Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most...
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Transcript of Essential Question Industrialization increased the standard of living and the opportunities of most...
Essential QuestionEssential Question
Industrialization increased the standard
of living and the opportunities of most
Americans, but at what cost?
Industrialization increased the standard
of living and the opportunities of most
Americans, but at what cost?
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-
1850s.
2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other
industries.
1. Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
2. The Railroad fueled the growing US economy: * First big business in the US. * A magnet for financial investment. * The key to opening the West. * Aided the development of other
industries.
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization3. Technological innovations.
* Bessemer and open hearth process
* Refrigerated cars
* Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.
3. Technological innovations.
* Bessemer and open hearth process
* Refrigerated cars
* Edison “Wizard of Menlo Park” light bulb, phonograph, motion pictures.
Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”
The Light BulbThe Light Bulb
The Phonograph (1877)
The Phonograph (1877)
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Motion Picture Camera
The Motion Picture Camera
Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham Bell
Telephone (1876)
Telephone (1876)
Alternate CurrentAlternate Current
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
Alternate CurrentAlternate Current
Westinghouse Lamp ad
Westinghouse Lamp ad
The AirplaneThe Airplane
Wilbur Wright Orville Wright Wilbur Wright Orville Wright
Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903 Kitty Hawk, NC – December 7, 1903
Model T AutomobileModel T Automobile
Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that
they can afford my product!
Henry FordI want to pay my workers so that
they can afford my product!
“Model T” Prices & Sales
“Model T” Prices & Sales
U. S. Patents Granted
U. S. Patents Granted
1790s 276 patents issued. 1790s 276 patents issued.
1990s 1,119,220 patents issued. 1990s 1,119,220 patents issued.
4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen
[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population
increased.8. Government willing to help at all
levels to stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.
4. Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance.
5. Abundant capital.6. New, talented group of businessmen
[entrepreneurs] and advisors.7. Market growing as US population
increased.8. Government willing to help at all
levels to stimulate economic growth.9. Abundant natural resources.
Causes of Rapid IndustrializationCauses of Rapid Industrialization
New Business CultureNew Business Culture1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the
Industrial Age.1. Laissez Faire the ideology of the
Industrial Age.
* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
* The market was not man-made or invented.
* No room for government in the market!
* Individual as a moral and economic ideal.
* Individuals should compete freely in the marketplace.
* The market was not man-made or invented.
* No room for government in the market!
2. Social Darwinism2. Social Darwinism British
economist. Advocate of
laissez-faire. Adapted
Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.
Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”
British economist.
Advocate of laissez-faire.
Adapted Darwin’s ideas from the “Origin of Species” to humans.
Notion of “Survival of the Fittest.”
Herbert SpencerHerbert Spencer
2. Social Darwinism in America
2. Social Darwinism in America
William Graham Sumner
Folkways (1906)
William Graham Sumner
Folkways (1906)
$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.
$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
$ Individuals must have absolute freedom to struggle, succeed or fail.
$ Therefore, state intervention to reward society and the economy is futile!
New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”
New Business Culture:“The American Dream?”
3. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels]
3. Protestant (Puritan) “Work Ethic” * Horatio Alger [100+ novels]
Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??
Is the idea of the “self-made man” a MYTH??
New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities1. Pool
1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.
2. Trust John D. Rockefeller
1. Pool 1887 Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission created.
2. Trust John D. Rockefeller
* Standard Oil Co.
* Standard Oil Co.
Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.
New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities
2. Trust:
* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller
2. Trust:
* Horizontal Integration John D. Rockefeller * Vertical Integration:
A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing * Vertical Integration:
A. Gustavus Swift Meat-packing
B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel
B. Andrew Carnegie U. S. Steel
Iron & Steel ProductionIron & Steel Production
New Type of Business Entities
New Type of Business Entities
U. S. Corporate Mergers
U. S. Corporate Mergers
Industrial Consolidation:
Iron & Steel Firms
Industrial Consolidation:
Iron & Steel Firms
New Financial BusinessmanNew Financial Businessman
The Broker: * J. Pierpont Morgan
The Broker: * J. Pierpont Morgan
Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
Wall Street – 1867 & 1900
The Reorganization of Work
The Reorganization of Work
Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management
(1911)
Frederick W. TaylorThe Principles of Scientific Management
(1911)
The Reorganization of Work
The Reorganization of Work
The Assembly LineThe Assembly Line
Wealth Concentration Held by
Top 1% of Households
Wealth Concentration Held by
Top 1% of Households
% of Billionaires in 1900
% of Billionaires in 1900
% of Billionaires in 1918
% of Billionaires in 1918
“The Protectors of Our Industries”
“The Protectors of Our Industries”
The “Bosses” of the Senate
The “Bosses” of the Senate
The “Robber Barons” of the Past
The “Robber Barons” of the Past
Cornelius [“Commodore”]
Vanderbilt
Cornelius [“Commodore”]
Vanderbilt
Can’t I do what I want with my money?
Can’t I do what I want with my money?
William VanderbiltWilliam Vanderbilt
$ The public be damned!
$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?
$ The public be damned!
$ What do I care about the law? H’aint I got the power?
The Gospel of Wealth:
Religion in the Era of Industrialization
The Gospel of Wealth:
Religion in the Era of Industrialization
Russell H. Conwell
Russell H. Conwell
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
$ Wealth no longer looked upon as bad.
$ Viewed as a sign of God’s approval.
$ Christian duty to accumulate wealth.
$ Should not help the poor.
“On Wealth”“On Wealth”
Andrew CarnegieAndrew Carnegie
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
$ The Anglo-Saxon race is superior.
$ “Gospel of Wealth” (1901).
$ Inequality is inevitable and good.
$ Wealthy should act as “trustees” for their “poorer brethren.”
Regulating the Trusts
Regulating the Trusts
1877 Munn. v. IL
1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
Railroad Company v. IL
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole
1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.
1877 Munn. v. IL
1886 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific
Railroad Company v. IL
1890 Sherman Antitrust Act * in “restraint of trade” * “rule of reason” loophole
1895 US v. E. C. Knight Co.
The Changing American
Labor Force
The Changing American
Labor Force
Child LaborChild Labor
Labor Unrest: 1870-1900
Labor Unrest: 1870-1900
The Molly Maguires(1875)
The Molly Maguires(1875)
JamesJamesMcParlaMcParla
ndnd
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
The Corporate “Bully-Boys”:
PinkertonAgents
Management vs. Labor
Management vs. Labor
““Tools” of Tools” of ManagementManagement
““Tools” of Tools” of LaborLabor
““scabs”scabs”
P. R. campaignP. R. campaign
PinkertonsPinkertons
lockoutlockout
blacklistingblacklisting
yellow-dog yellow-dog contractscontracts
court injunctionscourt injunctions
open shopopen shop
boycottsboycotts
sympathy sympathy demonstrationdemonstrationss
informational informational picketingpicketing
closed shopsclosed shops
organized organized strikesstrikes
““wildcat” wildcat” strikesstrikes
Goals of the Knights of Labor
Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.
ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.
ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.
ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.
ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.
ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.
ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.
ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
The Tournament of Today:
A Set-to Between Labor and Monopoly
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.
ù Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.
ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.
ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.
ù Prevented disputes among the many craft Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.unions.
ù Mediated disputes between management Mediated disputes between management and labor.and labor.
ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of
Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers
Homestead Homestead Steel WorksSteel Works
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!Government by injunction!
The SocialistsThe Socialists
Eugene V. DebsEugene V. Debs
International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
International Workers of the World (“Wobblies”)
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
“Big Bill” Haywood of the
IWW
Violence was justified to overthrow Violence was justified to overthrow capitalism.capitalism.
Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”
Mother Jones: “The Miner’s Angel”
Mary Harris.Mary Harris.
Organizer for theOrganizer for theUnited MineUnited MineWorkers.Workers.
Founded the Founded the SocialSocialDemocratic Democratic Party Party in 1898.in 1898.
One of the One of the founding founding members of the members of the I. W. W. in 1905.I. W. W. in 1905.
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
Lawrence, MA Strike: 1912
Workers Benefits Today
Workers Benefits Today
