■Essential Question: –How did different values lead to

different American subcultures in the Chesapeake, Southern, New England, & Middle colonies?

■Warm-Up Question:–Based upon the documents

provided, what are some key differences between the Virginia & New England colonies?

Four Colonial Subcultures■The different values of the

migrants dictated the “personality” of the newly created colonies; led to distinct (not unified) colonies–The Chesapeake–New England–Middle Colonies–The Lower South

European Settlements in North America

by 1660

Chesapeake Colonies:Virginia & Maryland

Chesapeake Colonies

The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth■After Walter Raleigh's failed

Roanoke settlement, there was little interest in colonizing America; but Richard Hakluyt (& others)

kept promoting colonies:–Possibilities for wealth–Rivaling Spain, Holland, France–Nationalism, anti-Catholicism,

& anti-Spanish zeal

Entrepreneurs in Virginia■The major obstacle to colonizing

in America was funding; Queen Elizabeth would not spend tax revenue:–Joint-stock companies provided

financing for colonies–In 1606, King James gave the

London Company the 1st charter to establish colonies in America

The London Company,

1606

The London Co was later renamed the Virginia Company; English stockholders in Virginia Company expected instant profits

“The Virginia Colony” Reading & Discussion

■Based upon the reading–What were the expectations of the early Jamestown colonists?

–What were conditions like during the early years of the Jamestown colony?

Entrepreneurs in Virginia■Jamestown was settled in 1607

along the Chesapeake Bay:–the location was unhealthy but

easy to defend from Spanish ships (but not from inland Indians)

–Settlers had no experience in founding a settlement

–Colonists expected to become immediately wealthy & failed to plant crops or prepare for long-term habitation in America

Chesapeake colonists did not work for the common good & many starved to death

Jamestown Fort, 1609

Jamestown Colony

Spinning Out of Control■In 1608, John Smith imposed

order in Jamestown & traded for food with natives

■But, Jamestown faced difficulties:–Poor leadership & harsh winters

led to starving time (1609-1610)–In 1622 & 1644, Jamestown was

attacked by Powhattan Indians

Captain John Smith

The most powerful Native Americans east of Mississippi River

Powhatan ConfederacyThe 1622 Powhatan uprising killed 347

Saved by a “Stinking Weed”■John Rolfe introduced a tobacco

hybrid that gave Jamestown a cash crop economy

1618 — Virginia produced 20,000 pounds of tobacco

1622 — Despite losing nearly 1/3 of its colonists in an Indian attack, 60,000 pounds produced

1627 — Virginia produced 500,000 pounds of tobacco

1629 — Virginia produced 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco

Early Colonial Tobacco

Saved by a “Stinking Weed” ■In 1618, headrights were used to

encourage cultivation of tobacco & the settlement of Jamestown:– A 50-acre lot was granted to

each colonist who paid for his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony

– Led to huge tobacco plantations & thousands of new settlers who hoped to make their fortunes

Virginia’s growth

was due largely to

headrights

English Migration, 1610-1660

Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the Chesapeake

settlement?

Virginia House of Burgesses■In 1619, Virginia colonists created

a legislative assembly to create local taxes & oversee finances

■The Virginia House of Burgesses became the 1st legislative assembly in America

How Many Slaves?■In 1619, the 1st African slaves

arrived in Jamestown–In the 17th century, 1,000 slaves

arrived in the New World per year–Through the 18th century, 5.5

million arrived in America–By 1860, 11 million slaves were

brought to the New World–Before 1831, more African slaves

came to America than Europeans

Population of the Chesapeake Colonies: 1607-1750

Time of Reckoning■Despite the profits from tobacco,

Virginia was a deadly place to live–Many died from disease–Numerous Powhattan attacks –Indentured servants were

treated badly & cheated out of land when servitude ended

–Few females (6:1 ratio) made families or reproduction difficult

Corruption and Reform■In 1624, James I dissolved the

Virginia Company & made Virginia a royal colony –But colonists continued to meet

in the House of Burgesses –VA was divided into 8 counties

each with a county court■Very little changed; Jamestown

colonists still focused with tobacco & continued to lack unity

Jamestown Colonization

Pattern, 1620-1660

The Maryland Colony

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■Initiated by Sir George Calvert

(Lord Baltimore) as a refuge for English Catholics–In 1632, Charles I

granted a charter for Maryland

–To recruit laborers, Lord Baltimore required toleration among Catholics & Protestants

Maryland: A Refuge for Catholics■Wealthy Catholics proved

unwilling to relocate to America so Maryland became populated largely by poor Protestant farmers & indentured servants:–Maryland had few large tobacco

plantations–Farmers (mostly poor tobacco

planters) lived in scattered riverfront settlements

New England Colonies

New England Colonies, 1650

Reforming England in America■Queen Elizabeth’s reconciliation

of Anglican & Catholic conflicts appeased many, but created 2 factious groups of extremists: –Catholics (many settled in

Maryland)–Puritans who wanted Anglican

Church stripped of Catholic rituals (made up of conservative “Puritans” & radical “Pilgrims”)

The Pilgrims in Plymouth ■Pilgrims were separatists who

refused to worship in the Anglican Church, fled to Holland to avoid compromising religious beliefs

■Migrated to America in order to maintain distinct identity & settled in New England

■Formed the Mayflower Compact to create a “civil body politick” among settlers (became the 1st American form of self-gov’t)

The “Mayflower Compact” Reading & Discussion

■What are the Pilgrims agreeing to do by signing the Mayflower Compact?

■Is this a religious or a political document? Explain

Reforming England in America■Pilgrims founded Plymouth in 1620

–Faced disease & hunger; received help from local natives like Squanto & Massasoit

–Plymouth was a society of small farming villages bound together by mutual consent but faced serious recruitment issues

–In 1691, Plymouth was absorbed into the larger, more successful Massachusetts Bay colony

The origins of Thanksgiving

“The Great Migration”■Puritans were more conservative

than Pilgrims & wished to remain within the Church of England:–Believed in predestination, fought

social sins, & despised Catholic rituals in the Anglican Church

–In 1629, many Puritans felt King Charles I was ruining England

■From 1630-1640, John Winthrop led 16,000 Puritans to the Massachusetts Bay colony

The Great Puritan Migration

“A City on a Hill”■Winthrop emphasized a common

spiritual goal: to create a “city on a hill” as beacon of righteousness

■New England experienced unique demographic & social trends:–Settlers usually came as families –NE was a generally healthy

place to live –Settlers sacrificed self-interest

for the good of the community

“A City on a Hill”■As Mass Bay colony grew beyond

Boston, towns began to develop their own unique personalities:–Each town was independently

governed by local church members (Congregationalism)

–Allowed voting by all adult male church members (women & blacks joined but could not vote)

–Officials were responsible to God, not their constituents

Congregationalism:

Nucleated vs.

Dispersed Villages

“A City on a Hill”■NE town gov’ts were autonomous

& most people participated due to common religious values

■Massachusetts Bay was more peaceful than other colonies: –Passed a legal code called the

Lawes and Liberties in 1648 to protect rights & order

–Created civil courts to maintain order & mediate differences

Limits of Dissent: Roger Williams■Puritans never supported religious

toleration, esp Roger Williams:–Williams was a separatist who

questioned the validity of the colony’s charter because the land was not bought from natives

–Promoted “liberty of conscience” where God (not leaders) would punish people for their “wrong” religious ideas

■Expelled to Rhode Island in 1636

Limits of Dissent: Anne Hutchinson■Anne Hutchinson believed she

was directly inspired by God:–Believed that “converted” people

are not subject to man’s laws, only subject to God’s laws (Antinomianism)

–Hutchinson challenged Mass Bay’s religious leaders

■She was banished to Rhode Island

Mobility and Division

■After absorbing Plymouth, the Massachusetts colony grew & spawned 4 new colonies:–New Hampshire–Rhode Island–Connecticut–New Haven

Mobility and Division

■New Hampshire formed in 1677; grew very slowly & was dependent upon Mass Bay

■Connecticut formed in 1662 due to fertile lands; resembled Mass Bay–Fundamental Orders was model

of civil gov’t based on religious principles (the 1st written constitution in American history)

Mobility and Division■New Haven set up in 1636

because Puritan leaders wanted a colony with closer relationship between church & state

■Rhode Island drew highly independent colonists who practiced religious toleration (founded by religious dissenter Roger Williams)

New England Colonies,

1650

Complete the following chart then identify the most significant similarities & differences

between the Chesapeake & New England colonies

Chesapeake New England

Political

Economic

Social

■Essential Question: –How did differences in values

affect distinct American subcultures in the Chesapeake, New England, Southern, & Middle colonies?

The Middle Colonies:New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware

The Middle

Colonies, 1685

New York■NY was established as “New

Netherlands” by the Dutch West India Co. (the great economic rival to England & Spain)

■Its small population was diverse; included Finns, Swedes, Germans, Africans, & Dutch

■In 1664, the English fleet captured the colony with little resistance

New York

■After begin taken by England, New York (which included New Jersey, Delaware, & Maine) became the personal property of James, the Duke of York–Inhabitants had no political voice

beyond the local level–James gained little profit from

the colony

Pennsylvania■Pennsylvania founded by a radical

religious sect called Quakers ■Quakers believed in “Inner Light”:

– Rejected idea of original sin & predestination

– Believed that each person could communicate directly with God

– All are equal in eyes of God & can be saved (conversion was essential to faith)

Penn's "Holy Experiment"■Quakers were persecuted in New

England for their beliefs; William Penn founded Pennsylvania in 1681 as a “holy experiment” – As a society run on Quaker

principles that promoted religious toleration & protection of the rights of property-less

–Appealed to English, Welsh, Irish, German immigrants

William Penn & Native

Americans

Quick Discussion Question:In what ways was Penn’s “holy experiment” in Pennsylvania similar to Winthrop’s “city on a hill?”

Settling Pennsylvania

■Immigration to PA led to a very ethnically, nationally, & religiously diverse population

■Quarrels were common (unlike homogeneous VA & Mass Bay colonies), but PA prospered

■In 1701, Penn granted self-rule to PA colonists & independence to Delaware counties

Urban Population

Growth: 1650-1775

The Lower South

Settling the Lower

South

Carolina

■Although Carolina relied on slave labor & agriculture (& therefore looked like Chesapeake colonies) it was very different due to:–Diversity of settlers–Environment very different from

the Chesapeake–No “Solid South” yet

Proprietors of the Carolinas■Carolina was granted a charter in

1663 to eight “proprietors” to reward their loyalty:–Proprietors were inspired by

John Locke & created a government led by wealthy lawmakers but with veto power for average citizens

–But Carolina had difficulty recruiting settlers in its first years

Carolina was established as a “political utopia” & experimented with early forms of democracy

The Barbadian Connection■English planters from the

Caribbean island of Barbados were recruited to Charles Town:–Barbadians brought a strict,

cruel slave code with them –Demanded greater self-gov’t

within Carolina; led to 1729 strife that led to division of colony into North & South Carolinas

Charles Town, South Carolina, the only southern port

Indigo & Rice: crops of the Carolinas

The Carolinas

and Georgia

Founding of Georgia■Georgia was founded in 1732 by

James Oglethorpe as a strategic buffer between the Carolinas & Spanish Florida

■Oglethorpe offered Georgia as a refuge for imprisoned debtors from England

■By 1751, Georgia was a small colony with a slave-owning plantation society

Georgia was in many ways a “social utopia” because it offered a fresh start for many of

the lowest English citizens

The Proprietary Colonies■Most English colonies were created

by royal charter, but some had charters granted land to individuals:–Maryland (1634)–Carolina (1663)–New York (1664)–New Jersey (1665)–New Hampshire (1680)–Pennsylvania (1681)–Delaware (1704)

By Lord Baltimore as a heaven for Catholics 8 proprietors hoped

to create a politically democratic colony

A secretary of one of the proprietors was

John LockeGiven as a gift to the James, Duke of York (the brother of

King Charles II)

Granted to William Penn (son of a English naval hero) as a

land of religious freedom

Conclusions■All the colonies faced early an

struggle to survive ■Distinct regional differences

intensified & persisted throughout the colonial period

■It was not until the American Revolution that colonists began to see themselves as a distinct “American” people

Closure Question■ Did any of these colonies live up

to the expectations of their founders:

–Virginia?–Massachusetts Bay?–Carolina?–Pennsylvania?

■ Which colony would you have chosen to live in? Why?