, wedges can be driven into

the slit. In this case, two similar prismatic wedges with

iill!

Section A-AWedges

Cross-sectionSample

Page 170: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 171: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

7^

...,.j,i-»'--.'"—'— --*->•- --^ r»V.l.^U.- 1^^ - I ,fl" t.,*t-'', 'l' t'-itt *.

-i-

^

/MECHAinCAL AI.'D CHEMICAL PU^vPOSE

Sniii • S7R*IK CWVE 'iK COHPKESSIOK

SOOO

•ISOO

«000

3S00

r: 3000

ISOO

2000

ISOO -

1000

t $00

/

' *

i^:;';ij

Figo. 10 — stress - Strain Curve of 'Plastic »

\

i^-

Page 172: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 173: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

76

elongated rectangle triangle cross section made by cutting

a prismatic wedge with rectangular cross section along the

diagonal plane should be used so that the faces in contact

with the slit edges remain parallel. The sample will be in

compression to minimize the friction between the active faces

of the wedges and the slit edges. Some lubricant, such as

Teflon, graphite or oil could be used.

The width of the wedge in contact with the plate repre-

sents the weld length Z. Several sets of wedges with dif-

ferent widths are necessary to establish a curve giving the

specific degree of constraint K' as a function of the ratio

R between weld length £ and slit length L: R = i/L for each

weld configuration.

To measure the stress, sensible strain gauges can be

used along the edges of the slit on both sides. To measure

the transverse displacement along the slit, visible marks

are made along the edges of the slit and their displacements

can be measured by a microscope, or a comparator. After

measurement of local stresses and displacements along the

load length Z, their averages will be computed and the spe-

cific degree of constraint K' obtained by :

Page 174: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 175: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

77

1 ^% U

For the verification of the Watanabe-Satoh curve, there

is, however, unfortunately no simple way and full-size experi-

ments have to be performed. Given a specimen, we can first

compute its degree of constraint and deduce its transverse

shrinkage using the Watanabe-Satoh curve. Then actual wel-

ding is performed and experimental data obtained are com-

pared with computing results.

If the Watanabe-Satoh relation is correct, then the

knowledge of the value of K is most important in the trans-

verse shrinkage control since these laboratory results seem

to be applicable to actual structures as has been mentioned

in reference 3. In these situations, if the degree of con-

straint can be computed, then the transverse shrinkage can

be determined and hence the level of residual stress is also

known which will enable one to predict whether weld cracking

due to mechanical constraint could happen and subsequently

to take necessary corrective steps if possible.

Page 176: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 177: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

78

CONCLUSION

The finite element method, with constant strain ele-

ments, seems to give consistent results. A qualitative

verification of its validity remains somehow in the fact

that the results conform to common sense. Two quantitative

verifications have been made and the results can be consi-

dered to be acceptable, in the case of the Lehigh specimens.

Taking into account the elastic assumption, and the

resulting proportionality between the degree of constraint

K and the modulus of elasticity E, a method of experimen-

tation that enables the determination of K experimentally

has been proposed.

The determination of the transverse shrinkage due to

butt weld of a plate structure can be made, if the degree

of constraint is known, by using the Watanabe-Satoh corre-

lation betv:pen relative transverse shrinkage S /S ,^ and de-

gree of constraint K.

The Watanabe-Satoh correlation has been obtained empiri-

cally through experiments performed in three different spe-

cimens: the straight slit, the H-slit and the circular ring.

Some further experiments on various slit types would be

desirable.

If the numerical method proves to be good and the

Watanabe-Satoh correlation to be valid, then shrinkage dis-

Page 178: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 179: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

79

tortion control is possible. In this case, there are two

alternatives, deduced from the Watanabe-Satoh curve: either

to accept a high degree of constraint and hence a high level

of residual stress and a low value of transverse shrinkage

or a low value of the degree of constraint and hence a low

level of residual stress and a high value of transverse

shrinkage.

On the other hand, welded structures are subjected to

cracking. External constraint could be one major mechanical

factor contributing to weld cracking. For each material and

weld type, there could be a critical degree of constraint, K ,

above which weld cracking may occur and below which it may

not. The Lehigh test specimens are used for this purpose.

Once the critical value K is determined, it will be possible

to know in advance whether a weld is crack-susceptible and

therefore to decide on its feasibility or corrections if

necessary and possible. One example of application can be

found in patch welding.

In both cases, distortion control or weld cracking sus-

ceptibility verification, it is essential to compute the

value of the degree of constraint K of the weld.

Page 180: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 181: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

80

REFERENCES

(1) H. KIHARA, K. MASUBUCHI , Y. OGURA and Y. MATSUYAMA

.

"Report No. 24 of transportation technical researchinstitute," The Unyu-Gijutsu Kenkyujo Mejiro, Toshimaku,Tokyo, Japan, 1957.

(2) K. MASUBUCHI. "Interpretative Report on Control Dis-tortion and Shrinkage in Welding." A draft being pre-pared for publication from the Welding ResearchCouncil

.

(3) M. WATANABE and K. SATOH. "Effect of welding condi-tions on the shrinkage distortion in welded structure."Welding Journal Research Supplement, pp. 377s - 384s,August 1961.

(4) "Weldment evaluation methods," DMIC Report 244, DefenseMetals Information Center, Battelle Memorial Insti-tute, August 19 68.

(5) D. C. TOLEFSON and L. BRAND. "Introduction to FiniteElement Methods of Structural Analysis," Marine Tech-nology, pp. 331-346, October 1968.

(6) ZIENKIEWICZ. "The Finite Element Method in Structuraland Continuum Mechanics," McGraw-Hill, 1967.

(7) "Strudl Finite Element User's Manual," Civil EngineeringDepartment, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1969.

Page 182: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 183: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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yp

Aii'jLjjiJIX lA

Elliptic Slit , 'OoTG' and '-PBH' type

Hie following presents :

1- Plate division , the numbers are the names of the nodes, page 2

2- Input data from page 3 to page 12,

3- Output data pp 13 -30.

Page 184: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 192: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 193: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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ELEMeM INCICENCES

1 1 10 2

2 1 9 10

3 9 11 10

4 II 19 10

5 11 18 19

6 18 20 19

7 20 28 19

8 20 27 28

9 2 7 2 9 28

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Page 194: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 195: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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41 40 3 9 49 50

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Page 196: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 198: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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FLEMEM PROPERTIESf

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Page 200: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 201: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

LOAUIKG »TWC' • 1^ = 0.2*

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.

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27 FORCE Y -10.

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Page 202: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 203: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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. _Z0_ £SJi£ tl -Y- -tJPJI^^ _

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:

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27 FORCE Y -20.

29 FORCE Y -20.

36 FORCE Y -10.

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29 FCRCE Y -20.

36 FORCE Y -20.

38 FORCE Y -10.

LOADING "NINE* •K=0.9«

JOINT LCACS

1 FCHCE Y -10

9 FORCE Y -20.

II FORCE Y -20.

18 FORCE Y -20.

Page 204: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 205: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

?0 l-Oi<Cli Y '012

21 FCRCC Y -?0

29 FORCE Y -20.

^6 FO(<CE Y -2C.

o-38 FORCF Y -20.

4 *j FORCE Y -10.

STIFFNESS ANALYSIS

LISr CISPLAClMENIS STRESSES ALL

Page 206: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 207: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 225: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 227: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 228: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 229: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 231: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 232: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 233: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 234: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 235: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 236: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 237: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 238: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 239: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 242: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 243: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

31

APPENDIX IB

Elliptic slit , 'CSTG' , fine gridwork .

The following presents :

1- Plate division, the numbers are node names , page 32,

2- Input data, pp 33 - 48 .

3- Output data , pp 49 - 75 •

Page 244: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 245: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 246: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 247: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 249: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 250: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 251: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 252: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 253: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 254: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 255: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 256: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 257: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 258: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 259: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 260: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 261: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 262: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 263: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 264: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 265: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 266: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 267: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 268: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 269: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

10? 81 95 964A

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185 110 124 125

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192 129 134 135

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194 12 1 I 27

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210 135 134 141

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212 13 1? 27

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Page 270: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 271: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

2 15 ^1 5 ^« 6 R45

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227 143 142 148

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231 141 140 146

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23 3 13 41 28

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Page 272: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 273: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

^AR l^i'^ I'fR 15546

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Page 274: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 275: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

? P 1 \( 2 K I 1. (-. P

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FLf:MENT PPGPERTTFS

1 Tf 287 TYPE 'CSTG' THICKNFSS 0.20

CONSTANTS

E 30000. ALL

PCISSCN .3 ALL

JOINT RELEASES

1 TC 15 FORCE Y

75 8A <5C 99 105 113 119 128 134 140 146 152 158 164 FORCE X

LOADING 'ONE' •X=C.1C'

jri M LCACS

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LCACING 'TWO' •X=0.20'

JOINT LCAOS

1 2 1 FORCE «Y -10

16 FCRCF Y -20.

LOAOING 'THREE* 'X=0.30'

J CI NT LCACS

1 29 FCRCE Y -10.

16 21 FORCE Y -20.

LCACING 'FCUR* »X=0.40'

JOINT LOADS

1 2A FORCE Y -10.

16 21 29 FORCE Y -20.

LOADING 'FIVE' 'X=0.50'

jnj NT LEADS t» /

Page 276: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 277: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

1 ^i!^ ropcr Y -1 c.A8

16 ?l 2 9 3^t FHRCF Y -20.

LGAQINr, 'SIX' • X = 0.60'

JOINT LO/^ns

1 ^R FCRCF Y -10.

16 2 1 2^ 3^ ^3 FPRCE Y -20,

l.CACING 'SFVEN' »X=0.70'

JGI M Lr/>,ns

I ?:6 FORCF Y - 10.

16 21 29 34 43 48 FORCE Y -20.

LOAOING 'E IGHT« • X=O.BO«

jniNT LCAOS

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\e 2 1 2 9 34 4 3 4 8 5 6 FORCE Y -20,

LOACING • N INF* •X=0.90

JOINT LOADS

1 70 FORCE Y -10.

16 21 29 34 43 48 56 61 FORCE Y -20.

STI FFNFSS ANAL YSIS

LIST DISPLACEMENTS STRESSES ALL

Page 278: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 279: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

A9

LHAOING - CNR X=0. 10

RESDITANT jniNT IS PL /^C FM ENTS - SUPPORTS

JCINT / DI SPLACEMENT

> dTsp. Y DISF. Z CISP.

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Page 280: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 326: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
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76

APPENDIX 2

Elliptic slit , 'LSI' type „

The following presents :

1- Plate division , the numlDers are node names ,page 77

2- Input data, pp 78 - 97 .

3 -Output data , pp 98 - 121

Page 334: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 335: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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TTTD0.0"0."0

0.0"a.^o

. 1948645

55"57"

59"63"

69

TTTrBTBTTB"0.1614171"a"."i:4"6"45D5"

0. 1379033Cr.TTr4^^D"0.U54167

"DTTT0.0"DTO'

0.0"070

0.0

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS FREE JOINTS

JOINT -DISPLACEMENT /

X DISP. Y DISP. Z DISP.

8T^—

10"TT"

12

1415'

16

0.02 62 73 7

"0^."in."D7030""

0.0310741(J.C2205810.0080292^a".Tr5D7T54^'

0.0506972""0"."D74^2U8"

0.C694405

-0.6642418-D7&5T^"9^t"3-

-0.643429 8

-0.6334 95 2

-0.6030513-D7&5'23"9~8"2"

-0.6337957-D76"T41S(D"7,-3"

-0.6124594"T7~18

~T^~20

22~7T-24

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26~Z7""28

30"31-

32"31""

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44"45^

4 8

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0.0703990

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-0.5799558-D755^03'64"O"-0.5356945

0.0253100"•0.0203677~Cr."03r8mT5""

0.1420336"Or."n.73B3r0.1626024

-0.50^715"-0.4678668-I}7Zrr?747+"6~

-0.53996C9-C)75"0~JB^"6T

-0.48760060.1284924.0816264

"0"7TT&]^"6'D7"

0.1367357"C".T8in"6D2"0.1453409

-0.443B'B"9^~-0.4329308"^"D7^T44"0~00'~"

-0.3726331"^"D733"5ar95""-0.3018763

0.09 5^0 520.0301653•a."tr4irr3"67"

-0. 1380879'0'.-r9372370. 1459865"on"^4 /54 a"

0.1441357"0.09^52^7"0.1802178~ari81H09 8'

0.1661752

"0.303^682-0.3081193-T)7 3^641107"0.3240821-0726^59851^"'

-0.2296998^'7rB9T973X-0.1465153-T)716 52556""

-0.0829486-070487640"-0.0398991

Page 452: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 453: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

4 9

50^152

54"TIB"

58"6T)-

61

64

0.14570310.1517542a.l?57B72C.07594?5"0.T0942470.09R0603

-0.0681182-0.0246995-0~.053r6'B2'

-0.10437420^17 26 443^

0.2180954"0.14681590.1311033"0. 1113^504^

0.0267071

0.0541130

-O.U 156 3 3Tr

-0.0256419-r);aTiT"5T-0.1037567-"D";T297^0-0.0228660

136

66"hi68

-IT)-

71

-G.0862T5ir0.10C6991^o-.Tn'o^^^cj-

-0.1557252"G-;"D"51"61^'B8'

-C.C822977C.15427B5

-0.0 42 24210.0112519"07 U2 A 8^51^"

0.0265541"0706^^271:2"

0.09171420.093161CrT7~

LOADING - FOUR R=C.83

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - SUPPORTS

JOINT DISPLACEMENT-

X DISP. Y OISP. Z DISP

1

3^"

5^5~

7

47

0.0""cr.Tr"

0.0"Cr.TT"

0.0

-0.7494617-"07TjgcrHl"6~

-0.7256556-D; fr8"96DT7)-

-0.6329264UTO0.0"0~."23"35g60"

0.2171218"C^.^^153570.1730714

•0. 5868462"0.5335010

55'

5 7

0.007a0.0

0.162/6/60.1537723ir.1"37)lD64'"

TTTO"0.0TI70r"

5T6369

KbSULIAM JUlNT~UlSPLAChf^bNIS - hRbb JLIINIS

"JTlTNr 7- -T^5P^A^EKE^^"• ~r

K DI SP7 Y~DISF"." ~rT)l"5P7

"8"

9113"

1 1

12"13

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1^6-

17"iir

19

0.0 2 79 3240.0115967(7. 03779 60'

0.0249134"C.~01"0TO"6T'

0.0541028Tr7TT553TFFr0.0796946C7Clfn-l57/CO 5 51 9 53

C7riT)"4~4-23'6"

0.0959952

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-0.7150527"^"07 68:54-775""

-0.7333300^^T}7TT5^^0^ri5~

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-0.6 68 32 78 o

Page 454: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

f*

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Page 455: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

2 0.1289 73621 0.1150101^2 C. 0^16811"23 0.0326975

-0.6628358-0.6343141-C ; f, I 997%-0.5916207

137

?-4 ~ ~ -a.0T9?5 58"2 5 -0.0 6 64 8 79

- 0.544-848^-0.4817865

26 0.152932827 C.1321822

-0.624 /098-0.5911837

2 8 0.17 54 35329 0.1469604^^ ^_^^.^g^^_31 0.1959851

-0.5 A fZbbr-0.5383189

•"'- -"0.52Z6'667-0.5197136

32 C. 1583 1653 3 0.2142721

35 0.1090916

-0.4 ^45001-0.4506275-D.3975'6'n-0.3877259-Q-

3 7a4~75T)

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37 -0.05508263 8 -U. 159851739 0.2291063

^tT) Or."r6"67737~

41 0.2333664

-0.3B05491-0.3568709-T) . Z9'9"3"231)

-0.2435405

^

~4~2^ G'."17>T1BT8^

43 0.1097060-D.Tff&4^Z155~-0.2091449

44 0.214942545 0.2170081

-0.1048596-0.0615856

-

4B Cr.T9TD2U&49 0.1706110

-D . U5'(TC0'~m

-0.0856854- - 5Q Q^ H92170

51 0.1442784 -0.06540705 2 0.08^^1^53 0.0088350

-0. 12B35H6-0.2074690

54 -0".~n."4XI"997

56 0.173384258 ^0".T5^1?B44"~

60 0.1213754

-0. 2577C23-0.0190 845

41

-D . rr5'r44^7^

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67 -C. 0124751

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. 0"r'2T6DT)

0.0278226

— 68 « -0.133161470 0.060879871 ^Cr."X)'^l)7375"~

72 -0.1815396

0.02929220.0736052"D7rO"fr4"537

0.1080755

LLI^UING - FlVt R=1.0

FrEST;iT7\T^T jan^rDi^PEa-CTR-TrNTs -^

Sm^PTTRT^

JUINI / DISPLACI^MENT /

X DISP. 7 [JTSV. "TDISP.

"1 0".O"

2 0.0-T).7942^4"4-0.7841097

• 3 0.04 0.0

-0.7 7C945 7

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46 0.2635514

-T).^ 78 6^775"-0.6324254-X).5766TZ70.0

. n1

Page 456: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

fi

Page 457: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

't 1

550.2422BrOC.211 5248

0.00.0

0.0

138- 5-7

59"0.19010970.1784519

63"69

0;i6830400.1489339 0.0

ikRESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

1JOINT / tTTQDiArP MP M T — // UlorLALt"uNi

X OISP. Y DISP. Z OISP.

a C. 0288491 -0.7896380"9

10 0.0352106-0.7B35274-0.7745833

120.02633490. 01 2011

6

-0. 7604063-0.7313383

140.05595380.0576967

-0. 7782650-0.7605954

1516

0.08252820.0795026 -0.7399804

1 r

18

20

. 5 B 5 r ? 5

0.1082651crrrQT3^3DrC. 13 37456

-0. /2 56600-0.7378531-D.7r3"6^"4^-0.7079982

7T22

0.12049 /a

0.0872757-Oi.&r979"5^-0.6656661

Zi24

26

28

0.036/262-0.0177071-G.0/lT74r0. 15B5137^Cr."13^894T-0.1818314

-U. 63 75 340-0.5890751-0 . 577T6b~h-0.6702769

1

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2930

3233

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C. 15510040.1073206

0.16853140". 2 2 29^66"

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353 6

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0.0 39 5791"-cr.D5B"4T3cr-0.1721844^D~."2~417359"~

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4142

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"43

44

4 8

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0.2361735r.~Z4"r40~64"

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C. 1961287-0.1041241-0.0348872

5 1

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a.r5 5T5520.0925B59

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-0.1233627"

. -T). "230 7537"-0.2819826 /

•58

L'. 19U20690.1684752

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bU616764

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Page 458: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

c

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Page 459: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

()') -().L104:3J2 -0.0S8':)3i4h(y 0.12^;4749 0.01351BI _ '[^C)

^^ -.^._^^^_^^^^^ DTDPaO.'^'RB

68 -0.1996817 0.030??17TD Cr;i3 61S57)"4S "D'.D7963B"8

71 -0.1053854 0.U48155T?. -0.19 ^98T^ 0. Il6bl34

\'^^

Page 460: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

c

«

Page 461: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

140

APPENDIX 4

Straight slit with circled ends , 'CSTG' type .

The following presents |:

1- Plate division , the numbers are node names,page 1 41 ,

2- Input data, pp 1 42 - 1 52 .

3- Output data, pp 1 53 - 163 •

Page 462: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 463: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

1

-j- 1;

141

o

n

:-!<i-T-:

1

1

j

1

1

1

Page 464: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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i

Page 465: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

1_. 1A2

APPrNr>TX /, ic^TRAyHT .^L'TT MTTM riR''L''r> PNnqi

TvPr p|A^!t^ rrRrQCTTMTT

I IN T T

c T M r M n- c

c dOmMPi';

1 ^

r'OTjR

no o

on n

on o no <-

no 1

no 1

no r

CO c;

o_. 7:~^-7 O

n"n o"

oo o

CO c

CO c-

i_.7^ O cO o

o n

no A

o c n

1 A

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TV

o

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Page 466: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 467: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

/^ f i . Uf U . Ol.' i4:j

20 1.00 1.50

2^ I. CO ?.5

30 1.00 3.50

31 1,00 4.00

3? 1.25 0.03125

33 1.25 0.25

39 1.50 0.03125

^0 1.50 0.50

41 1.50 1.00

42 1.50 2.00

43 1.50 2.50

44 1.50 3.00

45 1.50 3.50

46 1.50 4.00

47 1.75 0.03125

48 1.75 0.25

49 2.00 0.03125

1 5C 2.00 0.50

51 2.00 1.50

52 2.00 2.50

53 2.00 3.50 /

54 2.00 4.00

55 2.25 0.03125

56 2.25 0.25

62 2.503\ 0.03125

63 2.50 0.25

64 2.50 0.50

65 2.50 1.00

66 2.50 2.00

i.67 2.50 2.50

6fl 2.50 3.00

69 2.50 3.50

Page 468: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 469: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

70 2. SO 4.0'':^

14471 2.552 0.15

7 2 2.640 0.2 24

73 2.62 5 0.375

74 2.75 0,25

75 2.75 0.50

76 2.75 0.75

77 2.87 0.22

78 2.875 0.375

79 2.97 0.12

80 3.00 0.00 S

81 3.00 0.25

82 3.00 0.50

83

1

3.00 1.00

84 3.00 1.50

85

i

3.00 2.50

86t

3.00 3.50

87 3.00 4.00

^ 88

1

3.25 0.25

89 3.25 0.75

95 3.50 O.CO S

/

96 3.50 0.50

97 3.50 1.00

981

3.50 2.00

99 3.50 2.50

1001

3.50 3.00

101 3.50 3.50

102 3.50 4.00

103 4.00 0.50

105 4.00 1.50

106 4.00 2.50

107 4.00 3.50

108 4.00 4.00 u-'

Page 470: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 471: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

114 4. so 0.00 S145

115 4.50 0.50

117 4.50 1.00

118 4.50 2.00

119 4.50 ?.50

120 4.50 3.00

121 4.50 3.50

122 4.50 4.00

123 5.00 0.50

125 5.00 1.50

126 5.00 2.50

127 5.00 3.50

128 5.00 4.00

129 5.50 0.00 S

130 5.50 C.50

132 5.50 1.00

133 5.50 2.00

1- 5.50 3.00

135 5.50 4.00

136 6.00 0.00 S

137 6. CO 0.50

139 6.00 l.CO

140 6.00 1.50

141 6.00 2.50

142 6. no 3.50

143 6.00 4.00

ELEMENT INCIDENCES

1 2 1 10

2 1 9 10

3 10 9 16

^ 4 10 16 2 5

5 16 24 25

2 5 24 26 xUS

Page 472: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

f

Page 473: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

2 5 2^ 3 3

8 76 32 33-146

cj 3^ 3? 39

10 33 39 40

11 3^ 4,7 4 8

12"'

40~~4f

'

49

13 4R 49 56

14 4 9 55 56

15 56 55 62

16 56 62 63

17 63 62 71

18 63 71 72

19 63 72 73

20 73 72 74

21 73 74 75

22 75 74 78

23 74 77 78

24 78 77 81

25 77 79 81

26 81 79 88

27 79 80 88*

28 80 95 88

29 3 2 10

1

30 3 10 17

31 10 25 17

32 17 25 27

33 25 33 2 7

34 27 33 40

I

35 33 48 40

)

36 40 48 50

37 48 56 50

,

38 50 56 64

39 56 63 64 \\} ^-o

Page 474: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 475: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

40 64 6 3 7 3

Al 64 73 75147

^.^."7 5~ "78 82

43 78 01 82

^44 82 81 88

45 82 8 8 Q6

46 88 95 96

47 4 3 18

48 3 17 18

49 18 17 27

50 18 27 41

51 27 40 41

52 41 40 50

53 41 50 65

54 50 64 65

55 65 64 76

56 64 75 76

57 76 75 82

58 65 76 83

59 76 82 83

60 83 82 89/

61 82 96 89

62 83 89 97

63 89 96 97

64 97 96 103

65 96 95 103

66 97 103 117

67 95 114 103

68 103 115 117

69 103 114 115,

70 117 115 123

71 115 114 123

72 117 123 132V^

-)

Page 476: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 477: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

73 11.4 129 123i48

74 123 130 132

~75 T23 12^ 130

Y7~Y3o"i?"9 "iYt

P 78"~n2^l3 7'^T3'9

79"l20 136 137

SO 5 4'~l'a

81 5 r8"~Y8'

82 Tp 41 28

_________.^^

e^~Wi 65 "5I__ _^ __ __

86r~'6 5 83 84

87~~"84 83 97

8? 84 97 105

89^" 97" 117 "105

1" 90""lo"5~117T25

gl 117 132 125"

I

_^

92 125 132 140

93"T3 2~ 139 1^0

94 6 5 19

95 5 2 8 19

96~T9 2 8 ~T9I

97 6 19 20

98 "20 r9 29

q<f~Y9 28'~"42

Too 29 42 43

101 43~"42 ~T2

f02""'28 5r"Y2"

Y^ ^^ ^ 5^

104'~^'52~~5r~"66

- ro5"""52^ ~66 ~~67 '^(^~'

Page 478: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 479: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

106 6 7 66 RS I4y

107 51 84 66

foT"66 ~"b^ 85

109 85 84 98

110 8 5 98 99

111 99 98 106

112 84 105 98

113 98 105 106

llA 106 105 118

115 106 lie 119

116 119 118 126

117 10 5 125 118

118 110 125 126

1191

126 125 133

120 126 133 141

1211

125 140 133

122 133 140 141

^ 1231

7 6 21

124>

7 21 22

125 6 20 21

1261

22 21 30(

127 21 20 29

1281

21 29 30

1291

30 29 44

130)

30 44 45

131 29 43 44

1321

45 44 53

133 44 43 52

134 44 52 53

135i

53 52 68

1361

53 68 69

137}

52 67 68

138 69 68 86 .HA

Page 480: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

f

Page 481: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

13^^ 68 H^) 86

lAO 68 67 R5150

1^1 86 85 100

1A2 86 100 101

1^3 8 5 99 100

lAA 101 100 107

1^5 100 99 106

1^6 100 106 107

M7 107 106 120

1-^8 107 120 121

1A9 106 119 120

150 121 120 127

151 120 119 126

152 120 126 127

153 127 126 134

15A 127 134 142

155 126 141 134

k 1561

13A 141 142

1571

8 7 23

1581 _

7 22 23

159 23 22 30< /

1601

23 30 31

161

1

31 30 46

162

1

30 45 46

163i

A6 45 53

16A>

46 53 54

165 54 53 70

166 53 69 70

1671

70 69 86

168

1

70 86 871

^ 169 87 86 102

170 86 101 102

171 102 101 107 iv'J>

Page 482: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

r

Page 483: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

If/ 11,/. 1 ui ruvr

fTlTTba 107 122

"i'tT lo 7"r2^r ~l??'

vn

175 12? 121 127

176 122 127 12R

177 128 127 135

178 127 142 135

119 135 142 143

FLEMENT PROPERTIES

1 TO 179 TYPE 'CSTG* THICKNESS 0.10

CONSTANTS

E 30000. ALL

POISSON 0.3 ALL

i_.

JOINT RELEASES

1 TO 8 FORCE Y

80 95 114 129 136 FORCE X

$ PLATE LENGTH L0 = 12, WIDTH V^I0 =8WFLD WIDTH W=l/16, WELD LENGFH CENTER

$ "tITc ENTER L^5".57~ENf~cl^CLE~DrAl^rEl'lR^0r^^^ WIDTH WS = l/37,

$ SIGMA0=8*10**4

LOADING 'ONE' *X=0.20'

JOINT LOADS

1 FORCE Y -1.00

9 FORCE Y -2.00

16 FORCE Y -1.00

LOADING 'TWO* •X^0.40*

JOINT LOADS

1 FORCE Y -1.00

9 FORCE Y -2.00

16 FORCE Y -2.00

24 FORCE Y -2.00

26 FOOCE Y -l.no

LOADING 'THREE* •X=0.60'

JOINT LOADS TT

Page 484: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 485: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

1 FORCF Y -1.00"

"9" F OR C F ~f "-Y. "00

r6^nRCF Y -2.00

152

24 FORCE Y -2.00

~?b "for C E "y - 2". 00

T2' FOR C E "y -2.00

39 FORCE Y -1.00

UTacTi N G"

""f dUR~»" "•X = .~8b~«"

~J cTn T~ L DADS

1 FORCE Y -I. 00

'9""foI C

E^Y ~^2~.~0

y

1

16" "Fln'RCE"-y _^_^__

3

24 FORCE Y -2.00

4

26 FORCE Y -2.00

^ , , .

32 FORCE Y -2.00

6

39 FORCE Y -2.00

7

A7 FORCE Y -2. CO

t49 FORCF Y -1.00

9_

LOADING 'FIVE* •X=1.00»

D

JOINT LOADS

1

1 FORCE Y -1.00

2

9 FORCE Y -2.00

3

16 FORCE Y -2.00

4

24 FORCE Y -2.00

5

26 FORCE Y -2.00

S

32 FORCE Y -2.00

?

39 FORCE Y -2.00

J

47 FORCE Y -2.00

3_

49 FORCE Y -2.00

^_

55 FORCE Y -2.001

1

62 FORCE Y -1. 00

I

DUMP TIME

TIME BEGINl^''^

Page 486: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

o

o

Page 487: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

.153

i_.

LOADING - ONF X=0.20

^RESULTANT JOINT D

I

SPL ACFMENTS - SUPPORTS

JOINT DI SPLACEMENT-

"~"Y~n~i"^p7X DI SP. 7 DI SP.

1

2

0.00.0

•0.00COG

86755P2036

3

4

5

6

n n

0.00.0

-O.on-0.0^' 78239

_7_07 5 8

'662545R597

-O.GO(

O.'^O

2223

•0.0003790•0,0005535

-0.00 5 364 8

-0.00 5 2 56 7

?

7

8

0.00.0

-0.0055113-0.905 3223

3

8095

0.00178140.0016919

0.00.0

4

114129

0.001493 3

0. 00136620.00.0

;

136 0.0012693 0.0

6

7

RESULTANT . JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

JOINT /- MTcni ArcMcMT /111

U I S 1-' L A L r n t ' N I—

9

X DISP. Y DI SP. z nis^.

9

10

0.00055570,0002291

-0.008 306 7

-O.OC79604

1

1617

0.00092740,0002137

-C. 007469 1

-0.0070741

?

1819

-0.0000497-0,0001827

-0.0C665C3-0.0059258

3_ _

2021

-0.0002045-0.0002Q43

-0.0056892-0.0055396

2425

0.00127440.0007213

-0.00 6 506 9

-0.00 6 54012627

0.00147180.0005111

-C.0C58308-0. 00 5 P 841

7

2829

-0.0001555-0.0O0 38 5?

-0.0056535-0.OO5269P

8

3031

-0. 0007266-0,0010494

-'^.OC 5^276-0.0048734

9

3233

0,001636?0,0011581

-0.005213 1

-0.00 524 3 5

k

3940

0.00176940.000 869 1

-0.0046604-0,00473?? '

1

1

4142

0.0002667' -0.0003452

-0.0047954-:0_.00A6 974

43

^^4546

0. 000499?•Oj.000 7 59A•0,00101340,00 14 60 3

-0.0046137_-l0^i):04 5 64 3

-0,0044638-0.0043^37

Page 488: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 489: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

4_

7_

9_

2_

5_

t

47_4PL49505152

0.00189680.O0 1/.'!»32_

0.00200 39Oj.00lO7.2_p_

-0.0000 32 5

-0.0005760

-n. 0041231 .c4^-r_.^' 04.1 5 5 5

"-0.00 3 573-C.00 3638C-0.0037827-O.OO ^8 597

5354

-0.0012293-0.0017601

-0.0038132-0.00 3 7 361

i

5556

0.00209060.0016213

-0.003O127-0.0030352

6263

0.002 147 7

0.0016731-0.0024 177-0.0C24355

64656667

O.OOll 7640.0005213

-0.C024674-0.0026032

-0.0002759-0.0005766

-0.0029503-0,00 30299

6869

-0.0009712-O.rO] 3669

-0.0030872-0.0030747

7071

-0.00195280. 0018989

-C. 0030519-0.00 2 300?

7273

0.0017 5200.001A234

-0,00 2046 7

-0.002O89<^7475

0.00166560.0011952

-0.0016660-COO 17458

7677

0.00086610.0016692

-0.0018929-0.0011422

7819

0.00138860,00 1664 2

-0.00125 5 8

-0.00045268182

0.00158330.0012462

-0.0C06717-0.00 10315

8384

0.000 702 7

0.000 2 28 6

-0.00 15237-0,0018316

8586

-0.0005444-0.001A379

-0.0022<^36-0.0023653

8788

-0.00202810.^^01622 5

-0.0023572-0.0003506

8996

0.00106660.001 3840

-0.0C0 9416-0.00040 8 2

9798

0.0008943-0.0000371

-0.0008238-C. 0014264

99100

-0.0004874-0.0009653

-0.0015585-0.0016495

101102

-0.0014567-0.0020403

-0.0016039-G. 0016910

103105

0.001^2610.0005453

-C.C002010-O.O0C6334

106107

-0.0004208-0.0014433

-0.0009711-O.OCl 0809

108115

-0.O020C340.0013505

-0.0010996-0.0000758

117118

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-0.00014B4-C. 000 38 26

119120

-0.0003 74 5

-0.0008872-0.0004566-0. 000 50 7

5

121122

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0. CO 00 A?

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123125

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0.0002553C. 00040620.000457 3 //A0,0004661 '•

Page 490: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 491: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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137139140141_

143

0,00121870.00094760.000 6054g.,000_3 2BL0.001380 3

0 .00 18^^95

0.000? 6410..pOC49] 3

0.0006691_0_._0.CCR9 72,

0. 000 966?r.000^7u?

133_.

LOADING - TWO X = '^.40

RFSULTANT JCINT DISPLACEMENTS - SUPPOfUS

JOINT niSPLACffMENT-

X DISP. Y DISP. Z DISP.

1

2

345

6

0.0

0.0

0.00.0

0.01510120.014^94 7

0.0143387•'I.-OJJ 3 4150.0127092•0.0 1136^^9

7

8

80

?5114129

O.n

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0,00293030.00?6ai?

0.0107165•C_._0_10_354 3

0.0^^00.0

136 0.0024917 0.0

i RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

JOINT DISPLACEMENT-

X DISP. Y DISP. Z DISP.

910

0.00078390.0005129

-0.0148300-0, 01452^3

16 0.0014993 -C. 01431042 17 J}j 0^0 5640 -0_._OJJ^J^.Ii

1819

0.0000711•0.0003118

-0.0128202-0.01148 91

2021

0.00038250,0005600

-0.01104'=>0-0.01077] 1

2223

•0.00072910.0010632

-0.0104360-0.01023'^6

2425

0.002 17740.0013916

-0.0134 84 8

-C .0 1318 502627

0.0026910O.OOlOORl

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2 8 -0.000 2 29 8

8 29 J-.9_.Q[^P727_7_30 -0.00 1400 3

, 3L -C.OOZQZQb^32 0.0031542

k ^33 0.0021583

-0.O11G299_-CL._0J0_26 8 2

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3940

0.0034535 -0.0094169C. 0016498 -0,0095367

41

4344

0.0005042-.O.C006_41A-0.0009539-0.00 1462?

•0.0095675•_0_._C09_2010.

•0.00002720.0089240 vsT

Page 492: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 493: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

45 -0.0019590 -0.008725C 155

146 -0.0028369 ^^C . 8 5 8 7 g_

47 0.0037241 -0.0082844

J48 0.0027935 ^-0.00 8347 7

49 0.0O3Q''U6 -0.007157150 0.0020568 -O.C072B3851 -0,0000811 -0.':'0 7S138

45253

-0.0011113-0.00 2 3843

-0. CO 7 5 84

3

-0.0074 752

% 545 5

-0.00341050.0041166

-n. 007^214-6". 006018 3

f.

56 0.0031678 -p. 00606??62 0.00^2304 -C.OJ4R188

J63 0.0032760 -^.004855764 0.0022P34 -0,0049191

g65 0.0009915 -0,005186066 -0.0005574 -0,00^8390

467 -0.001126? -0.00597676B -G. 0018920 -0,006077069 -0.0026595 -0,006046470 -0.0037968 -0,0059993

1

71 0.0037299 -0,0045 83872 0.0034359 -C. 004 07 7

C

773 0.0027794 -0.00^l64''i

74 0.00 32651 -0,00 33173

375 0.0O2326R -0,003476976 0.0016752 -C.00376^-^7

477 0.0032742 -0.002273478 0.0027145 -0.0024996

1 79 0.0032660 -0.0CC9O0 5

81 0.003104^ -0.00133646

82 0.0024320 -0.002052183 0.0013565 -0. CO 30 3 86

784 0.00C4252 -0.003634485 -0.0010721 -0.004476086 -0.0028054 -0. 0OA664987 -0.0039553 -0.0046452

988 0.0031834 -0.0006 96 9

89 0.0020792 -0.0018719_

96 0.0027104 -0,000810^97 0.0017405 -0.0016368

1

98 -0.0000853 -0.002830?99 -0.000O611 -0.C03C884

2_ 100 -0.0018924 -0.0n32659101 -0.0028484 -0.0033307

3102 -0.0039891 -O.OC 3 34 3

103 0.0027961 -0. 0003^994

105 0.001G593 -0.n0126C8106 -0.0008308 -0,^019313

510 7 -0.00?8267 -0.0021470108 -0.0039237 -0.0021818

6115 0.0026A83 -C.000is?g117 0.0020424 -0.000?991

7118 0.00 02 820 -C.00C76 8 9

119 -0.0007384 -C. 00091678

120 -0.0017415 -0.00 10183121 -0,0027841 -0.0010696

9122 -0,0038376 -0.0010894123 0.002613-' 0.000C752 ,

m 125 0.0012785 0.000 07?'!.w126 -0.0006520 -C. 0000339

1127i28'

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9"'-0.0000819-r.O0CO971

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132 0.0020C1

7

C.O00A948 ^{;,,

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Page 494: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 495: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

134135137

140141

n. 00 1.66390.0037^520.002 39210.0018 591O.Of^ 11871•0.0006444

O.onrcyjq0,00^08961C . 5 1 5 7

0,00130 400.00 17462

157

142143

-0.002 7086-0.0037275

0,0018 7900,00 18867

1,

Ida d fn g"-~ ~Tm e f

"

X = 0.~67d~~''

8

RESULTANT JOINT niSPLACEMFNTS - SUPPORTS

JOINT / — dt^^piatpmpmT // UlorL'Al^cici^'

X DISP. Y DISP. Z CISP.

1

1

2

0.0O.n

-0,0202986-0,0199403

5

3

4

0.00.0

-0,C19631A-0.^186197

3

5

6

0.00.0

-0.0179 5 56-0.0162740

4

7

8

0,00.0

-0.0153912-0,014880 8

<.

8095

0,00509550.00 4 8 344

0,00.0

6

114129

0,00426050.0038987

0,00.0

7

136 0,0036246 0.0

9

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

JOINT / — — r^TCnl APCMCMT /

'0

/ — IJ i S t-^ L A L t " b IN 1

M

X nisp. Y DI SP, Z DISP.

'2_

9

100,00094060,0006927

-0.020C500-0.0197869

'3

1617

0,00182480.0008964

-0,0195005-0.0188825

'4

1819

0,0002702-C.OO0 37 18

-0,0181233-0,01643«6

!5

2021

-0.0005213-0.0007814

-0,01 58433-'^.015468'i

!6

2223

-0,0010316-0.0015021

-0.015002 7

-o.riA7ioi

U

242 5

0,00 26 7940.00197^1

-C.0lP8^15-^,0185984

2627

0.00348440.0016314

-0,0178546-0,017 1300

ll

2829

-0.0001944-0.0010039

-0,015 885 6

-0,01 '+7 8 30

M3031

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-0,0141194-0.0 I 36 93 5 /

ii

3233

0,0042462' 0,0030331

-CO 16 53 2 5

-0,016 2 53439

4142

0.00483820_.0n2 330A0,0007714•0.0008574

-0.01-^6572.-C0_14403l-0.0141486-0.013332 3

Page 496: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 497: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

43 -0.00 13 34 5 -0.013064 7

14445

-0.0020685 _

-0.00 2 7 89 3

-0 . 1 29050 J-58 .-_

- . 'U 2 6 1 ^' 8

14647

-p , 00 /+0 3 36 ._.

""0.C0 5 3P90-0.0 124 133-0.f>l>6354

1 48 0.003924? -0.012 7?b?49 0.0'^57469 -0.01082^>4

450 0. 002 8 60

P

-0.010971151 -0.0001246 -^0.011085 4

% _ 52 -0.0015 752 -0.01103 31

53 -0.C0 34C92 -'^.0108492

^54 -0.0048714 -0.0 10621555 0.0060181 -0,00902 8 9

156 0.0045528 -0.00 908 8462 0.006 1854 -0.007192^

863 0.004 7331 -0.00 725 3 6

64 0.0032493 -0.0C734Q94

65 O.f^O 13685 -0.00 7734566 -0.^^008290 -coot 579967 -0.00 16211 -0.008745868 -0.0027189 -0.0G8869O

1

69 -0.0038187 -C. 008813470 -0.0054471 -0.0087403

) 71 0.0054235 -0.00^840972 0,004980^ -0.0060813

373 0.0039990 -0.006214974 0,0^47324 -0.0049455

475 0.0033316 -0.005185476 0.0023739 -0.0056214

s77 0.0047531 -C. CO 333 7078 0.0039162 -0.0037249

679 0.0047465 -0.001340681 0.CC4 503 5 -C. 0019895

782 0.0034994 -0.0030551

#83 0.0019190 -0.004516384 0.000 568 1 -0. 005384485 -0.0015 601 -0.0065760

986 -O,0OaO43? -0.006828187 -0.0056973 -0.0067920

'0 _88 0.0046255 -0.001035589 0.0029P86 -0.0027834

I 96 0.00 3 92 64 -O.0012O4297 0.0024965 -0.0024303

'198 -0.0001514 -0.004 186 5

99 -0.0014043 -0.0045553'3 100 -0.0027448 -0.0048086

101 -0.0041179 -0.0048967'4 102 -0,00 5 7665 -0.004^^111

103 0.0040597 -O.00C595 3

s 105 0.0015152 -0.0018743106 -0.C012179 -0.0028644

'6 107 -0.^040962 -0.00 3176 1

108 -0.00 5 6 86 2 -0.00322257 115 0.0038459 -0.0002315

117 0.002 9 58 3 -0,non4525'I 118 0.0003979 -0.0011583

119 -0.0010 80 7 -0. CO 13731•1 120

121-0.0025323-OVod40 40^

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'

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f 123 0.0037977 0. OOP 102 4

II125126

0.0018 500 0.0000819-0. 000^531 -0.0000876

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6

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P., 000 37 1 1130 0,0035772 .

Page 498: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 499: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

13213 3_

134135137139140141142143

0.0029067o.nnn51690.00241940..00542e6_6.00 3 4 7900.(027C17

C) . C .T 7 C 5 8

_0.p0 1 1 1 1.1

0.0r.l24'»4

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0.00074390.00 138 OR

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0.rni7236 O.OO1075R- . Q 3 7_9 ^_'S0 2. 5 6 LV ;} 3 9 36 1 • C . C 2 6 9 3 5

-0.005417R 0.CC2704?

LOADING - FOUR X=G.SC

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - SUPPORTS

JOINT DISPl ACE.MENT-

X DISP. Y DISP. 2 DISP.

>

1

?

0.00.0

-0.0244147-0.02 4090 4

3

3

40.00.0

-C.0238209-0.0228374

4_

5

6

0.00.0

-0.0221868-0.0203627

;

7

8

0.00.0

-0.0193178-0.01 P6908

6

8095

0.'^0651000.0061686

CO

114129

0.00542800.0049665

0.0 •

0.0

•136 0.0046197 0,0

9 -

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE jrU'TS

JOINT / riTcnt APuMcNiT _/

'1

U I b r L AL ri b !N I

2

X DISP. Y DISP. Z DISP.-

'3

9

10

0.001061R0.000818R

-0.02416^4-0.0239363

'4

1617

0.00206670.001 1415

-0.0237171-0.0230710

5

IB19

0.0004397-0.0003785

-0.0223618-0.0205501

'6

2021

-0.00^6178-C.Q009 501

-CO 198 5 14

-0.C194126

'7

2223

-0.0012730-0.0018 50 5

-C. 0188451-0.01848 5 3

'8

2425

0.00303630,002 362 7

-0.0230232-0.0227746

26272829

0.0039702

-O'. 00 00 8 20-C. or 1203

-0.02 208 78

_-Q_»JP_2J.39?4-0.019^638-0.0 18 5974

3031

-0.0024569-0.0035374

-0.017779C-0.0172494

3233_

3940

0.0048848 -0.0208813J?.'^037392 -Q.. 0^062880.0o'5 74 7 -0.019 33 800,0030024 -0.0187010

Page 500: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 501: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

7

41

4243444546

0.^011 18 1

-0.n<^09803'-0.001622'-^

'

-0 . J 2_5_4 9 P _ ,_

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-0.0 18 15 2^-0.0168801-r. 01 65 25 1

-0.0 163125-0.015Q419-0.0156880

Jj5-0_

B

47484950

0.00656200,00485220.00716820.0035032

-0.0174525-C.0171O65-0.0149 079-C.Ol A620Ow 51

52-0.0001187-0.0019432

-0.0142730-0.014046

5354

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-0.013 77]

4

-0,0134 7745556

0.00766650,0056342

-0,0121742-0,012245 3

6263

0.00791550.0059362

-0.0096045-0.00 9 69 4 9

6465

0.00399890.0016314

-C. 0098 115-0.0102026

6667

-0.001C567-0.0020300

-0.0110 3^0-C.Ol 1201^

6869

-0.0034060-0.004 7 84 5

-0.0113295-0.0 1 12441

7071

-0.00681870.0068791

-0.011144'"-0.0091287

7273

0.00629650.0049978

-0.0080998-0.0082849

7475

0,00599060.00413 52

-0.0065743-0.0068878

7677

0.0G29C010.0060391

-0.C0744 5 7

-0.0044*3207879

0.00492170,0060445

-0.0049416-0.0017741

•8182

0.00571450.0'^43 78 5

-0.0026326-O.OP4O4O8

8384

0,00234020.0006445

-0.0059478-0,0070434

8586

-0.0019759-0.0050878

-0.0084718-0.0087566

8788 ,

-0.00716580. 0^^58877

-0.CC87C00-0.00136 3 8

8996

0.00374050,0049743

-0.0036701-0.0015822

9798

0,0031170-0,0002379

-0,0031924-C. 0054542

99100

-0,0017932-0,0034780

-0,0059049-0,0062148

101102

-0,0052009-0,0072822

-0,0063164-0,0063293

103105

0,^^051617

_, 0,0018858-0,0007837-0.0024591

106107

-0.0015652-0.00 5 188 7

-C.U037406-0. 0041297

108115

-0.0072C340.0048910

-0.00 418 20-0.0003105

117llB

0.003 74690,0004860

-0.00 3 60 57-0.0015436

A119120

-0,0013868-0.0032228

-0.0018305•-'^.00 202 80• 121

122-0,0051281-0,0070735

-0.0021204-0.0021541

?

123125126127

0,00483270,0023405

-0".00122"l4-0,0050534

0.00011890.0000654

-0". boo 17 58"-0.OC02790

-----

Page 502: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Page 503: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

?

128130132133_134135

0.O0696540,00^5 5440.00369530.00065176,003 78•O.0C69O34

•0.000 30 5 4

.C.ong.461_A.

0.0008759_0_. 00i36590.00151350.0015383

161

1

t

137

140141

0.00A4325 0.00093770,00 3 4 38 5_ 0_.i3i)i73 690.0021910 6.00 2 35440.0011951 0.003 1349

f 142143

-0.0050048-0.0068905

0.00336300.0033759

LnAOING - FIVF X^l.OO

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - SUPPORTS

JOINT /- - nr^DI APFMPMT /I J 1 • J r L /* C L n t: N 1 /

X DISP. Y DISP. Z DISP.

1

2

0.00.0

-0.0274214-0.0271190

3

40.00.0

-0.0268762-0.0259201

56

0.00.0

-0.0252^45-0.02 34314

7

8

0.00.0

-0.02 2 2915-0.0215839

8095

0.C0770670.0072821

0.00.0

\

114129

0.0063«980.00 5 8441

0.00.0

136 0.0054397 0.0

RESULTANT JCINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JCINTS»

JOINT /--— ——— —

_ I^ I C 1") 1 A /" r M C M Tu 1 ^ t-' L A L f- '^ t N 1

X DISP. Y DISP. L DISP.

9

100.00114610.0009015

-0.0271725-0.0269625

1617

0.00223460.0012983

-0.02671B4-C. 0261153

18 0.0005569-0.000365A

-0.0254478-0.0236230

2021

-0.0006751-0.0010624

-0.0228694-0.02 2 3^79

8

22232425

-0.0014423-0.00209330.00328730.0026112

-C. 0217626-0.0213563-0.0 260 2 14'

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Page 614: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 615: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

4 5>3_. -0 .Q0a372a_.-0.0 00 50Aa.-o*aao_^i6i...

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Page 616: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 617: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 618: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 619: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

'-nyg^iftTir "inT "aatsm

1

219

APPEl^DIX 6

H-slit ,'CSTG' type .

Th6 following presents :

1- Plate division , dark numbers are element names , light num-

bers are node names , page 220 ,

2- Input data , pp 221 - 234 ,

3- output data, pp 235 - 247 .

Page 620: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 621: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

220

c

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Page 622: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

#

Page 623: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

._„^-^JJ

ftPPpNinTY e-»H-cl._TTi

Yv~D'r" p [_ A M f^ <^ T R'f^ ^ *=

I I M T T ^. M T I IT M r T c P c

jniMT rOOPHTMATrc,1

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on ^ .^^-^- -•^r^7n

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Page 624: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 625: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 626: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 627: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

"55 57.0 30.0 22'!)

81 75.0 0.0 S

82 75. C 5.0

83 75. C 10.0

.,

bt~ 5770 37.0

57"~60.0

58 6G.C 5.0

r59~~"6orc~

60~' 60.0 15 .0

61 60. C 25.0

~b2 ~60.0 60.0

63~""6r."o~

64 61. C 4C.C

"65""'6l75~

6^6""""6570" 30.0

67 65.

C

35.0

^ 1>'8~ ~65'.""o"" 50.0

"6"9" ~68.T"

70 69.0 33.0

---"69.~(D"'

~7'2~ ~7 0. C" 0.0 S

73 70 .0 5.0

74 ~70.T 10.0

~~7"5~ "7070"

76 70.0 25.0

Ti '~7C'.T

78''~7oTo" 100.0

79 73.0 30.0

8~0"'~737c' 37. C

84 75. C 20.0

85 75.0 25.0

86 75.0 35.0

87 75. C 50.0 L^ ^

Page 628: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 629: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

88 7'?.0 60.0;;;;*_

22k-

89""7B.O 30.0

90"~78. C

91 80.0 5.0

V g"2~"aorc

g^B 80. C 25.0

^4 85. C 0.0 S

"95 85 .0 10.0

91: 8570k

97 90.0 5.0

s"fi""9c7c

9"9"'^cTc AO.O

100 90. G 60 .0

l'cl~~90."'c 100.0

l'o"2 95. C

103 95.0 10.0

lb7» 9 5.0

• —

-

l'C5~ 100.0 5.0

106 105. C O.C S

r07~ 10 5.0 10.0\

^^fcTloi".^ t

1C9 1C5.C AO.O

llo 110.0

lU~ir5'. C" 0.0 s

112 115.0 10.0

ri3~Ti5rd 30 ."b

,

llA 12c. C 5.0

115 125.0 0.0 S

116 125. C 10.0

Tr7~l'257o 20.0

118 125.0 40.0

TiVl^'570 6'd7c

"r20'l'2 57c 8"0.0

Page 630: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 631: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

121 12'5.C ICO.O j^f'^.

r2Yl30.0 5.0

1 ? A 13 5.0 ro".o

r2Tl3 5 7o~To~.o

r2'6'l40.0 5.0

127 1A5.C 0.0 S

\2Q~~\^^^Q 10.0

iz^'T^b'^^ 20.0

130 l''i5.C AO.C

r3Tl'5070 0.0 S

r3'2"l"5c7c 5.0

133 150.0 10.0

1^4~150.~0 20.0

rsVlsC.T 30.^

136 150. C AO.C

l'37^l50.C 60.0

H 1~3TI50.~0 100.0

ELEMENT INCinENCES

\ 2 T ^

"Z 2 9" loI ^ •

3 10 9 lA

- ---------

5 14~

13 15

6 lA 15 16

7 T6~~r5~Tl

-^—-------^^

9 21 20 22

fo 2l~"22'"'23~

-----22'~'27

12 22 26 27

'V^ '

LA 27 28 29

Page 632: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

i

Page 633: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

15 29 ZS 37

T6"~2 8 3b~~3T

T7~"l7~"36~""3"8'

Ts 37 Fb 39~

T^~~39"T8"~'^T

"20 A 2 4 3~ " ITs

^'^6

21 43 42 48

~2"2" "43" "4^8"" 49

2 3 49 48 58

24 48 57 58

25 49 58 50

26 50 5g 59

27 50 59 60

28 5C 60 51

29 51 60 61

30 52 51 61

31 52 61 55

32 55 61 65

33 55 65 63

34 63 65 66

35 63 66 67

36 67 66 70

37 7C 66 69

38 70 69 T^

39 79 69 76

40 79 76 85

41 76 84 85

42 76 75 84

4 3 7 84

44 75 74 83

4 5 74 73 83

46 73 82 83

47 73 81 82 1 '

Page 634: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

r

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Page 635: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

4B 73 72 81 dc.(

W ~3 ~211

50"" ---

"lo"

51 U 10 14

•5~2~"

"li~ ~r^~'

5T''1^" "iT" 17

54 17 16 21

5~5~""T7"

----24

5'6~'"2!" 23

57 24 23 27

"5"8"'"24" 27

^^"""27" 29 30

60 30 29 3 7

---~30" 37 40

'bf"37"'T^7"

6 3 40 39 ^3

"6^ ~4d"'~4T"

» l)^ "43 " 4c 50

66 40 50 44

bT 44 To 51

6"8" 44 'Tf. £. ^

69 45 51 52

---45 ~'^2

---46 ~'b2 55

72 46 55 53

-- "53"""55" 56

74 56 5 5 63

75 56 63 64

76 64 63 67

80 80 70 86

__.64 ~61 'Ti

/

78 67 70 71

-- ~^1~ ~7C" 80^ !

Page 636: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

r

Page 637: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

81 70 79 86i'«rt.-><UWM,>^t<'i« «j.'

.22i8

82 86 ?S 89

83 79 85 89

£4 89 85 93

1C8 54 64 68

s's"~93~'~8 5"'

84

86 84 92 93

87 84 83 92

88 83 91 92

89 83 82 91

9C 82 81 91

91 81 94 91

92 3 11 4

93 4 11 18

94 18 11 17

95 18 17 24

96 18 24 31

97 24 30 31

98 31 30 40

99 31 40 44

100 31 44 45

101 31 45 41

102 41 45 46

103 41 4£ 47

104 47 46 53•

105 47 53 56

106 47 56 64

107 54 47 64

109 68 64 71

110 68 71 87

11

1

67 71 90

112 71 80 90

113 90 £C 86 ^- i

Page 638: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

(

Page 639: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

IL4 06 OS 90

115 '90 89 96

ri6~~ PS 93 96

117 9 6 9 3 9 8

_^______------

iCg 98 92 95

120 92 91 95

l"2~l 95 91 ^7

123 5 '^ 12

r2'4~~T2 4 18

------j;-g---2"5

126 25 la 31

.^-- 25~Tl 4T

129 6 12 19

1^30 19 12 25

132 32 2 5 41

1Y3 22 Al A 7

_^- ^- ^^ -^

135 32 54 33

136 33 54 62

137"54 68 62

138 62 6 3 88

_ --^ ^^ ^_^ ^^

14"0~~88 87 100

141 87 99 100

-__ ^- ^- ^^

-_^ -- ^- ^^

I — -'-

144 96 104 99

'

r4^5~"96~~98 104

r46~" 9a~ 95 103

Page 640: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

L

Page 641: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

147 95 97 10^ _._,, 230

"~lAH ^7 94 10?

150 7 19 33

152 7 33 34

153 34 33 62

r5'434~ 62 1^

l'55 7 7 ^6 2 ^B

« 156 77 88 100

15 floo 9 9~ I'd 9

r5'a~~99~rd4 109

159 1C4 98 ICa

l'60~"S8~fc"3~ id's

161 103 107 108

162 1C3 97 105

163 1C3 1C5 107

1

164 97 102 105

165 105 102 106

166 105 UC 107

"

167 105 106 110/

168 77 100 101

170 100 119 120

171 100 109 119

172 1C9 118 119

173 109 104 113

174 1C9 113 118

17 5 118 113 125

--^-l04 'loa" 113 1

177 ica 117 113

---Tl3''iiT 125

179 125 117 129

Page 642: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 643: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

100 lOH 107 112 231

T8Ti.oo'~rr2 11^

"l8Yll2"'ir^ 117

1B3 117 116 12A

"foT' 1 T 7~r?"^" "l"? 9

TaT 1 2 4~ IJe"1 2 9

186 107 110 112

TeTl^Tc'uT 112

T8'8~"U2~rr4 116

189 116 114 122

~r90"~U6~r22 1^2 4

~r9"r"i"2 4~r2"2 126

192 124 126 128

l'93'l2 8T2"6 1^2

~l'94~l06~lll 110

195 110 111 114

T9"6~ir4'Tll 115

1.97114 115 122

198 115 125 122

T9V122 123 126

'~200~l26 r23 127

201 126 127 132

""2"02~r2 7"T3"l l"3 2

"203" 7 34 8

204 8 34 35

"205" 35 34 7 7

"ToV~3 5 77 78

207 78 77 101

"Tc'8"Toi~r26" 121

'~2"d'9'~l2l~r20 138^

210 120 137 138

"TlT ~1^0~Tl9~13 7

"Tl2 ~U9 130 137 'i- '^

'

Page 644: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

r

Page 645: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

?A^ 11^ 118 130

YlV 130136 137

232

215 ~\W 12^'"iTo

216 130 125 135__ __

>"^'i'^" l3C"Ti"^

w _218 Y?5'T2'9' 135

219 135 129 134

2To~"I29'~r3"3" 134

'I29'~ 12^87

222 128 132 13 3

"element properties

1 TO 222 TYPE 'CSTG' THICKNESS 5.0

CONSTANTS

E 21100. ALL

PGISSQN .3 ALL

JOINT RELEASES

1 TC 8 FCRCE Y

-^----------^--------------^^^^ ^3j^ FORCE X

LOADING 'ONE' •R=0.33»

JOINT LCACS

1 FCRCE Y -125.0 p ^0 Shi (<:/

' /A^. v^

9 FCRCE Y -250.0 tfi

____ll"rCRCE Y -250.0

____15~FGRc'e~ Y -250.0

20 FCRCE Y -125.0

LOADING »TWO» 'R^O.SC*

JOINT LCADS

1 FORCE Y -125.0

9 FORCE Y -250.0

13 FCRCE Y -250.0

15 FCRCE Y -250.

20 FORCE Y -250.07,

9P PPRTF Y -7^0.0 l>-^

Page 646: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

c

Page 647: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

26 FCRCr Y -12 '3.0 d:):)

loadIng"' THREE' •R=0.66'

JCIM LC/^CS

1 FCRCE Y -125.0

(f "fcrce'T -250.0

iT f'crce Y -2 50.0

15 FORCE Y -250.0

2"0~ "fcrce" Y -250 .0

22" FCRCE Y

26 FORCE Y -250.0

fe" "f'c'rce' Y

36" "f'crce" Y -125.0

LCACING ' FOUR' 'R=0.83»

j Ol N T "l c'a'd's

1 FORCf Y -125.0

9 FCRCE Y -250.0

lY'pORCf Y -250.

C

lY"force Y -250.0

20 FCRCF Y -250.0

22 FORCE Y -250.0

26 ""fcrce Y -250.01 .

^

28 FCRCE Y -250.0

~3i'forcTe" Y -250.0

38 FORCE Y -250.0

42 FCRCE Y -125.0

loaoIng 'FIVE* •R=l.O*

JOINT LGACS

1 FCRCE Y -125.0

9 FORCE Y -250.

C

13 FCRCE Y -250.0

15 FORCE Y -250.0

20 FCRCE Y -250.0

22 FORCE Y -250.

C

l->

Page 648: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 649: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

2 6 FCRCF Y -250 .0. -..v 234

28 FORCE Y -250.0

36 FORCE Y -250.0•

^3 8 FCPCE Y -250.0

• 42 FORCE Y -250.

48 FCRCE Y -250.0

57 FCRCE Y -125.0

STIFFNESS ANALYSIS

LIST DISPLACEMENTS STRESSES ALL

I

*

'

-

1

-

-

'

-

-

*

"

-

-

-

-

-

Page 650: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 651: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

235

LOADING - {JfME R=0.33

•RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - SUPPORTS

J CI NT / —OTCDIAPCMPMT // — U 1 br L AU t i'^C 1\ ! /

X DI SP. Y DI SP. Z CISP.

1

2

0.0 .

0.0-0.0603966-0.05 94 46 8

3

4o.c0.0

-0.057641C-0 .0548952

5

60.00.0

-0.0516929-0.C4S5426

7

8

0.00.0

-0.0469618-C.C436242

72fil

0. 00 94 R 460.0101828

.0

0.0941C2

.01113030.0115812

0.00.0

1C6111

0.01170690.0116545

0.00.0

115123

0.01154490.0 113149

0.00.0

^

127131

0.01099090.0107025

0.00.0

1

RESULTANT JOINT DISPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

JCINT / DTCDIArPMPMT _ _ /t UljrLAoti^tlvl _z

<

y DI SP. Y DISP. Z CISP.

9 0.0023112 -0.059962910

11C.C016332.0009699

-0.0567361-0.0572288

1213

-0.00008380.0044323

-0.0513172-0.0582331

1415

.00314060.0063772

-0.0572006-0.0559198

1617

0.00446640.0026746

-0.0546722-0.0532781

1€19

0.0006865-0.0005046

-0.05C9567-0.04689CP

2021

0.000.00

8116454060

0.05C.C5

1299 3

C83932223

0.00898550.0066415

-0.0464355-0.0466015

\

2425

0.00414970.0003240

-0.0465S03'-0. 0450660

2627

0.00961740.0075242

-0.0431111-0.0431986

262c

0.01006690.008207^

-0.0400898-0.0402264

3C31

0.000,00

6042031658

0. 04•0,04

C3277C 4 7 3 R

Page 652: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 653: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

3233

-0.00021 84 -0.0401 168-0.0027739 "'""~' -C.C39C707 236

3435

-0.0055505-0. 0099883

-0 .0 381519-0.0367230

3637

0.010 33 39

0.00868 80-0.03753«;7-0.0 3 7569 6

3{:

390.0104803.0089846

-C.C351463-0.0351999

•4041

0.00718750.0024572

-0.0352C2C-0.0354174

4243

0.01050160.0091414

-C.033C911-0 .0330806

4445

0.00620010.00 3996 3

-0.0328712-0.0328676

4647

0.00325610.0006737

-0.0317370-C.C315697

484c

.01045910.0091840

-0.0311325-0.0311276

5051

0.00749490.0054567

-0.0310435-0.0306526

5253

0.00449150.0025357

-0.0303998-0.0300203

54 -0.00151530.0039542

-0.0297884-0.0290964

5657

0.00176920.0104216

-0.0286136-0 .0294274

5659

0.00917200.CO75719

-0.0294332-0.0295C53

6C6 1

0.0063717C.0048258

-0.0294807-C. 0282849

6263

-0 .00356600.0033037

-0.027C376-0.0262223

k_

64'

650.00104370.0048932

-0.0258942• -0.0263705

r 6667

0.00525760.0027956

-0.0222105-0.0224143

686S

-0.0012269.0.0065509

-0.0235052-0.0L69915

7071

.00408410.0016543

-0.C179832-0.0195592

7374

0.00945730.0091Q41

-C. 0022953-0.0046428

,-'

7576

0.00893950.0078533

-0.0071055-0.0131868

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Page 654: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
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Page 656: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 657: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 660: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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0.00.0

RESULT /iNT JCFNT 01 SPLACEMENTS - FREE JOINTS

JCINT /- ntCDI ATPMPMT -fIJ 1 brL AC tn riN 1

X DI SP. Y DISP. Z DI SP.

9 0.0031175 -0. 13 585351011

0.00264340.0021837

-0. 1346599-0. 1336191

1213

C.00C92340.0060821

•0. 1283832•0.1346282

1415

0.0C519720.0C88908

-0. 1337583-0. 133C135

1617

0.00760430.0061927

-0.1319761-0.1306701

1819

.00423710.0013188

-0. 1281 IC2-0.1228356

2021

C.0114071.0098359

-0.13C5931-0.1296018

2123

0.01362360.0117681

-0.1279249-0. Vlkll'b^

24 0.0097680 -0.12 5217425 0. 0C44985 -0.12037742627

0.010.01

5459634323

0. 12

:Q^L2.

48085

2829

0.0169824'O .0147843

-0.1215C59-0. 12C2646

3C31

0.01249180.0096667

-0.1186211-0. 1155466

3233

0.0026604-0.0052449

-0.1109441-0.1071942

3435

-0 .013 179 5

-0.024O740-0. 1047851-0. 1009749

3t37

0.0179192.0157872

-C. 1178100-0. 1 164249

3839

0.01826540.C162CC9

-0.1142333-0. 1 127592

4041

0.01432790.0088652

-0. 1105272-0. 1039273

4243

0.01300620.0161714

-0. 1111283-0. 1095176

4445

0.01.01

3618717672

C. 100. 10

4 3 918C 3 6 C 5

4647

0.01048050.0036489

-0.0958327-0.0924369

4849

0.01737710.01 56972

-0.1082509-0.1065831

k ' 5051

0.01385140?LQ.l_3j4-5i'I

-C. 1039626-0.0977237

52

335455

0.01.00

•0.000.01

267308.44 3?2160821596

•0.09_0_.09

O.OBO.OH

46515C13_0,5_

595 7590946

Page 672: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 673: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

S6

3J.58

336C

0.00617B5-0t_0J_66 00 7,

.01''-.9Q''«9

.0._0JJ.2 7.2 7

0.0126A5qo.orn335

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6 2

63-0.00806430.0101211

-0.0776229-C. C794264

6465

0.00404990.0145055

-0 .0 7694 8 2

-0.08 10 37 2

1 666 7

0.01599380.0086868

-C.066924C-0.0671262

6869

-0.00200580.0202447

-0. C686204-0.0506123

7C71

0.01262260.00 565 3 3

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'

737A

0.02903100.0282540

-0.0067860-0.0137320

7576

0.02750620.0242565

-0.021C296-0.0391339

7778

-0.0224526-0.0391175

-0.0632498-0.0613659

7980

0.C1934550.0102026

-0.0402696-C.C476814

8283

0.03080200.0303854

-0 .0061926-0.0124672

8485

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-0.0 2 5428 1

-0.0314141- 86

87.0135962

0.0002818-0.0415140-0.0503886

8889

-0.00696130.0203347

-0.0533895-0.0323613

9C91

0.00918880.0325887

-0.0402440-C. 0053650

i

9293

0.03085390.025679C

-0 .0161696-0.0253263

9596

0.0 3 3099 8

0.0219987-0.CC9CC19-0.0241940

9798

.0.0345051.0297736

-C. CC37450-0.0137948

99100

0.0131827-0.0044 806

-0.0253163-0.0335885 .

IClIC3

-0.04111640.0340218

-0.0377666-0.00593C5

1041C5

.02322320.0351659

-0.0161448-0.0023586

1071C8

0.03407630.0304966

-0.0034923-0.0069171

1C9110

0.01615980.0352248

-0.013627C-0.0012276

112113

0.03435000.024A986

-0.0016724-0.CO50056

114116

0.03500200.03371 86

-0.0CC44400.0000542

117IIP119

J-^0.121122

0.03C2940._0!lPJ_6_53 5 9

-0.0010342--0 •_0_2_0_OJ2.-0.03982780.0345272

C. C0CC990r0j.00 01_0_7_7_

-C.00C5610r^j.0CLlLC_3_-0.0021399C. CCC5072

124

126

129130

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0.0337622-0«_Q_3_2J_93 8.

0.02885570.0164788

0.00183580_.gO'iOL79_9_

0.00135P5Oj.00 37_8_7_0_

0.0071224.0126565

V^G"

Page 674: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 675: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

13 3 0.0316313 0. C C ^i^ C.U_2A7 1

134135

.02B17880.0228085

0.00913060.C128C71

136137

.0160971-0.0012760

0.01622240.0192885

13B -0. 39 100

3

C.02C8643

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Page 676: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 677: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

248

APPEivDIX 7A

Lehigh speciLnen,no cut ,'CSTG type .

The following presents :

1- Plate division , numbers are node names , page 249

2- Input data, pp 250 - 26? .

3- Output data, pp 268 - 271 .

I

Page 678: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 679: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

249

Page 680: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 681: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 682: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 683: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

2 7 1.25 ''^ . 5 C

26 1.25 5.5C

31 1.25 6.50

32 1.25 7. 50

>

•a Q 1.25 £.50

3A 1 .25 9.50

^3 1. 5C C.5C

36 1.8C 5.00

36 i.ec 6.00

2 S i.ec 7.00

AO 1.80 8.00

^1 1.6C 9.00

42 1.8C 10.00

44 2.CC 0.10

45 2.CC l.CC

46 2.CC 2. CO

47 2.5C C.50

46 2.5C 4.50

4S 2.5C 5.50

5C 2.5C 7.00

51 2.5C^ S.CO

52 3.00 0.10

5 3 3.CC 1.00

54 3. 20 5.00

3.2C 6.00

56 3.2C 7.CC

57 3.20 8.00

56 3.2C c,cO

59 2.20 10.00

77 3.50 0.50

67 2.75 2.5C

6e 2.75 ^.5C

69 3.75 5.50

Page 684: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 685: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

12 3.75 6. SO 25:

3.7 5 7.5C

7A 3.75 a. 50

75 3.75 <5.5C

7 8 A . C C C . 1^

7 9 4. CO 1.00

eC ^.CC 2.CC

81 ^^.30 5.CC

83 ^.3C 6.CCt

8A A.3C 7.CC

£5 ^.3C 8. CO

£6 ^.3C S.CC

87 4.30 10.00

86 4.5C C.50

89 5. CO C. IC

90 5.0c 1.00

91 5.CC A. 5C

92 5.0c 5.5C

<^3 5.CC 7.00

9^ 5.CC 9.CC

95 5.5^ 0.50

S6 5.7C 5.00

98 5.70 6.CC

99 5.7C 7.00

ICO 5.1c £.CC

101 5.7C 9.CC

1C2 5.7C IC.CC

1C3 6.CC C.IC

lOA 6.CC 0.50

1C5 6.CC 1.00

1C6 6.0C 2. CO

115 6.25 3.50

116 6.25 4.5C

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Page 686: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 687: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

117 6.25 5.5C

12C 6.25-^^.

6. 50

12 1 6.25

122 6.25 8.50

122 6.25

llA 6.26 C. 10

12^ 6.354 0.35

125 6.5C l.CC

276 6.6C 0.56

126 6. f C 5.00

12C 6.K 6.CC

131 6.8C 7.00

132 6.8C 8.00

133 6. EC 9.00

134 6.80 10.00

127 6.875 C.625

135 7.CC 1.50

136 7.2C C.535

138 7. 40 1.00

137 7.425 C.30

139 7.':C<

c.cc s

140 7.50 4.50

1^1 7.5C 5.50

142 7.50 7. CO

143 7. 50 9.00

n4 g.CC C.CC S

145 a.cc 0.50

146 e.cc 2.00

147 6.2C 5.CC

149 8.2C 6.00

15C £.2C 7. CO

151 8.20 £.0 ^C

152 8.20 9.00

Page 688: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 689: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

c -a f.2C IC.CC 254

161 8.50 C.CC s

162 6.75 1.25

^16? 6.75 3.5C

• 16A 8.75 4.50

165 6.75 5.50

168 8.75 6.5C

16? e.75 7.50

lie 6.7 5 6.5C

171 6.75 9.50

112 <:.3C C.7C

174 9.2C 5.CC

176 9. 30 6.00

177 9.3C 7.00

178 9.3C 6.00

179 9.30 9.00

16C 9.3C IC.CC

181 10.00 C.CO S

162 IC.CC 1.25

183 IC.CC 2.5C

I8A 10. c< 4,50

ie5 IC.CC 5. 50

186 10.00 7 . C C

167 IC.OC 9.00

166 1C.7C 5.CC

190 10. 7C 6. CO

i<;i 1 C . 7 C 7. CO

192 K.7C 6.CC

193 10.70 9.00

194 iC.lC IC.OO

202 11.25 1.25

203 11.25 3.50•

'i

204 11.25 4.5C

Page 690: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 691: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

205 11.25 " ".5C •255

?ce 11.25 6.50 • /

2C9 11.25 7.5

210 11.25 8.50

1 211 11.25 c. 50

213 11. 8C 5. 00

215 11. FC 6. CO

2\e 11. fC 7.CC

217 11. 8C a. 00 •

2ie 11.

K

<3.0C

219 11. 8C 10.00

23 12.50 c.cc s

271 12. 5C C.7C

231 12. 5C 1.25

232 12. 5C 1.80

233 12. 5C 2. 50

23A 12.50 4.50

235 12. 5C 5. 50

236 12. 5C 7.00

237 12.50 9.00

23S 1 3 . C C C.7C

244 13.00 1.80

245 13. 2C c r r

246 13.20 6.00

247 13. 2C 8.00

248 13. 2C IC.CC

249 13.50 1.25

251 13. ec 3.50

252 13.80 4.50

253 14.00 0.00 s '

254 l^.CC C.7C

255 14.00 1.80 ^^;,

2 5 6 1 4 . C C 2.50

Page 692: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

m

Page 693: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

257 M.5C 1.2

25<5 1^3. CC 0.00 S

236

2eC l^.CC C.7C

263 15. CC l.OC

26A 15. CC 3.CC

265 15. CC ^.5C

266 15. CC 5.00

267 15. CC 7.CC

268 15. OC S.CC

26^ 15. CC 10.00

$ BEFORE SAVhCLT

ELEMENT INCICENCES

17

9 18

17 18

17 -i;^ A3

18 17 A3

18 A3 45

e A3 AA

AA A 7

IC A5 AA A7

11 ^5 4 7 5 3

12 A7 52 53

13 52 78 77

1^ 53 52 77

15 5 3 7 7 7^;

16 77 78 79

17 78 es 88

le IS 7 8 8 8

19 79 88 90

2C 68 eS 90

21 95 89 IC

Page 694: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 695: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

22 SC 8^ 9525Y

23 cC ^5 105

^ S5 1C4 1C5

25 95 1C3 104

r It ~K3 114 124

27 1C4 1C3 124

28 105 IC4 125

29 1C4 124 125

3C 125 124 276

31 125 276 127

32 125 127 135

23 135 127 136

34 127 126 136

•a c 136 137 138

36 i2e<

127 145

37 137 139 145

38 139 144 145

3 2 16

40 3 16 46

41 18 45 46

i-1 ^6 45 53

43 46 C -3 8C

44 53 79 80

^5 8C 79 90

46 8C 90 1 C 6

47 90 105 106

46 1C6 1C5 125

49 1C6 125 135

5C 135 138 146

51 138 145 146 ^

52 146 145 162

53 145 161 162"/

'

4 145 144 161

Page 696: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 697: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

5b 162 16 1 173- • 2RP

56 173 161 1816- DO

57 162 173 162

58 173 161 182

1t c 162 161 2C2

6C 2C2 181 23 C

61 202 23C 271

62 271 22C 239

62 229 22C 253

6A 239 253 254

65 25^ 2 53 2 6C

ti 252 259 26C

67 202 271 221

66 231 271 239

69 221 229 249

71 249 254 257

72 254 260 257

72 257 26C 263

7^ 249 239 254

82 244 24 9 255

8 3 255 249 257

8A 255 257 263

6 6 222 221 244

67 244 221 249

88 202 221 232 -

8S 2C2 232 233

SC 222 222 244

91 222 244 25 6

92 244 255 256

9 2 256 255 262

94 256 262 264

95 3 26

96 46 26 'I I

Page 698: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 699: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

9 7 ?6 ^^6 6 7

98 ^6 eO 67-259-

99 ei £C 115

100 80 \Ce 115

ICl 1C6 135 115

10 ; 1 1 * 125 1^6

103 115 1^6 l^C

lOA 140 146 16;^

1C5 163 146 183

106 146 162 163

107 162 182 183

1C6 1€2 162 2C2

109 183 2C2 2C3

110 163 183 184

111 164 163 2C3

112 203 20 ^ ^ ::

-3 -3

113 20 •3 tj 2 34

1 14 224 223 251

115 223 256 251

116 251 256 264

117 251 264 265

118 6 27

119 27 26 48

12C 46 67

121 48 67 68

122 68 67 91

123 ci 67 115

124 91 115 116

125 116 115 140

126 140 163 164

127 164 163 164

128 164 203 204^^

129 2C4 2C3 234

Page 700: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 701: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

nC 22 /h 251 2^.2

131 252 251 265

260

132 IC

1 "3

2 IC 12

13^ 27 IC

•3 C 12 IC 28

126 IC 27 28

137 28 27 36

138 28 36 38

13S 2 7 48 36

1^0 38 36 49

141 36 48 49

142 4C 48 54

143 49 54 c c

144 '4 8 68 54

1^5 c c 54 6c

146 54 68 69

147 6c 68 81

148 69 81 83

149 8 3 81 92

15C 81 68 91

151 El SI S2

152 92 91 96

153 C2 <;6 98

154 C6 '^A 116

155 98 96 117

156 96 116 117

15 7 117 116 12 8

158 117 126 13C

159 13 C 12 8 141

16C 128 l^C 141

161 128 116 14C11

162 141 14C 14 7

Page 702: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 703: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

16 2 ]4 1 14 7 14c261

164 149 147 165

165 14 7 164 165

166 165 16 4 174

»"" 167 165 174 176

168 176 174 185

169 174 16^ 165

170 165 164 188

171 185 188 190

172 19C 186 2C5

173 188 204 205

174 147 140 164

175 174 164 164

176 188 184 204

177 205c"

204 213

17£ 2 13 2C^ 234

179 212 224 225

i 18C 2C5 213 215

lai 215 213 235

162 225 224 245

183 245 234 252

16^ 245 252 266

165 225 245 246

166 246 245 266

167 246 266 267

169 6 c 12

190 6 12 13

191 13 12 31

192 13 21 22

193 6 13 14(

194 14 13 32

195 7 6 14 %''

196 14 32 33

Page 704: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 705: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

ISl 7 i'i IT)

1 S B 15 1 ^* -3

262

199 15 33 34

2CC e 7 16

YcT 7 15 16

202 16 15 34

2C 16 34 42

205 34 4 1 42

206 34 33 41

2C7 33 40 41

208 3 n 32 40

209 32 39 40

21C 22 31 39

211 31 38 39

213 3 8 49 50

21^ 50 i c c c

216 39 38 50

217 50 55 56

216 4C 3c 50

219 40 50 57

22C 50 56 57 *

221 M <C 51

2 2 2 51 40 57

223 51 57 58

22^ 42 41 51

225 42 51 59

226 51 58 59

227 59 75 87

22C f9 56 75

229 58 74 75 /

23C 58 57 74

231 57 73 74'

-'

*% "^ <-^

57 56 73

Page 706: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 707: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

?33 56 7 2 7 3

22^ 56 55 72

226 75 66 87

237 75 7^ 86

i63

1 238 74 85 86

229 7 4 7 2 65

240 73 84 85

2^1 7 3 72 84

242 7 2 82 84^

242 87 94 1C2

244 87 86 94

24 5 86 85 94

246 94 85 ICO

247 94 ICl 102

248 94 ICO 101

249 £5 93 100

25C 65 84 92

251 84 83 93

252 83 9 2 93

252 c -x 92 98

254 93 98 99f

255 9 3 99 ICC

256 1C2 122 134

257 1C2 ICl 123

258 ICl \22 123

259 ICl ICC 122

26C 100 121 122

261 ICC 99 121

262 99 12C 121

263 99 98 12C

265 123 123 134

266 122 122 122

267 122 132 133

Page 708: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 709: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

t g ]2 2 12 1 13 2

269 121 131 132

270 121 120 131

271 12C 13C 131

»272 13A 14 3 153

273 134 133 143

274 122 132 143

275 143 132 151

27(S 143 152 153

27 7 143 151 152

278 132 1^2 151

279 132 131 142

28C 142 15C 151

281 131 13C 142

282 130(

141 142

285 142 141 149

286 142 149 15C

287 153 171 180

288 153 152 171

289 152 17C 171

290 152 151<

170»

291 151 16^ 17C

292 151 150 169

293 150 168 169

29^ 15C 1^9 168

296 171 179 18C

297 171 17C 179

298 17C 178 179

299 170 169 178

3CC 169 177 178

301 169 \i^ 111

30 2 168 176 177

3C3 18C 187 194

Page 710: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 711: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

3C4 ICC 179 16726b

305 179 176 167

3Ce 167 178 192

3C7 167 192 193

1 3C8 167 193 194

3C9 176 177 186

31C 178 166 192

311 186 191 192

312 177 176 186

313 176 165 186

314 186 185 190

315 166 19C 191

318 194 211 219

319 194 193 211

32C 1,9 3 21C 211

321 193 192 21C

322 192 2C9 210

323 192 191 209

324 19 1 2C6 2C9

325 191 19C 208

227 211 216 219

32 6 211 21C 216

329 210 217 216

33C 21C 2C9 217

33 1 2C9 2 16 217

332 2C9 2ca 216

33 3 2C8 215 216

33^ 219 216 23 7

335 218 217 237

336 237 217 247

337 2 17 236 247

338 217 2 H 2261 ',> '

33 9 216 215 2 36 \f

Page 712: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 713: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

3^C 2 15 235 236•2G6

3A2 236 235 246

343 2L9 237 248

-XLI^ 248 237 268

1 345 248 26£ 269

346 237 247 268

3^-/ 2-^7 267 268

348 247 236 267

349 236 246 267

351 12 28 31

359 31 26 38

363 55 69 72/

3 7 2 7 2 6S 63

375 9e 117 12C

3£2 12C 117 13C

366 14^ 165 168

394 168 165 176•

3«;8 ISC 2C5 2C8

4C£ 2C8 2C5 215

410 252 265 266

ELEFPNT PHCPERIIE:>»

#

1 TO 69 71 TO 74 ^2 TO 84 66 TC 187 18S TC 2C3 2C5 TC 211 213 214._ZI^_lL_Z3.^_23^_ia_2_d3_^2i>3_TQ_2.8_2_.2£3_La_2_'L4_29 6_ia_3JJ_Jl£_LC_3J-5.327 TO 34C 342 TC 349 351 359 363 372 375 382 386 394 398 408 410

.jr^f£_lCSJ:t'_J_l:J£!itiLSiJL.Xi:

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Page 714: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 715: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

.L7.__^A_^Z TLJiS^^fLiiLLJL^AD 0.^^(1 l^J

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Page 716: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 717: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

LOADING - CNE UMFCPN

RESULTANT JCINT C ISPL ACEM ENTS - SUPPORTS

JCIM / DISPLACEMENT

X nisp. Y cfsF. Z CISP.

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136 IC

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Page 755: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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156 96 116 117

157 117 116 128

158 117 128 129

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16C 128 140 141

161 128 116 140

162 IM lAC 147

163 141 147 148

16^ 148 147 165

165 147 164 165

166 165 164 174

167 165 174(

175

168 175 174 185

169 174 184 185

170 185 184 188

171 185 188 189

172 189 188 2C5

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174 147 14C 164

175 174 164 184

176 188 184 204

177 2C5 2C4 213

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178 213 204 234

179 213 234 235 a '

Page 756: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 757: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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181 214 213 235

182 235 234 245

288

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184 245 252 266

185 235 245 246

186 246 245 266

187 246 266 267

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199 15 23 24

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203 16 24 25

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205 34 41 42

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208 3 3 32 4C

209 32 39 401

21C 32 31 39

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Page 758: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 759: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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228 59 58 65

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237 75 74 86

238 74 85 86

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Page 760: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 761: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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247 ^A ICl 102

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253 93 92 98

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257 IC2 ICl 112

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262 99 1C9 110

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264 277 123 134

265 123 133 134

266 123 122 133»

267 122 122 123

268 122 121 132

269 121 121 132

270 121 120 131

271 12C 13C 131

272 124 142 153

273 134 122 142

274 133 132 143

275 142 13 2 151

276 143 152 153

277 143 151 152

276 132 142 151 r-i

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Page 762: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 763: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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286 142 149 150

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29C 152 151 158

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29 2 151 15C 157

293 15C6

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301 169 168 177

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304 180 179 187

305 17^ 178 187

306 187 178 192

307 187 192 193

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310 178 186 192

311 186 ISl 192

Page 764: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 765: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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313 116 165 186

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315 186 1^0 191

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318 194 200 201

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323 192 191 198

324 191 197 198

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Page 766: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 767: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 768: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 769: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

378 107 117 118 294

379 107 97 117

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381 12C 119 126

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385 126 129 130

386 1^9 154 156

387 149 148 154

388 154 148 165

389 154 155 156

390 154 166 155

391 154 165 166

392 167 166 274

393 168 167 274

394 168 274 176

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399 195 196 197

400 195 206 196

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4C2 195 169 2C5

403 195 205 206

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Page 770: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 771: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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411 i3 82 92

412 92 97 98-295-

ELENEN7 PRCPERTIES

I TO 412 TYPE 'CSTG' THICKNESS l.CC

cc^ST/i^TS

E 211CC.C ALL

PCISSCN C.30 ALL

JOINT RELEASES

1 TO 8 FORCE Y

139 144 161 181 230 253 259 FORCE X

$ FORCE APPLIED = ICCOO KG/CM , SIGMAO = 10000 KG/Cf**2

LCACING 'CNE* 'UNIFORM*

JOINT LCACS

1 FORCE Y -50.

C

17 44 52 78 89 FORCE Y -100.0

IC3 FCRCE Y -63.

C

114 FCRCE Y -13.

C

STIFFNESS ANALYSIS

LIST CISPLACEMENTS STRESSES ALL

Page 772: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 773: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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LOAC ING - CNF LMFCRN

RESIJLT/^NT JOIM C I SPL /^C EMENTS - SUPPORTS

JCINT / DI SPLACEMENT

X DISP. Y DISP. 2 CISP.

1 0.0 -0.20193192 c^j:; tSl.jzqi23ij^3 0.0 -0.2C1C719A ^0_a3 -D^I9_3„0_9 8A5 C.C -C.1884C45Jb (I*i3 -D^lflCeXL1 C.G -0.1842340.B {L._G rj:. ie426C_L13S 0.0A90257 0.0lAk C^(L41,C5S1 Q^Ql.

161 0.0A51241 C.Clei ^0_.J13J333] o^a.23C C. 0301626 C.C2 53 O.Q2i?2622 Q_^Q_25C 0.026625E 0.0

RESULTANT JCINT C IS PL ACEMENTS - FREE JCINTS

JOINT / DI SPLACEMENT— ^

X DISP. Y CISP. 2 CISP.

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Page 774: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 778: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 779: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 780: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 781: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 782: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 783: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

301

APPEEDIX 8

H-slit alujiiinura ,'OSIG' type .

The following presents :

1- Plate division , numbers are element names and node names ,

pages302, 303 .

2- Input data, pp 304 - 321 .

3- Output data, pp 322 - 325 .

r^ 1

Page 784: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 785: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 797: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 828: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 829: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

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Page 830: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
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Page 832: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem
Page 833: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

Thesis . . 107S82N476 Nguyen-Tien-Ich

A study on shrinkage

distortion of butt

weld.

-iCi Jbrt •. . D I SPL A T

I I AUO ! 1 c ' »•

I4CCT69 S10069

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^ study

on ofT:;--9e

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Page 834: Estudo sobre distorção em soldagem

thesN476

A Study on shrinkage distortion of butt

m

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