Essential Questions What factors can spark a political revolution? What makes political revolution a...
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Transcript of Essential Questions What factors can spark a political revolution? What makes political revolution a...
Essential Questions
What factors can spark a political revolution?
What makes political revolution a success or failure?
Kingdoms Rise
• Kings had limited power during Dark and Middle Ages (where the Church reigned supreme, the Church)
• Renaissance and then Reformation blew the doors off of the Church dominating the social sphere of societies
• Reformation really opening the door for discussion on religion and the church and the role it will play in society.
• Took power away from Roman Catholic Church• Also led to wars and the break down of power and authority
within European societies.• Power failure during Reformation leads to a power shift from
the Church to the hands of Monarchs (cap. M)• During the absolute monarchies, the king will reign supreme
and control all aspects of life within the society
• All rules and taxes will be enforced by the king’s men and will go to the king directly (Any one see a potential problem with this????)
• More money circulating society at this time means a growing middle class
• Middle class supports the King because he will protect their property and trade ($$$$)
• Introduction of gunpowder made it so the king had a powerful weapon to take down other kingdoms and feudal lords
• 17th century a period of fighting and war in Europe• This means that governments need armies• This means raising taxes • This results in protests against those taxes• This means Monarchs have to impose their will & control
society
Divine RightHeaven on Earth?
The king ruled as “God’s Earthly representative”
This gave the king ultimate rule and control of the people
Obedience to the king was equal to obedience to God
King answered to God and not his people (problem with this?)
The king could do no wrong
God created the monarchy in represent him on earth
This was a theory, an idea created and perpetuated by those in control (kings) to justify unlimited power over the people
How does Enlightenment play out during this time?
French philosophes were busy thinking about government and people’s rights.
Voltaire thinking about free speech
Montesquieu thinking about branches of government
Rousseu thinking about the general will
BUT…Regardless of what they thought about people’s rights, they lived under a government where they had no rights.
Some people were fine with this
We need a RULER who is as STRONG AS A SEA MONSTER to keep order.
Otherwise people would be at war with each other all the time.
Life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”
Are there benefits to this kind of government?
Thomas Hobbes, political philospher
Others strongly disagreedPeople have natural rights. The government must protect those rights. The government has a social contract with its PEOPLE.
If the government doesn’t protect our rights, we can have a revolution!!!
What do you think about his willingness for revolution?
John Locke, political philosopher
War Over Religion Wages on in Europe as Absolute Power Controls Absolutely…
for nowA look at France and Russia
Absolutism in FranceThe Kings Reign Supreme
• Wars continue between Catholics and Huguenots (French Protestants)
• Edict of Nantes: Declaration of religious tolerance in allowing Huguenots to establish places of worship (Henri de Navarre)
• Louie XIII and Cardinal Richelieu- Louie XIII a weak leader
Cardinal Richelieu
– De facto ruler of France– Wanted to gain political
power– Gained world power for
France and King Louie XIII
– Destroyed nobles’ fortified castles weakened power
– Transferred government functions from the nobles to the middle class, King no longer needed noble officials
King Louie XIV ~ The Sun King• Mazarin:
– Increase taxes for nobles– Strengthens central government– Nobles lead riots against him and King
Louie – Government violently suppressed riots
King Louie XIV finally ready to take control at 23 years old
– increased power and control of intendants (royal agents) responsible for collecting tax and keeping people in line
– Proclaimed that he ruled by divine right
The lavish life of King Louie XIV• Developed the fine foods
and architecture that we see in France today
• Sun King- ruler of the land• Palace of Versailles• People would fall over
themselves to await his favor or greeting
• Hall of Mirrors• God-like stature• Everything was
extravagant• (Hall of Mirrors)
2,000 rooms, 36,000 laborers2 billion+6,000 horses15,000 acres or gardenfine foodspeople to dress him
Absolute Power Corrupts Absolutely
• Power hungry • Greed through expansion • Building the empire too quickly
• Failed wars
Absolutism in Russia• Ivan the Terrible seizes
power from boyars (nobility) & calls himself Czar (caesar)
• Boyars fought to control Ivan
• Built up Russian power – his “good period”
Wife dies and Ivan blames the boyars…which leads to
• The “bad period”• Uses his own police
force to eliminate boyars
• Seizes their land• Tyrannical (son)
Peter the GreatThe Reformer
• Inherits a Russia that is very backwards
• Serfdom (form of slavery) still in effect
• Religion keeps Russia separate from Western Europe (Eastern Orthodox)
• Determined to modernize Russia
• Brings church under his control
• Undermines power of nobility by recruiting from lower ranks creating immediate loyalty
• Modernizes army w/ European tactics- creates strong loyalty to him
• Crushed revolt of nobles• Appointed royal loyalist to
govern not local officials• Introduces potatoes (staple of
diet)• Makes nobles adopt western
style dress• Promotes education• Builds St. Petersburg
King Henry the VIII- England
• First set out to defame Luther and protect Catholic Church
• wanted a male heir to the thrown
• Applied to divorce his wife b/c he wanted that heir
• Church said, no.• King Henry said, fine, you’re
outta here• Replaced the Catholic Church
with the Anglican one which was of course ruled by King Henry himself
Catherine of Aragon Divorced
• born in Spain
•Daughter of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
•Aunt of Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
•Originally married to Henry’s brother Arthur at the age of 16
• Henry escorted her down the isle when she was marring his brother
•Gave birth to daughter Mary I “Bloody Mary”
•Her older siblings were:
•Isabella, Princess of Asturias Queen of Portugal
•John, Prince of Asturias
• Joan I of Spain
•Maria of Castile and Aragon, Queen of Portugal•She was an aunt to:
• Charles V, of the Holy Roman Emperor
Anne Boleyn Executed
• The legend of Anne Boleyn always includes a sixth finger and a large goiter on her neck. However, one would have to wonder if a woman with these oddities could have captured the eyes of the king.
• Had daughter Elizabeth I
Jane Seymour Died
• She gave Henry his only son Edward VI
• Due to complications in childbirth two weeks after giving birth she died
Anne of Cleves Divorced
• Henry only saw a picture of her before marring her
• He couldn’t stand the sight or smell of her
• Married to Henry for only six months
Kathryn Howard Executed
• Married Henry when she was only 17
• Henry married her just two weeks after divorcing Anne of Cleves
• Charged with adultery and treason
Quiz on Absolutism
• Describe the Absolute Monarchies of France and Russia. Why do you think they were called “Absolute” Monarchies?
• In what ways do the Absolute Monarchies of Louis XIV & Peter the Great seem similar?
• In what ways are they different?• Use examples in your answer as evidence
with analysis