Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 CONTENTS RESOURCES ACTIVITYLINKS...

Essential Natural Science 1Unit 10

CONTENTS

RESOURCES

ACTIVITY

LINKS

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Contents

Minerals

DefinitionComposition and arrangement

Classification

SilicatesNon-silicates

Identification

Properties

Extraction and uses

ExtractionUses

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Formation

Conditions


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Resources

What are minerals?

What are minerals like?

How are minerals formed?

How are minerals classified?

Physical properties of minerals

How are minerals extracted and used?


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Activity: What do you know about minerals?

Links


SEE ALLOTROPIC FORMS

What are minerals?

calcite


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naturally ocurringinorganic

homogeneoussolid substance

definite chemical composition


diamond

What are minerals?

Allotropic forms


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carbongraphite

inorganic

homogeneoussolid substance

definite chemical composition

calcite

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naturally occurring




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Are mineralspure substances?

Can the same mineral vary in colour?

How are mineralsarranged?





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Yes, minerals are pure substances.

mixtures






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Yes, impurities can cause different colours.

white quartz

rose quartz

smoky quartz





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Arrangement

crystalline mineralsorganised structure

amorphous minerals unorganised structure

Agate (amorphous silicon dioxide)

Rock crystal (crystalline silicon oxide)





Mineral beds

Underground mine

Surface mine

“benches”

horizontal galleries

shaft

SEE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT


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SEE MINERALS IN EVERYDAY LIFE



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What can be done?

Rivers and streams are polluted

Vehicles make a lot of noise. Traffic pollutes the air, soil and water.

Vegetation is destroyed

Dumps are created.

Mining and the environment




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Before After

Environmental impact assessments

Mining projects

Remove waste materials

Cover mines with earth

Reforestation GO BACK

What can be done?



Table salt

halite

Source of metals

galena

lead

cinnabar

mercury

Ceramics industry

clay minerals

pottery bricks tiles

Construction materials

gypsum

plaster

calcite

cement

quartz

glass

Jewellery

golddiamonds


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Minerals in everyday life

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How are minerals classified? Silicates. They contain oxygen and silicon.

quartz feldspar

olivine

white mica (muscovite) black mica (biotite)

clay minerals

orthoclase

mica


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How are minerals classified? Non-silicates. They do not contain silicon.

native elements

native gold native sulfur

oxideshematite

sulfates

barite

carbonates halides

cinnabar galena calcite halite

sulfides


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halite

biotiteclay mineralsolivine

pyrite


colour

lustre

hardness

streak

cleavage


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quartz

hematite

muscovite

talcfeldspar


feldspar halite

biotiteclay mineralsolivine

pyrite


white or pink

white or yellowish

different colours black

white ortransparent

different colours

olive green

brassy yellow

COLOUR

lustre

hardness

streak

cleavage

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quartz

muscovite



dull to glassy

colour

LUSTRE

hardness

waxy

metallic

glassy

streak

cleavage


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talcfeldspar

pyrite

quartz

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MOHS SCALE

hardness 7

hardness 6

hardness 7

hardness 2.5

colour

lustre

HARDNESS

streak

cleavage


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feldspar halite

olivine quartz



colour

lustre

hardness

reddish streak

STREAK

cleavage

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MAP

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hematite

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muscovite


colour

lustre

hardness

streak

CLEAVAGE

Mica cleaves in sheets.


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Mohs scale

talcgypsum

1

2

3

4

5

67

8

9

10

calcite

fluorite

apatite

orthoclasequartz

topaz

corundum

diamond

Can be scratched with a fingernail

Can be scratched with a knife

Can be scratched with a piece of glass

Can scratch glass


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3. Inside the Earth’s crust:

In solid rocks which undergo intense heat and pressure

2. Inside the Earth’s crust:

In a mass of melted rock

1. At the surface:

Crystallisation of substances dissolved in water


2

• Components in the right amounts

• Heat and pressure

• Time (millions of years)

Certain conditions are necessary:

3

1

Stalactites formed by calcite

olivine (top); feldspar (bottom)

ENLARGE IMAGE


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• Components in the right amounts

• Heat and pressure

• Time (millions of years)

Certain conditions are necessary:


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↑ PRESSURE ↑ HEAT

TRANSFORMATION

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3

clay minerals

muscovites


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Interactive activity: What do you know about minerals?


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Links

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GO TO WEBSITE

What is a mineral?

GO TO WEBSITE

Common minerals

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 CONTENTS RESOURCES ACTIVITYLINKS...

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