ESS - NLA Home | National Library of Australia · Class here lexicology, interdisciplinary works on...

006 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 006006 006

[.35 **Natural language processing

Class here computational linguistics

See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285

006 006

*Use notation 019 from Table 1 as modified at 004.019

400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400400 Language 400

[400

[400 *‡LanguageClass here interdisciplinary works on language and literature

For literature, see 800; for rhetoric, see 808. For the language of a specificdiscipline or subject, see the discipline or subject, plus notation 014 fromTable 1, e.g., language of science 501.4

(Option A: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language,class in 410, where full instructions appear

(Option B: To give local emphasis or a shorter number to a specific language,place before 420 through use of a letter or other symbol. Full instructions appearunder 420–490) 400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400400 Language 400

SUMMARY

[401–409 Standard subdivisions and bilingualism[410 Linguistics[420 English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon)[430 German and related languages[440 French and related Romance languages[450 Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican[460 Spanish, Portuguese, Galician[470 Latin and related Italic languages[480 Classical Greek and related Hellenic languages[490 Other languages 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[401 *‡Philosophy and theory

See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.3 *‡International languages

Class here universal languages; general discussions of international languages,e.g., diplomatic languages, lingua francas

Class artificial languages in 499.99. Class a specific international languagewith the language in 419–490, e.g., Latin as a diplomatic language 470,Swahili as a lingua franca 496.392 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.4 *‡Language and communication

Class here lexicology, interdisciplinary works on terminology

For dictionaries of linguistics, see 410.3; for general polyglot dictionaries,see 413; for lexicography, see 413.028; for applied linguistics treatment ofterminology, see 418. For terminology of a specific subject or discipline,see the subject or discipline, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g.,terminology of linguistics 410.14, terminology of engineering 620.0014

2

400 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 400


[.41 *‡Discourse analysis

Including pragmatics in discourse analysis

Class here content analysis, semiotics

Class interdisciplinary works on semiotics in 302.2; class interdisciplinaryworks on pragmatics in 401.45. Class a semiotic study of a specific subjectwith the subject, plus notation 014 from Table 1, e.g., a semiotic study ofscience 501.4

For semantics, see 401.43

See also 121.68 for semiotics as a topic in philosophy 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.42] *‡Etymology

Do not use; class in 412 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.43 *‡Semantics

For history of word meanings, see 412

See also 121.68 for semantics as a topic in philosophy; also 149.94 forgeneral semantics as a philosophical school

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.430 285 635 *‡Natural language processing

Class here word sense disambiguation 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.45 *‡Pragmatics

Class here interdisciplinary works on pragmatics [formerly 306.44]

For pragmatics in sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for pragmatics indiscourse analysis, see 401.41; for pragmatics in psycholinguistics, see401.9 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.452 *‡Speech acts

Class here illocutionary acts 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.454 *‡Presupposition

Class here implication, entailment

Class presupposition, implication, entailment in logic in 160 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.456 *‡Reference

Class here anaphora, deixis; comprehensive works on reference

Class reference in philosophy of language in 121.68

3

401 Language 401


[.47 *‡Languages for special purposes

Class here sublanguages, discourse analysis of languages for specialpurposes

Class teaching of languages for special purposes as second languages in418.0071; class translation of language for special purposes in 418.03.Class dictionaries of languages for special purposes with the purpose, plusnotation 03 from Table 1, e.g., medical dictionaries 610.3 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.48] *‡Abbreviations and symbols

Do not use for abbreviations and symbols as part of writing systems; classin 411. Do not use for dictionaries of abbreviations and symbols; class in413.1 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.5 *‡Scientific principles 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.51 *‡Mathematical principles

Class mathematical linguistics in 410.151 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.9 *‡Psychological principles

Including speech errors

Class here psycholinguistics

Class speech errors in language acquisition in 401.93; class psychology ofbilingualism in 404.2019

See also 306.44 for sociolinguistics

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.93 *‡Language acquisition

See also 418.0071 for study and teaching of language; also 418.4019for psychology of reading

See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071 401 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 401401 Language 401

[.95 *‡Speech perception

See also 152.15 for auditory perception 402 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 402402 Language 402

[402 *‡Miscellany402 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 402402 Language 402

[.85 *‡Computer applications

Class computational linguistics in 006.35 403 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 403403 Language 403

[403 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances

For dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances of linguistics, see 410.3; forgeneral polyglot dictionaries, see 413; for dictionaries, encyclopedias,concordances of literature, see 803 404 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 404404 Language 404

[404 *‡Special topics of language

4



[.2 *‡Bilingualism

Class here multilingualism

Specific instances of bilingualism are classed with the language dominant inthe country in which the linguistic interaction occurs, e.g., a discussion ofSpanish-English bilingualism in Los Angeles 420.42610979494. If neitherlanguage is dominant, class with the one coming later in 419–490

See also 306.446 for sociology of bilingualism and multilingualism 405 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 405405 Language 405

[405 *‡Serial publications406 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 406406 Language 406

[406 *‡Organizations and management407 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 407407 Language 407

[407 *‡Education, research, related topics

See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071 407 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 407407 Language 407

[.2 *‡Research; statistical methods

Class corpus-based research methods in 410.188 408 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 408408 Language 408

[408 *‡Groups of people

See also 306.44 for sociology of language 408 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 408408 Language 408

[.9 *‡Treatment of language with respect to ethnic and national groups

Class ethnolinguistics in 306.44 409 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 409409 Language 409

[409 *‡Geographic treatment and biography

Do not use for language history not limited by area; class in 417.7

Class specific languages and groups of languages in 419–490

See also 410.9 for geographic treatment and biography of linguistics 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[410 *‡LinguisticsClass here descriptive, synchronic linguistics; comprehensive works on Eurasiatic languages, on Indo-European languages, on Indo-Germanic languages, onIndo-Hittite languages

Class linguistics of specific languages in 419–490

For sociolinguistics, see 306.44; for lexicology, see 401.4; for semiotics, see401.41; for specific Indo-European languages other than east Indo-Europeanlanguages and Celtic languages, see 420–480; for east Indo-European andCeltic languages, see 491

See Manual at 410

(Option A: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language,e.g., Russian, class it here and add to base number 41 as instructed under420–490; in that case class linguistics in 400, its subdivisions in 401–409,standard subdivisions of language and of linguistics in 400.1–400.9. Option B isdescribed under 420–490)

5

404 Language 404

410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

SUMMARY

[410.1–.9 Standard subdivisions[411 Writing systems of standard forms of languages[412 Etymology of standard forms of languages[413 Dictionaries of standard forms of languages[414 Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages[415 Grammar of standard forms of languages[417 Dialectology and historical linguistics[418 Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)[419 Sign languages 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.1 *‡Philosophy and theory

Do not use for philosophy and theory of language and languages; class in 401

Class schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics in 410.18

See Manual at 401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.151 *‡Mathematical principles

Class here mathematical linguistics 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.18 *‡Schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics

Including functionalism, structural linguistics

For works on schools, theories, methodologies of linguistics that stresssyntax, or syntax and phonology, see 415.018 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.188 *‡Corpus linguistics

Including language data samples collected as corpora to supportcorpus-based analysis

Class corpus linguistics applied to a specific topic in linguistics withthe topic, e.g., corpus-based analysis of non phrases 415.5 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.19 *‡Psychological principles

Class psycholinguistics in 401.9 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.2 *‡Miscellany

Do not use for miscellany of language and languages; class in 402 410 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 410410 Linguistics 410

[.285 *‡Computer applications

Computational linguistics relocated to 006.35

Class computer applications in corpus linguistics in 410.188. Class acomputational application of a linguistic process with the process, plusnotation 0285635 from Table 1, e.g., part-of-speech tagging415.0285635

See Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285

6



[.3–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use for standard subdivisions of language and languages; class in403–409

See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071 411 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 411411 Linguistics 411

[411 *‡Writing systems of standard forms of languages

Including alphabets, ideographs, syllabaries; braille; abbreviations, acronyms,capitalization, punctuation, spelling, transliteration

Class dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms in 413.15; class writing systems of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in417.2; class manual alphabets, fingerspelling in 418

See also 652 for practical works on how to write by hand or machine, e.g.,penmanship 652.1 411 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 411411 Linguistics 411

[.7 *‡Paleography and epigraphy

Study of ancient and medieval handwriting and inscriptions

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading

Class paleography in the broad sense of all aspects of early writings in 417.7412 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 412412 Linguistics 412

[412 *‡Etymology of standard forms of languages

Class etymology of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2; class comprehensive works on historical linguistics in 417.7;class interdisciplinary works on onomastics in 929.97. Class a specific aspect ofetymology with the aspect, e.g., phonetic development of words 414

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 412 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 412412 Linguistics 412

[.03 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances

Including dictionaries of eponyms [formerly 413.1] 413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413413 Linguistics 413

[413 *‡Dictionaries of standard forms of languages

Class here polyglot dictionaries

Class dictionaries of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variationsof languages in 417.2

For bilingual dictionaries with entry words in only one language, see thelanguage, plus notation 32–39 from Table 4, e.g., French-English dictionary443.21. For bilingual dictionaries with entry words in both languages, see thelanguage coming later in 420–490, plus notation 32–39 from Table 4, e.g.,French-German, German-English dictionary 443.31 413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413413 Linguistics 413

[.028 *‡Techniques, procedures, apparatus, equipment, materials

Class here lexicography

7

410 Linguistics 410


[.1 *‡Specialized dictionaries

Including synonym dictionaries

Dictionaries of eponyms relocated to 412.03

Class etymological dictionaries in 412.03. Class subject dictionaries with thesubject, plus notation 03 from Table 1, e.g., dictionary of medicine 610.3

For crossword-puzzle dictionaries, see 793.73203 413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413413 Linguistics 413

[.15 *‡Dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading

Class subject dictionaries of abbreviations and acronyms with the subject,plus notation 0148 from Table 1, e.g., dictionary of scientific abbreviationsand acronyms 501.48 413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413413 Linguistics 413

[.17 *‡Picture dictionaries

Limited to dictionaries with pictures of what words represent

See also 419.03 for dictionaries with pictures of sign-language signs413 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 413413 Linguistics 413

[.2–.9 *‡Polyglot dictionaries with entry words or definitions in only onelanguage

Add to base number 413 notation 2–9 from Table 6, e.g., a dictionary withterms in English, French, and German, but with definitions only in English413.21 414 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 414414 Linguistics 414

[414 *‡Phonology and phonetics of standard forms of languages

Standard subdivisions are added for phonology and phonetics together, forphonology alone

Class here consonants, vowels; morphophonology, morphophonemics, phonemics

Class comprehensive works on phonology and morphology, on phonology andsyntax, or on all three in 415; class phonology and phonetics of geographicvariations, of modern nongeographic variations of languages in 417.2 414 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 414414 Linguistics 414

[.6 *‡Suprasegmental features

Phonology and phonetics of vocal effects extending over more than one soundelement

Including juncture (pauses), pitch, stress

Class here intonation 414 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 414414 Linguistics 414

[.8 *‡Phonetics

For phonetic aspects of suprasegmental features, see 414.6

8



[415 *‡Grammar of standard forms of languages

Class here grammatical categories, sentences, syntax, topic and comment; wordorder; comprehensive works on phonology and morphology, on phonology andsyntax, or on all three

Class grammar of geographic variations, of modern nongeographic variations oflanguages in 417.2

Unless other instructions are given, class a subject with aspects in two or moresubdivisions of 415 in the number coming last, e.g., number expressed by verbs415.6 (not 415.5)

For phonology, see 414; for prescriptive grammar, see 418

See Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.01 *‡Philosophy and theory 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.018 *‡Schools, theories, methodologies

Including case, categorial, relational grammar 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.018 2 *‡Generative grammar 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.018 4 *‡Dependency grammar 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.02 *‡Miscellany 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415


Class here part-of-speech tagging, parsing 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

> [415.5–415.7*‡Word classes

Class here parts of speech

Class comprehensive works in 415 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.5 *‡Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, articles

Including case, number, person

Class here noun phrases 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.54 *‡Nouns 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.55 *‡Pronouns 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.6 *‡Verbs

Including modality, mood, voice; comprehensive works on words derived from verbs, on infinitives, on participles

Class here verb phrases

Class works that treat a specific function (other than the verb function) ofwords derived from verbs with the function, e.g., gerunds as nouns 415.54 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.62 *‡Tense 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.63 *‡Aspect

9

415 Linguistics 415


[.7 *‡Miscellaneous word classes

Including conjunctions, interjections, particles, prepositions, prepositionalphrases

Class clitics in 415.92 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.76 *‡Adverbs

Including adverbials 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.9 *‡Morphology

Class morphophonology, morphophonemics in 414

For morphology of specific word classes, see 415.5–415.7 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.92 *‡Word formation

Including affixes (infixes, prefixes, suffixes), clitics; formation ofcompound words

Class here derivational morphology

Class etymology in 412 415 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 415415 Linguistics 415

[.95 *‡Inflection

For inflectional schemata designed for use as aids in learning alanguage, see 418

[416] *‡[Unassigned]

Most recently used in Edition 18 417 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 417417 Linguistics 417

[417 *‡Dialectology and historical linguistics417 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 417417 Linguistics 417

[.2 *‡Dialectology

Including argot, cant, jargon, slang

Class here dialects, patois, provincialisms

Works on writing systems, etymology, dictionaries, phonology,phonetics, grammar, applied linguistics are classed here when applied to geographic variations, to modern nongeographic variations, e.g.,morphology of geographic variations


[.22 *‡Pidgins, creoles, mixed languages

Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading

See Manual at T4—7

10



[.7 *‡Historical linguistics (Diachronic linguistics)

Study of development of language over time

Class here language history not limited by area, language change, paleographyin the broad sense of all aspects of early writings

For change in and history of a specific element of language, see theelement, e.g., paleography in the narrow sense of study of ancient andmedieval handwriting 411.7, grammar 415

See also 409 for geographic treatment of language history; also 410.9 forhistory of linguistics

See Manual at 410 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[418 *‡Standard usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

General, formal, informal usage

Including comprehensive works on instruction in lipreading with respect tomultiple languages, comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling formanual coding of multiple standard spoken languages

Class here applied linguistics

Class purely descriptive linguistics in 411–415; class prescriptive and appliedlinguistics applied to geographic variations, to modern nongeographic variationsof languages in 417.2; class dictionaries in 413; class lexicography in 413.028

For rhetoric, see 808.04. For use of signs and fingerspelling for manualcoding of a specific spoken language, see the language plus notation 891 fromTable 4, e.g., use of signs and fingerspelling to represent standard English428.91, use of British Sign Language signs to represent standard English428.9141; for lipreading a specific language, see the language, plus notation8954 from Table 4, e.g., lipreading English 428.954 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.007 1 *‡Education

Class here second language teaching

See Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71,418.0071, T4—80071 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.02 *‡Translating

Class here interpreting

Translating materials on specific subjects relocated to 418.03; translatingliterature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric relocated to 418.04 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418


Class here machine translation

11

417 Linguistics 417


[.03 *‡Translating materials on specific subjects [formerly 418.02]

Class here interpreting materials on specific subjects

Add to base number 418.03 three-digit numbers 001–999 (but stop beforeany zero that follows a non-zero number), e.g., translating natural historymaterials 418.035 (not 418.03508), translating medical materials 418.0361

Class translating a specific work or the works of a specific author with thework, translations of the work, or author, e.g., translating the Bible 220,translating the works of Aristotle 185

For translating literature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric, see 418.04 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.04 *‡Translating literature (belles-lettres) and rhetoric [formerly 418.02]

Class here interpreting literature and rhetoric; translating works aboutliterature, rhetoric

Class translating a specific work or works of a specific author with thework or author, e.g., translating the Aeneid 873.01, translating the works ofShakespeare 822.33 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.041–.048 *‡Translating specific forms of literature

Add to base number 418.04 one-digit notation 1–8 from Table 3B, e.g.,translating poetry 418.041, translating tragedy 418.042 (not418.0420512) 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.07 *‡Multilingual phrase books 418 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 418418 Linguistics 418

[.4 *‡Reading 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

[419 *‡Sign languages

Class here comprehensive works on fingerspelling, use of fingerspelling as partof sign languages

Class nonlinguistic (nonstructured) communication (e.g., use of gestures) in302.222

For comprehensive works on use of signs and fingerspelling for manualcoding of multiple standard spoken languages, see 418. For use of signs andfingerspelling for manual coding of specific standard spoken languages, seenotation 891 from Table 4 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

[.03 *‡Dictionaries, encyclopedias, concordances

Class a dictionary of a specific sign language with the language, e.g.,dictionary of American Sign Language 419.703 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

[.09 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

[.094–.099] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use for sign languages used primarily for purposes other thancommunication among deaf people or between hearing and deafpeople; class in 419.1. Do not use for sign languages used primarily forcommunication among deaf people or between hearing and deafpeople; class in 419.4–419.9. Do not use for comprehensive works onall types of sign languages; class in 419

12



[.1 *‡Sign languages used primarily for purposes other thancommunication of deaf people

Including monastic sign languages, sign languages used as lingua francasamong hearing people

(Option: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific signlanguage used primarily for purposes other than communication of deaf people, class it in 419.3. Prefer 419.1) 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

(.3) *‡Specific sign language

(Optional number; prefer 419.1 or 419.4–419.9) 419 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 419419 Linguistics 419

[.4–.9 *‡Sign languages used primarily for communication among deaf peopleor between hearing and deaf people

Class here indigenous sign languages of deaf communities, comprehensiveworks on methods of communication of deaf-blind people

Add to base number 419 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., British SignLanguage 419.41, Spanish Sign Language 419.46, Catalonian Sign Language419.467, American Sign Language 419.7; then for a specific sign language add 0 and to the result add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of BritishSign Language 419.4105, grammar of Spanish Sign Language 419.4605,grammar of Catalonian Sign Language 419.46705, grammar of American SignLanguage 419.705

Class sign languages used primarily for purposes other than communication ofdeaf people in 419.1

For braille, see 411

(Option: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific signlanguage used primarily for communication among deaf people or betweenhearing and deaf people, class it in 419.3. Prefer 419.4–419.9) 420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420420 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–491*‡Specific Indo-European languages

Class comprehensive works in 410

13

419 Linguistics 419

420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420420 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–490*‡Specific languagesClass here comprehensive works on specific languages and their literatures

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number foreach language identified by * notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofJapanese 495.65. The base number is the number given for the language unless the schedule specifies a different number

(Option: For any group of languages, add notation 04 to the base numberand then add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Celticlanguages 491.6045)

The numbers used in this schedule for individual languages do not necessarilycorrespond exactly with those in 810–890 or with notation in Table 6. Usenotation from Table 6 only when so instructed, e.g., at 494

Class polyglot dictionaries in 413; class comprehensive works in 410

For specific sign languages, see 419; for literatures of specific languages,see 810–890

See Manual at 420–490

(Option B: To give local emphasis and a shorter number to a specific language, place it first by use of a letter or other symbol, e.g., Arabic language 4A0[preceding 420], for which the base number is 4A. Option A is described under 410) 420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420420 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

> [420–480*‡Specific Indo-European languages other than east Indo-European languages and Celticlanguages

Class comprehensive works on Indo-European languages in 410 420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420420 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

[420 *‡English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 420 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 420420 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of English

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof Italian 420.143 421 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 421421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421

[421–428 *‡Subdivisions of English

Class here comprehensive works on English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 42notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of English 421.5

For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429 421 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 421421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421

[421 *‡Writing system, phonology, phonetics of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428

14



[.52 *‡Spelling (Orthography) and pronunciation


Including standard Canadian spelling and pronunciation

For standard American (U.S.) spelling and pronunciation, see 421.54;for standard British spelling and pronunciation, see 421.55 421 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 421421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421

[.54 *‡Standard American (U.S.) spelling and pronunciation 421 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 421421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421

[.55 *‡Standard British spelling and pronunciation 422 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 422422 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 422

[422 *‡Etymology of standard English

Number built according to instructions under 421–428 423 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 423423 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 423

[423 *‡Dictionaries of standard English



Most recently used in Edition 16 425 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 425425 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 425

[425 *‡Grammar of standard English



Most recently used in Edition 18 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[427 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of English


For Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 429 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Middle English; class in 427.02 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.009 4–.009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 427.9 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.02 *‡Middle English, 1100–1500

See also 429 for Old English (Anglo-Saxon) 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.09] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 427 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in England

Relocated to 427.942

15

421 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 421


[.9 *‡Geographic variations 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.901–.909] *‡Standard subdivisions

Do not use; class in 427.001–427.009 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.91 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general

Add to base number 427.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the British empire 427.9171241 427 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 427427 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 427

[.94–.99 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world

Add to base number 427.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations in England 427.942 [formerly 427.1–427.8], slang of BritishIsles 427.941, dialects of Canada 427.971, Tok Pisin 427.9953

For geographic variations of Middle English, see427.02094–427.02099 428 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 428428 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 428

[428 *‡Standard English usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


Class here Basic English 429 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 429429 English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 429

[429 **Old English (Anglo-Saxon)

See also 427.02 for Middle English 430 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 430430 German[and[related[languages 430

[430 *‡German and related languagesClass here Germanic languages

For English and Old English (Anglo-Saxon), see 420 430 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 430430 German[and[related[languages 430

[.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions of Germanic languages

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Germanic languages 430.0143 430 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 430430 German[and[related[languages 430

[.04 *‡Special topics of Germanic languages

Add to base number 430.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofGermanic languages 430.045 430 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 430430 German[and[related[languages 430

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Germanic languages 430 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 430430 German[and[related[languages 430

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of German

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof German 430.143 431 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 431431 German[and[related[languages 431

[431–438 *‡Subdivisions of German

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 43notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of German 431.5

16


*Add to base number as instructed under 420–490

431 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 431431 German[and[related[languages 431

[431 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard German

Number built according to instructions under 431–438 432 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 432432 German[and[related[languages 432

[432 *‡Etymology of standard German


[433 *‡Dictionaries of standard German



Most recently used in Edition 16 435 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 435435 German[and[related[languages 435

[435 *‡Grammar of standard German



Most recently used in Edition 18 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[437 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of German


Class Low German in 439.4 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Old High German; class in 437.01. Do not use for Middle High German and Early New High German; class in437.02 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437


Do not use; class in 437.9 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.01 *‡Old High German to 1100 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.02 *‡Middle High German and Early New High German, 1100–1500

Standard subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437


Number discontinued; class in 437 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.1–.5] *‡Geographic variations in Germany

Relocated to 437.943 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437

[.6] *‡Geographic variations in Austria

Relocated to 437.9436

17

431 German[and[related[languages 431


[.9 *‡Geographic variations

See also 439.1 for Yiddish 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437


Do not use; class in 437.001–437.009 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437


Add to base number 437.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 437.91734 437 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 437437 German[and[related[languages 437


Add to base number 437.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations in Germany 437.943 [formerly 437.1–437.5], geographicvariations in Austria 437.9436 [formerly 437.6], German dialects of Alsace437.94439

For geographic variations of Old High German, see437.01094–437.01099. For geographic variations of Middle HighGerman and Early New High, see 437.02094–437.02099 438 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 438438 German[and[related[languages 438

[438 *‡Standard German usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


[439 *‡Other Germanic languages439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.1 **Yiddish 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

> [439.2–439.4*‡Low Germanic languages

Class here West Germanic languages

Class comprehensive works in 439 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.2 **Frisian

Including Old Frisian 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.3 *‡Netherlandish languages 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.31 **Dutch

Including Old Low Franconian

Class here Flemish 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.36 **Afrikaans 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.4 **Low German (Plattdeutsch)

Including Old Low German, Old Saxon

18




[.5 *‡North Germanic languages (Nordic languages)

Including proto-Nordic language

Class here comprehensive works on languages in the Nordic countries,comprehensive works on east Scandinavian languages, comprehensive workson west Scandinavian languages, comprehensive works on modern westScandinavian languages

For specific North Germanic languages, see 439.6–439.8; for Finnish, see494.541; for Sami, see 494.55 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

> [439.6–439.8*‡Specific North Germanic languages

Class comprehensive works in 439.5 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.6 *‡Old Norse (Old Icelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese

For comprehensive works on west Scandinavian languages, see 439.5 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.600 1–.600 9] *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Old Norse (OldIcelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese

Relocated to 439.601–439.609 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.601–.609 *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Old Norse (OldIcelandic), Icelandic, Faeroese [formerly 439.6001–439.6009]; OldNorse (Old Icelandic)

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Old Norse 439.60143 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.61–.68 *‡Subdivisions of Old Norse (Old Icelandic)

Add to base number 439.6 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Old Norse 439.65 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.69 *‡Icelandic and Faeroese

Icelandic ca. 1500–

For comprehensive works on modern west Scandinavian languages, see 439.5 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.690 01–.690 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Icelandic andFaeroese


[.690 1–.690 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of comprehensive works on Icelandic andFaeroese [formerly 439.69001–439.69009]; Icelandic

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Icelandic 439.690143 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.691–.698 *‡Subdivisions of Icelandic

Add to base number 439.69 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Icelandic 439.695

19



[.699 **Faeroese 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.7 **Swedish 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.77 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations


[.770 01–.770 09 *‡Standard subdivisions 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.770 090 1] *‡To 499 A.D.


[.770 090 2] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5. Donot use for Old Swedish; class in 439.7701 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439



[.770 1 *‡Old Swedish to 1526 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.776–.778] *‡Geographic variations in Sweden


[.779 *‡Geographic variations 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.779 01–.779 09] *‡Standard subdivisions


[.779 1 *‡Geographic variations in areas, regions, places in general

Add to base number 439.7791 the numbers following —1 innotation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions439.7791734 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.779 4–.779 9 *‡Geographic variations in the modern world

Add to base number 439.779 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g.,geographic variations in Sweden 439.779485 [formerly439.776–439.778], dialects of Finland 439.7794897 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.8 *‡Danish and Norwegian 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.81 **Danish

Class Dano-Norwegian in 439.82 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.817 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographicvariations


[.817 001–.817 009 *‡Standard subdivisions

20





[.817 009 01] *‡To 499 A.D.


[.817 009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5.Do not use for Old Danish; class in 439.81701 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.817 009 4–.817 009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world


[.817 01 *‡Old Danish to 1500 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.817 1–.817 5] *‡Geographic variations in Denmark


[.817 9 *‡Geographic variations 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439






Add to base number 439.8179 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g.,geographic variations in Denmark 439.8179489 [formerly439.8171–439.8175], dialects of Germany 439.817943 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.82 **Norwegian

Class here New Norse, Landsm(l [both formerly 439.83]; Dano-Norwegian, Riksm(l, Bokm(l 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439



[.827 001–.827 009 *‡Standard subdivisions 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.827 009 01] *‡To 499 A.D.


[.827 009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for proto-Nordic language; class in 439.5.Do not use for Old Norse; class in 439.6. Do not usefor Middle Norwegian; class in 439.82702

21




[.827 009 03 *‡Modern period, 1500–

Do not use for Middle Norwegian; class in 439.82702439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.827 009 4–.827 009 9] *‡Specific continents, countries, localities in modern world


[.827 02 *‡Middle Norwegian, 1350–1525 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.827 2–.827 4] *‡Geographic variations in Norway


[.827 9 *‡Geographic variations 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439






Add to base number 439.8279 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g.,geographic variations in Norway 439.8279481 [formerly439.8272–439.8274], dialects of United States 439.827973 439 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 439439 German[and[related[languages 439

[.9 *‡East Germanic languages

Including Burgundian, Gothic, Vandalic 440 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 440440 French[and[related[Romance[languages 440

[440 *‡French and related Romance languagesClass here Romance languages

Class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470

For Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican, see 450;for Spanish and Portuguese, see 460 440 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 440440 French[and[related[Romance[languages 440

[.01–.03 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romance languages

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Romance languages 440.0143 440 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 440440 French[and[related[Romance[languages 440

[.04 *‡Special topics of Romance languages

Add to base number 440.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofRomance languages 440.045 440 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 440440 French[and[related[Romance[languages 440

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romance languages 440 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 440440 French[and[related[Romance[languages 440

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of French

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof French 440.143

22


441 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 441441 French[and[related[Romance[languages 441

[441–448 *‡Subdivisions of French

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 44notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of French 441.5 441 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 441441 French[and[related[Romance[languages 441

[441 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard French

Number built according to instructions under 441–448 442 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 442442 French[and[related[Romance[languages 442

[442 *‡Etymology of standard French


[443 *‡Dictionaries of standard French



Most recently used in Edition 16 445 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 445445 French[and[related[Romance[languages 445

[445 *‡Grammar of standard French



Most recently used in Edition 18 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[447 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of French


See also 449 for Occitan, Franco-Provençal 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Old French; class in 447.01. Do not use forMiddle French; class in 447.02 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 447.02 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447


Do not use; class in 447.9 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.01 *‡Old French to 1400 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.02 *‡Middle French, 1400–1600 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447


Number discontinued; class in 447

23

441 French[and[related[Romance[languages 441

447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in France

Relocated to 447.944 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447

[.9 *‡Geographic variations 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447


Do not use; class in 447.001–447.009 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447


Add to base number 447.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the overseas regions of the French Republic447.9171244 447 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 447447 French[and[related[Romance[languages 447


Add to base number 447.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations in France 447.944 [formerly 447.1–447.8], dialects of Quebec447.9714, Haitian Creole 447.97294

For geographic variations of Old French, see 447.01094–447.01099;for geographic variations of Middle French, see 447.02094–447.02099

See also 449.709449 for Provençal dialect of Occitan; also 459.984 for Corsican 448 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 448448 French[and[related[Romance[languages 448

[448 *‡Standard French usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


[449 *‡Occitan, Catalan, Franco-Provençal

Class here Langue d’oc; Provençal in the sense of a synonym of Occitan

Class Provençal in the sense of one of the dialects of Occitan in 449.709449 449 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 449449 French[and[related[Romance[languages 449

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Occitan, Langue d’oc

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Occitan 449.0143

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 449 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 449449 French[and[related[Romance[languages 449

[.1–.8 *‡Subdivisions of Occitan, Langue d’oc

Add to base number 449 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Occitan449.5

Subdivisions are added for either or both topics in heading 449 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 449449 French[and[related[Romance[languages 449

[.709 449 *‡Provençal dialect

Number built according to instructions under 449.1–449.8

Class Provençal in the sense of a synonym of Occitan in 449

See also 449 for for Franco-Provençal 449 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 449449 French[and[related[Romance[languages 449

[.9 **Catalan

24



450 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 450450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 450

[450 *‡Italian, Dalmatian, Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican

Class Dalmatian in 457.994972; class comprehensive works on Romancelanguages in 440; class comprehensive works on Italic languages in 470 450 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 450450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 450

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Italian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof Italian 450.143 451 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 451451 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 451

[451–458 *‡Subdivisions of Italian

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 45notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Italian 451.5 451 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 451451 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 451

[451 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Italian

Number built according to instructions under 451–458 452 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 452452 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 452

[452 *‡Etymology of standard Italian


[453 *‡Dictionaries of standard Italian



Most recently used in Edition 16 455 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 455455 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 455

[455 *‡Grammar of standard Italian



Most recently used in Edition 18 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[457 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Italian


[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Old Italian; class in 457.01. Do not use forMiddle Italian; class in 457.02 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 457.02

25

450 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 450


[.009 4–.009 9] *‡Treatment by specific continents, countries, localities in modern world

Do not use; class in 457.9 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.01 *‡Old Italian to 1300 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.02 *‡Middle Italian, 1300–1600 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457


Number discontinued; class in 457 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.1–.7] *‡Geographic variations in peninsular Italy

Relocated to 457.945 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.8] *‡Geographic variations in Sicily


[.9 *‡Geographic variations

Sardinian relocated to 459.982

For geographic variations of Old Italian, see 457.01094–457.01099; forgeographic variations of Middle Italian, see 457.02094–457.02099 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457


Do not use; class in 457.001–457.009 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457


Add to base number 457.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 457.91734

Geographic variations in Cagliari province of Sardinia relocated to459.98271 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.92] *‡Geographic variations in Nuoro province of Sardinia


[.93] *‡Geographic variations in Sassari province of Sardinia


[.94 *‡Geographic variations in Europe

Add to base number 457.94 the numbers following —4 in notation 41–49from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Italy 457.945 [formerly457.1–457.7], Dalmatian language 457.94972 [formerly 457.994972]

Geographic variations in Oristano province of Sardinia relocated to459.98274 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.95 *‡Geographic variations in Asia

Add to base number 457.95 the numbers following —5 in notation 51–59from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Philippines 457.9599

Corsican relocated to 459.984

26



[.96–.98 *‡Geographic variations in Africa, North America, South America

Add to base number 457.9 notation 6–8 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations in Libya 457.9612 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.99 *‡Geographic variations in other parts of world

Add to base number 457.99 the numbers following —9 in notation 91–98from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Australia 457.994 457 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 457457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457

[.994 972] *‡Dalmatian language


[458 *‡Standard Italian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


[459 *‡Romanian, Rhaetian, Sardinian, Corsican459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Romanian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Romanian 459.0143 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.1–.8 *‡Subdivisions of Romanian

Add to base number 459 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofRomanian 459.5 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.9 *‡Rhaetian languages; Sardinian, Corsican 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.92 **Friulian language 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.94 **Ladin language

See also 467.9496 for Judeo-Spanish (Ladino) 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.96 **Romansch language 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.98 *‡Sardinian and Corsican 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.982 **Sardinian [formerly 457.9] 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.982 7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations


[.982 709 459 1–.982 709 459 4] *‡Treatment by localities in Sardinia

Do not use; class in 459.98271–459.98274 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.982 71–.982 74] *‡Geographic variations in Sardinia [formerly 459.91–459.94]


[.982 71 *‡Geographic variations in Cagliari province of Sardinia [formerly457.91]

27

457 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 457



[.982 72 *‡Geographic variations in Nuoro province of Sardinia [formerly457.92] 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.982 73 *‡Geographic variations in Sassari province of Sardinia [formerly457.93] 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.982 74 *‡Geographic variations in Oristano province of Sardinia [formerly457.94] 459 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 459459 Italian,[Dalmatian,[Romanian,[Rhaetian,[Sardinian,[Corsican 459

[.984 **Corsican [formerly 457.95] 460 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 460460 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 460

[460 *‡Spanish, Portuguese, GalicianClass comprehensive works on Romance languages in 440 460 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 460460 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 460

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions for comprehensive works on Spanish andPortuguese 460 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 460460 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 460

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Spanish

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof Spanish 460.143 461 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 461461 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 461

[461–468 *‡Subdivisions of Spanish

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 46notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Spanish 461.5 461 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 461461 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 461

[461 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of standard Spanish

Number built according to instructions under 461–468 462 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 462462 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 462

[462 *‡Etymology of standard Spanish


[463 *‡Dictionaries of standard Spanish



Most recently used in Edition 16 465 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 465465 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 465

[465 *‡Grammar of standard Spanish



Most recently used in Edition 18 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[467 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variations of Spanish


[.001–.008 *‡Standard subdivisions 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography

28


467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.009 02] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Old Spanish; class in 467.01. Do not use forMiddle Spanish; class in 467.02 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.009 031] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use; class in 467.02 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467



[.01 *‡Old Spanish to 1100 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.02 *‡Middle Spanish, 1100–1600 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467


Number discontinued; class in 467 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.1–.8] *‡Geographic variations in Spain

Relocated to 467.946 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467

[.9 *‡Geographic variations 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467


Do not use; class in 467.001–467.009 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467


Add to base number 467.91 the numbers following —1 in notation 11–19from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 467.91734 467 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 467467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467


Add to base number 467.9 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations in Spain 467.946 [formerly 467.1–467.8], Judeo-Spanish(Ladino) 467.9496, Papiamento 467.972986, Latin American dialects467.98

For geographic variations of Old Spanish, see 467.01094–467.01099;for geographic variations of Middle Spanish, see 467.02094–467.02099468 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 468468 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 468

[468 *‡Standard Spanish usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


[469 *‡Portuguese and Galician469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Portuguese

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Portuguese 469.0143 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.1–.5 *‡Subdivisions of Portuguese

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 469 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Portuguese 469.15

29

467 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 467


[.7 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographicvariations 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.700 1–.700 8 *‡Standard subdivisions 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.700 9 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.700 902] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use for Old Portuguese; class in 469.701. Do not usefor Middle Portuguese; class in 469.702 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.700 903 1] *‡16th century, 1500–1599




[.701 *‡Old Portuguese to 1100 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.702 *‡Middle Portuguese, 1100–1600 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469


Number discontinued; class in 469.7 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.71–.76] *‡Geographic variations in continental Portugal

Geographic variations of Portuguese in continental Portugal relocated to469.79469; geographic variations of Galician in continental Portugalrelocated from 469.71–469.72 to 469.9 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.78] *‡Geographic variations in Madeira


[.79 *‡Geographic variations in specific continents, countries, localities inmodern world 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469




Add to base number 469.791 the numbers following —1 in notation11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of the Portuguese Empire469.791712469

Geographic variations in Azores relocated to 469.794699

30



[.794 *‡Geographic variations in Europe

Add to base number 469.794 the numbers following —4 in notation41–49 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Portugal 469.79469[formerly 469.71–469.76], geographic variations in Madeira469.794698 [formerly 469.78], geographic variations in Azores469.794699 [formerly 469.791], geographic variations in Spain469.7946

For geographic variations of Old Portuguese, see469.701094–469.701099; for geographic variations of MiddlePortuguese, see 469.702094–469.702099

Geographic variations of Galician in Spain relocated to 469.9 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.795–.797 *‡Geographic variations in Asia, Africa, North America

Add to base number 469.79 notation 5–7 from Table 2, e.g., Crioulo ofGuinea-Bissau 469.796657 [formerly 469.7996657], Crioulo of CapeVerde Islands and comprehensive works on Crioulo 469.796658[formerly 469.7996658]

See also 467.972986 for Papiamento 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.798 *‡Geographic variations in South America

Add to base number 469.798 the numbers following —8 in notation81–89 from Table 2, e.g., geographic variations in Brazil 469.7981,dialects of São Paulo 469.798161

Notation —81–87 from Table 2 replaces notation 811–817 fromTable 2 with the result that many numbers have been reused withnew meanings 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.799 *‡Geographic variations in other parts of world

Add to base number 469.79 notation 9 from Table 2, e.g., geographicvariations of Australia 469.7994 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469




Add to base number 469.7991 the numbers following —1 innotation 11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions469.7991734 469 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 469469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469

[.799 665 7] *‡Crioulo of Guinea-Bissau


[.799 665 8] *‡Crioulo of Cape Verde Islands; comprehensive works onCrioulo


[.8 *‡Standard Portuguese usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Add to base number 469.8 the numbers following —8 in notation 8001–8955from Table 4, e.g., reading Portuguese 469.84

31

469 Spanish,[Portuguese,[Galician 469


[.9 **Galician [formerly 469.71–469.72, 469.794]

Class here Gallegan 470 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 470470 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 470

[470 *‡Latin and related Italic languagesClass here Italic languages

Class comprehensive works on Latin and Greek in 480

For Romance languages, see 440 470 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 470470 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 470

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Italic languages 470 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 470470 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 470

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Latin

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g., semanticsof Latin 470.143 471 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 471471 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 471

[471–478 *‡Subdivisions of Latin

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 47notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Latin 471.5

See Manual at 471–475, 478 vs. 477 471 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 471471 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 471

[471 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478 472 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 472472 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 472

[472 *‡Etymology of classical Latin

Number built according to instructions under 471–478 473 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 473473 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 473

[473 *‡Dictionaries of classical Latin



Most recently used in Edition 16 475 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 475475 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 475

[475 *‡Grammar of classical Latin



Most recently used in Edition 18 477 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 477477 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 477

[477 *‡Old, postclassical, Vulgar Latin

Standard subdivisions are added for any or all topics in heading

Variant name for Old Latin: preclassical Latin


32



478 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 478478 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 478

[478 *‡Classical Latin usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


Class here classical-revival Latin usage during medieval or modern times 479 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 479479 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 479

[479 *‡Other Italic languages479 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 479479 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 479

[.4–.9 *‡Specific languages

Add to base number 479 the numbers following —79 in notation 794–799from Table 6, e.g., Umbrian 479.9 480 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 480480 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 480

[480 *‡Classical Greek and related Hellenic languagesClassical Greek: the Greek that flourished between 750 and 350 B.C.

Class here Hellenic languages, comprehensive works on classical (Greek andLatin) languages

For Latin, see 470 480 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 480480 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 480

[.01–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions of classical (Greek and Latin) languages 480 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 480480 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 480

[.1–.9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Hellenic languages, classical Greek 481 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 481481 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 481

[481–488 *‡Subdivisions of classical, preclassical, postclassicalGreek

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to base number 48notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of classical Greek 481.5

Dialects of classical Greek are classed in the numbers for classical Greek(480.1–485, 488)

For standard subdivisions of classical Greek, see 480.1–480.9 481 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 481481 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 481

[481 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics of classical Greek

Number built according to instructions under 481–488 482 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 482482 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 482

[482 *‡Etymology of classical Greek


[483 *‡Dictionaries of classical Greek



Most recently used in Edition 16 485 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 485485 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 485

[485 *‡Grammar of classical Greek



Most recently used in Edition 18

33

478 Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 478

487 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 487487 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 487

[487 *‡Preclassical and postclassical Greek


[.1 *‡Preclassical Greek

Including Mycenaean Greek, Linear B

See also 492.6 for Linear A 487 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 487487 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 487

[.3 *‡Postclassical Greek

Including Byzantine Greek

For Koine, see 487.4 487 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 487487 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 487

[.4 *‡Koine (Hellenistic Greek)

Class here Biblical Greek 488 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 488488 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 488

[488 *‡Classical Greek usage (Prescriptive linguistics)


[489 *‡Other Hellenic languages489 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 489489 Classical[Greek[and[related[Hellenic[languages 489

[.3 **Modern Greek

Including Demotic, Katharevusa 490 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 490490 Other[languages 490

[490 *‡Other languagesIncluding language of Indus script 490 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 490490 Other[languages 490

SUMMARY

[491 East Indo-European and Celtic languages[492 Afro-Asiatic languages[493 Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages[494 Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages[495 Languages of east and southeast Asia[496 African languages[497 North American native languages[498 South American native languages[499 Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesian languages,

miscellaneous languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[491 *‡East Indo-European and Celtic languages

Class comprehensive works on Indo-European languages in 410

34



491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

SUMMARY

[491.1 Indo-Iranian languages[.2 Sanskrit[.3 Middle Indo-Aryan languages[.4 Modern Indo-Aryan languages[.5 Iranian languages[.6 Celtic languages[.7 Russian and related East Slavic languages[.8 Slavic (Slavonic) languages[.9 Baltic and other Indo-European languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.1 *‡Indo-Iranian languages

For Indo-Aryan languages, see 491.2–491.4; for Iranian languages, see491.5 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

> [491.2–491.4*‡Indo-Aryan languages

Class comprehensive works in 491.1 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.2 **Sanskrit 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.29 *‡Vedic (Old Indo-Aryan) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.3 *‡Middle Indo-Aryan languages

Former heading: Middle Indic languages

Class here comprehensive works on Prakrit languages

For modern Prakrit languages, see 491.4 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.37 **Pali 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.4 *‡Modern Indo-Aryan languages

Former heading: Modern Indic languages

Class here modern Prakrit languages

Class comprehensive works on Prakrit languages in 491.3 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.41 *‡Sindhi and Lahnda 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.410 1–.410 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Sindhi

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Sindhi 491.40143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.411–.418 *‡Subdivisions of Sindhi

Add to base number 491.41 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Sindhi 491.415 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.419 **Lahnda 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.42 **Panjabi

35

491 Other[languages 491



[.43 *‡Western Hindi languages

Class here comprehensive works on Hindi languages

For languages of east central zone of Indo-Aryan languages (EasternHindi languages), see 491.492 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.430 01–.430 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of Western Hindi languages

Relocated to 491.4301–491.4309 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.430 1–.430 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Western Hindi languages [formerly491.43001–491.43009], Hindi

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Hindi 491.430143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.431–.438 *‡Subdivisions of Hindi

Add to base number 491.43 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Hindi 491.435 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.439 **Urdu 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.44 **Bengali

Class here comprehensive works on Bengali and Assamese

For Assamese, see 491.451 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.45 *‡Assamese, Bihari, Oriya 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.451 **Assamese 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.454 **Bihari 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491



Including Bhojpuri, Magahi, Maithili 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.456 **Oriya 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.46 *‡Marathi and Konkani 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.460 1–.460 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Marathi

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Marathi 491.460143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.461–.468 *‡Subdivisions of Marathi

Add to base number 491.46 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Marathi 491.465 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.469 **Konkani 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.47 *‡Gujarati, Bhili, Rajasthani

36




[.470 1–.470 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Gujarati

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Gujarati 491.470143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.471–.478 *‡Subdivisions of Gujarati

Add to base number 491.47 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Gujarati 491.475 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.479 **Rajasthani 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491



Including Jaipuri, Marwari 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.48 *‡Sinhalese-Maldivian languages

Class here Sinhalese (Sinhala) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.480 1–.480 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Sinhalese (Sinhala)

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Sinhalese 491.480143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.481–.488 *‡Subdivisions of Sinhalese (Sinhala)

Add to base number 491.48 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Sinhalese 491.485 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.489 **Divehi (Maldivian) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.49 *‡Other Indo-Aryan languages

Including Nuristani (Kafiri)

See also 494.8 for Dravidian languages; also 495.4 for Tibeto-Burmanlanguages; also 495.95 for Munda languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.492 *‡Languages of east central zone of Indo-Aryan languages (EasternHindi languages)

Including Awadhi, Bagheli, Chattisgarhi, Fijian Hindustani (Fiji Hindi)

Class comprehensive works on Hindi languages in 491.43 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.495 **Nepali language 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.496 *‡Pahari languages

Including Garhwali

Class here languages of northern zone of Indo-Aryan languages

For Nepali, see 491.495 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.497 **Romani

37




[.499 *‡Dardic (Pisacha) languages

Including Kashmiri, Khowar, Kohistani, Shina 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.5 *‡Iranian languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.51 **Old Persian

Class here ancient west Iranian languages

See also 491.52 for Avestan language 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.52 **Avestan

Class here ancient east Iranian languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.53 *‡Middle Iranian languages

Including Khotanese (Saka), Pahlavi (Middle Persian), Sogdian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.55 **Modern Persian (Farsi)

Class Tajik in 491.57 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.56 **Dari 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.57 **Tajik 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.59 *‡Other modern Iranian languages

Including Pamir languages; Osetin (Ossetic) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.593 **Pashto (Afghan) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.597 *‡Kurdish languages

Including central and southern Kurdish

Class here Kurdish (Kurmanji, northern Kurdish) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.597 01–.597 09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Kurdish (Kurmanji)

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4,e.g., semantics of Kurdish 491.5970143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.597 1–.597 8 *‡Subdivisions of Kurdish (Kurmanji)

Add to base number 491.597 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,grammar of Kurdish 491.5975 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.598 **Baluchi 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.6 *‡Celtic languages

Including Gaulish 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.62 **Irish Gaelic 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.63 **Scottish Gaelic 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.64 **Manx

38




[.66 **Welsh (Cymric) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.67 **Cornish 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.68 **Breton 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.7 *‡Russian and related East Slavic languages

Class here East Slavic languages

Class comprehensive works on Slavic (Slavonic) languages in 491.8 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.700 1–.700 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of East Slavic languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.701–.709 *‡Standard subdivisions of Russian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Russian 491.70143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.71–.75 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics, etymology, dictionaries,grammar of Russian

Add to base number 491.7 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofRussian 491.75 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.77 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variationsof Russian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 01–.770 08 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 09 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 090 2] *‡6th–15th centuries, 500–1499

Do not use; class in 491.7701 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 090 31] *‡16th century, 1500–1599

Do not use for Old Russian; class in 491.7701. Do notuse for Middle Russian; class in 491.7702 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 090 32] *‡17th century, 1600–1699


[.770 090 33 *‡18th century, 1700–1799

Do not use for Middle Russian; class in 491.7702 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491



[.770 1 *‡Old Russian to 1550 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 2 *‡Middle Russian, 1550–1750 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.770 9] *‡Modern nongeographic variations

Number discontinued; class in 491.77

39



[.774–.779 *‡Geographic variations

Add to base number 491.77 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g., dialects ofFar Eastern Siberia 491.77577

For geographic variations of Old Russian, see491.7701094–491.7701099. For geographic variations in MiddleRussian, see 491.7702094–491.7702099 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.78 *‡Standard Russian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Add to base number 491.78 the numbers following —8 in notation8001–86 from Table 4, e.g., reading Russian 491.784 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.79 *‡Ukrainian and Belarusian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.790 1–.790 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Ukrainian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Ukrainian 491.790143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.791–.798 *‡Subdivisions of Ukrainian

Add to base number 491.79 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Ukrainian 491.795 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.799 **Belarusian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.8 *‡Slavic (Slavonic) languages

Including Common Slavic

Class here comprehensive works on Balto-Slavic languages

For East Slavic languages, see 491.7; for Baltic languages, see 491.9 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491


Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Slavic languages 491.80143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.804 *‡Special topics of Slavic languages

Add to base number 491.804 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Slavic languages 491.8045 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.805–.809 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.81 *‡Bulgarian and related South Slavic languages

Class here South Slavic languages

For Serbian, see 491.82; for Croatian and Bosnian, see 491.83; forSlovenian, see 491.84 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.810 01–.810 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of South Slavic languages

Relocated to 491.8101–491.8109

40




[.810 1–.810 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of South Slavic languages [formerly491.81001–491.81009], Bulgarian

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Bulgarian 491.810143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.811–.815 *‡Writing systems, phonology, phonetics, etymology, dictionaries,grammar of Bulgarian

Except for modifications shown under specific entries, add to basenumber 491.81 notation 1–5 from Table 4, e.g., phonology of Bulgarian 491.8115


[.817 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographicvariations of Bulgarian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.817 001–.817 008 *‡Standard subdivisions 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.817 009 *‡History, geographic treatment, biography

Do not use for Old Bulgarian; class in 491.81701 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.817 01 **Old Bulgarian (Church Slavic) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.818 *‡Standard Bulgarian usage (Prescriptive linguistics)

Add to base number 491.818 the numbers following —8 in notation8001–86 from Table 4, e.g., reading Bulgarian 491.8184 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.819 **Macedonian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.82 **Serbian

Class here Serbo-Croatian (languages of Serbs, Croats, and Bosnianstreated together as a single language)

For Croatian, see 491.83. For Bosnian, see 491.839 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.83 **Croatian [formerly 491.82] and Bosnian

Subdivisions are added for Croatian and Bosnian together, for Croatianalone 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.839 **Bosnian [formerly 491.82] 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.84 **Slovenian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.85 *‡Polish and related West Slavic languages

Including Kashubian

Class here West Slavic languages

For Czech, see 491.86; for Slovak, see 491.87; for Wendish, see491.88; for Polabian, see 491.89 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.850 01–.850 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of West Slavic languages

Relocated to 491.8501–491.8509

41




[.850 1–.850 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of West Slavic languages [formerly491.85001–491.85009], Polish

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Polish 491.850143 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.851–.858 *‡Subdivisions of Polish

Add to base number 491.85 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Polish 491.855 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.86 **Czech 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491



Including Moravian dialects 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.87 **Slovak 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.88 **Wendish (Lusatian, Sorbian) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.89 **Polabian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.9 *‡Baltic and other Indo-European languages 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

> [491.91–491.93*‡Baltic languages


[.91 *‡Old Prussian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.92 **Lithuanian 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.93 **Latvian (Lettish) 491 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 491491 Other[languages 491

[.99 *‡Other Indo-European languages

Add to base number 491.99 the numbers following —9199 in notation91991–91998 from Table 6, e.g., Albanian 491.991, Phrygian 491.993;then to the number given for each language listed below add notation 01–8from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Albanian 491.9915

491.991 Albanian

491.992 Armenian

491.994 Tocharian

491.998 Hittite 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[492 *‡Afro-Asiatic languages

Class here Semitic languages

For non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages, see 493

42





Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Semitic languages 492.0143 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.04 *‡Special topics of Afro-Asiatic and Semitic languages

Add to base number 492.04 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofSemitic languages 492.045 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.05–.09 *‡Standard subdivisions 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.1 *‡East Semitic languages

Class here Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian)

For Eblaite, see 492.6

See also 499.95 for Sumerian 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.101–.109 *‡Standard subdivisions of Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian)

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Akkadian 492.10143 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.11–.18 *‡Subdivisions of Akkadian (Assyro-Babylonian)

Add to base number 492.1 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofAkkadian 492.15; dialects of Assyrian, Babylonian 492.17 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

> [492.2–492.9*‡West Semitic languages

Class comprehensive works in 492 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.2 *‡Aramaic languages

For Eastern Aramaic languages, see 492.3 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.29 *‡Western Aramaic languages

Including Biblical Aramaic (Chaldee) and Samaritan 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.3 *‡Eastern Aramaic languages

Class here Syriac 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.301–.309 *‡Standard subdivisions of Syriac

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Syriac 492.30143 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.31–.38 *‡Subdivisions of Syriac

Add to base number 492.3 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofSyriac 492.35 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.4 **Hebrew

43




[.6 *‡Canaanite languages

Including Ammonite, Eblaite, Moabite, Phoenician; Linear A and its language

Class here comprehensive works on Canaanitic languages

For Hebrew, see 492.4

See also 487.1 for Linear B

See Manual at T6—926 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.67 **Ugaritic 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.7 *‡Arabic and Maltese

Class here Classical Arabic, modern standard Arabic

See also 492.9 for South Arabian languages 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.701–.709 *‡Standard subdivisions of Arabic

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Arabic 492.70143 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.71–.78 *‡Subdivisions of Arabic

Add to base number 492.7 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofArabic 492.75 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.79 **Maltese 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.8 *‡Ethiopian languages

Including Gurage, Harari

Class here comprehensive works on South Semitic languages

For South Arabian languages, see 492.9 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.81 **Ge‘ez language 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.82 **Tigré 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.83 **Tigrinya 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.87 **Amharic 492 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 492492 Other[languages 492

[.9 *‡South Arabian languages

Including Mahri, Sokotri

Class comprehensive works on South Semitic languages in 492.8

See also 492.7 for Arabic

44




[493 *‡Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages

Add to base number 493 the numbers following —93 in notation 931–937 fromTable 6, e.g., Afar 493.5, Oromo 493.55; then to the number for each languagelisted below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Oromo 493.555

493.1 Egyptian

493.2 Coptic

493.33 Tamazight

493.34 Kabyle

493.38 Tamashek

493.54 Somali

493.55 Oromo

493.72 Hausa 494 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 494494 Other[languages 494

[494 *‡Altaic, Uralic, Hyperborean, Dravidian languages

Add to base number 494 the numbers following —94 in notation 941–948 fromTable 6, e.g., Mongolian 494.23, Altai 494.33; then to the number given for eachlanguage listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofMongolian 494.235

494.23 Mongolian proper, Halh Mongolian (Khalkha Mongolian)

494.315 Chuvash

494.323 Uighur

494.325 Uzbek

494.332 Yakut

494.345 Kazakh

494.347 Kyrgyz

494.35 Turkish, Osmanli, Ottoman Turkish

494.361 Azerbaijani

494.364 Turkmen

494.387 Tatar

494.388 Crimean Tatar

494.511 Hungarian (Magyar)

494.541 Finnish (Suomi)

494.545 Estonian

45


494.55 Sami

494.811 Tamil

494.812 Malayalam

494.814 Kannada (Kanarese)

494.823 Gondi

494.824 Kui (Khond, Kandh)

494.827 Telugu

494.83 Brahui

For Japanese, see 495.6; for Korean, see 495.7

See also 497.1 for Inuit, Yupik, Aleut languages 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[495 *‡Languages of east and southeast Asia

Including Karen

Here are classed languages of south Asia closely related to the languages of eastand southeast Asia

Class here Sino-Tibetan languages

For Austronesian languages of east and southeast Asia, see 499.2 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.1 **Chinese

Class here Beijing dialect; Mandarin (Putonghua) (standard written Chinese)495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.17 *‡Historical and geographic variations, modern nongeographic variationsof Chinese


Class Mandarin Chinese in 495.1 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495



[.171–.178] *‡Geographic variations in China

Relocated to 495.17951 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.179 *‡Geographic variations 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495


Do not use; class in 495.17001–495.17009 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495


Add to base number 467.91 the numbers following —1 in notation11–19 from Table 2, e.g., dialects of rural regions 495.1791734

46





Add to base number 495.179 notation 4–9 from Table 2, e.g.,geographic variations in China 495.17951 [formerly495.171–495.178], dialects of Guangdong Sheng, comprehensiveworks on Yue (Cantonese) dialects 495.1795127 [formerly495.1727]; works that focus narrowly on the Cantonese dialect asspoken in the municipality of Canton 495.17951275 [formerly495.17275], Chinese dialects in Malaysia 495.179595, Yue(Cantonese) dialects as spoken in North America 495.1797 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.4 *‡Tibetan and related Tibeto-Burman languages

Including Baric, Bodish, Loloish languages

Class here Tibeto-Burman languages

Class Karen in 495

For Burmese, see 495.8 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.400 1–.400 9] *‡Standard subdivisions of Tibeto-Burman languages


[.401–.409 *‡Standard subdivisions of Tibeto-Burman languages [formerly495.4001–495.4009], Tibetan

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Tibetan 495.40143 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.41–.48 *‡Subdivisions of Tibetan

Add to base number 495.4 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofTibetan 495.45 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.49 *‡Eastern Himalayan languages

Including Chepang, Limbu, Magari, Sunwar; Newari

Class here Kiranti languages, Mahakiranti languages

See also 491.495 for Nepali 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.6 **Japanese 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.7 **Korean 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.8 **Burmese

47




[.9 *‡Miscellaneous languages of southeast Asia; Munda languages

Only those languages provided for below

Including Kadai languages, Kam-Sui languages

Class here Daic languages

Class Austroasiatic languages in 495.93

For Austronesian languages, see 499.2 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.91 *‡Thai (Siamese) and related Tai languages

Class here Tai languages 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.910 01–.910 09] *‡Standard subdivisions of Tai languages


[.910 1–.910 9 *‡Standard subdivisions of Tai languages [formerly495.91001–495.91009], Thai (Siamese)

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Thai 495.910143 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.911–.918 *‡Subdivisions of Thai (Siamese)

Add to base number 495.91 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammarof Thai 495.915 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.919 *‡Other Tai languages

Including Shan

For Viet-Muong languages, see 495.92 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.919 1 **Lao 495 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 495495 Other[languages 495

[.92–.97 *‡Viet-Muong, Austroasiatic, Munda, Hmong-Mien (Miao-Yao)languages

Add to base number 495.9 the numbers following —959 in notation9592–9597 from Table 6, e.g., Vietnamese 495.922, Khasi 495.93; then tothe number given for each language listed below add notation 01–8 fromTable 4, e.g., grammar of Vietnamese 495.9225

495.922 Vietnamese

495.932 Khmer (Cambodian)

495.972 Hmong (Miao)

495.978 Yao

48




[496 *‡African languages

Class Afrikaans in 439.36; class Malagasy in 499.3. Class an African creolehaving a non-African primary source language with the source language, plusnotation 7 from Table 4, e.g., Krio 427.9664

For Ethiopian languages, see 492.8; for non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages,see 493 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.1 *‡Khoisan languages

Including Khoikhoi, San 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.3 *‡Niger-Congo languages

Including Ijoid, Kordofanian languages; Dogon 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.32 *‡West Atlantic languages 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.321 *‡Senegambian languages

Former heading: Senegal group

Including Serer (Serer-Sine)

For Fula, see 496.322 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.321 4 **Wolof 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.322 **Fula (Fulani) 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.33 *‡Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaanlanguages; Kwa languages; Kru languages

Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaan languages,formerly considered Kwa languages, are now considered Benue-Congolanguages

Add to base number 496.33 the numbers following —9633 in notation96332–96338 from Table 6, e.g., Yoruba 496.333, Baoulé 496.338; thenfor each language with a base number listed below, add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Yoruba 496.3335

496.332 Ibo (Igbo)

496.333 Yoruba

496.3374 Ewe

496.3378 Gã

496.3385 Akan, Fante, Twi

Class comprehensive works on Benue-Congo languages in 496.36 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.34 *‡Mande languages

49




[.345 *‡Manding-Mokole languages

Class here Mandekan languages 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.345 2 **Bambara 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.348 *‡Mende-Bandi languages

Including Bandi (Gbandi)

Class here Mende 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.348 01–.348 09 *‡Standard subdivisions of Mende

Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–09 in Table 4,e.g., semantics of Mende 496.3480143 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.348 1–.348 8 *‡Subdivisions of Mende

Add to base number 496.348 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,grammar of Mende 496.3485 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.35 *‡Gur (Voltaic) languages

Including Dagomba, Moré, Senufo

Class Dogon in 496.3 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.36 *‡Benue-Congo and Adamawa-Ubangi languages

Standard subdivisions are added for Benue-Congo and Adamawa-Ubangilanguages together, for Benue-Congo languages alone

Including Bamileke

Class here Bantoid languages

Class Mbam languages (from zone A) in 496.396

For Igboid, Defoid, Edoid, Idomoid, Nupoid, Akpes, Oko, Ukaanlanguages, see 496.33; for Bantu languages, see 496.39 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.361 *‡Adamawa-Ubangi languages

Including Gbaya, Zande 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.361 6 **Sango 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.364 *‡Cross River languages

Including Ibibio 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.364 2 **Efik 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.39 *‡Bantu languages

Bantu proper (Narrow Bantu)

See also 496.36 for Bantoid languages other than Bantu proper

See Manual at T6—9639

50





Notation from Table 1 as modified under —01–03 in Table 4, e.g.,semantics of Bantu languages 496.390143 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.390 4 *‡Special topics of Bantu languages

Add to base number 496.3904 notation 1–8 from Table 4, e.g.,grammar of Bantu languages 496.39045 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496


51



[.391–.399 *‡Specific Bantu languages and language families

Add to base number 496.39 the numbers following —9639 in notation96391–96399 from Table 6, e.g., Ewondo 496.396, Zulu 496.3986;then for each language with a base number listed below, add notation01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Zulu 496.39865

496.3915 Bemba

496.3918 Nyanja, Chichewa (Chewa)

496.392 Swahili

496.3931 Kongo (Koongo)

496.3932 Mbundu (Kimbundu)

496.39461 Rwanda (Kinyarwanda)

496.39465 Rundi

496.3954 Kikuyu

496.3957 Ganda (Luganda)

496.3962 Duala

496.39686 Lingala

496.3975 Shona

496.3976 Venda (Tshivenda)

496.39771 Northern Sotho

496.39772 Southern Sotho

496.39775 Tswana

496.3978 Tsonga

496.3985 Xhosa

496.3986 Zulu

496.3987 Swazi (siSwati)

496.3989 Ndebele (South Africa) 496 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 496496 Other[languages 496

[.5 *‡Nilo-Saharan languages

Including Nilotic, Nubian languages; Luo, Songhai

Class here Chari-Nile (Macrosudanic) languages

52



[497 *‡North American native languages

Class here comprehensive works on North and South American native languages

For South American native languages, see 498 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497497 Other[languages 497

[.1–.2 *‡Inuit, Yupik, Aleut, Na-Dene languages

Add to base number 497 the numbers following —97 in notation 971–972from Table 6, e.g., Na-Dene languages 497.2, Navajo 497.26; then to thenumber for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g.,grammar of Navajo 497.265

497.124 Eastern Canadian Inuktitut

497.19 Aleut

497.256 Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache (Chiricahua, Mescalero)

497.26 Navajo (Diné)

497.27 Tlingit

497.28 Haida 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497497 Other[languages 497

[.3 *‡Algic and Muskogean languages

Standard subdivisions are added for Algic and Muskogean languages together,for Algic languages alone

Including Lumbee, Yurok

Class here Algonquian languages

53



[.31–.38 *‡Specific Algic and Muskogean languages and language families

Add to base number 497.3 the numbers following —973 in notation9731–9738 from Table 6, e.g., Cree 497.323, Muskogean languages497.38; then to the number for each language listed below add notation01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Cree 497.3235

497.312 Kickapoo

497.313 Menomini

497.314 Mesquakie, Fox

497.315 Miami

497.316 Potawatomi

497.317 Shawnee

497.323 Cree

497.333 Ojibwa, Chippewa

497.336 Ottawa

497.343 Micmac

497.344 Mohegan, Narragansett

497.345 Unami (Delaware, Lenni Lenape)

497.347 Powhatan

497.348 Wampanoag

497.352 Blackfoot, Siksika

497.353 Cheyenne

497.354 Arapaho

497.385 Muskogee (Creek)

497.3859 Seminole

497.386 Chickasaw

497.387 Choctaw 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497497 Other[languages 497

[.4 *‡Penutian, Mayan, Mixe-Zoque, Uto-Aztecan, Kiowa Tanoanlanguages

54



[.41–.49 *‡Specific Penutian, Mayan, Mixe-Zoque, Uto-Aztecan, Kiowa Tanoanlanguages and language families

Add to base number 497.4 the numbers following —974 in notation9741–9749 from Table 6, e.g., Uto-Aztecan languages 497.45, Nahuatl497.452; then to the number for each language listed below add notation01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Nahuatl 497.4525

497.4122 Klamath, Modoc

497.4124 Nez Percé

497.4127 Yakama

497.4128 Tsimshian

497.4133 Miwok

497.422 Cakchikel

497.423 Quiché

497.427 Maya, Yucatec Maya

497.4287 Tzotzil

497.452 Nahuatl (Aztec)

497.4542 Yaqui

497.4544 Huichol

497.4546 Tarahumara

497.4552 Tohono O’odham

497.45529 Akimel O’odham 497 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 497497 Other[languages 497

[.5 *‡Siouan, Iroquoian, Hokan, Chumash, Yuki languages

Class Keresan languages in 497.9; class Caddoan languages in 497.93

See also 497.9 for Yuchi

55



[.52–.58 *‡Specific Siouan, Iroquoian, Hokan, Chumash, Yuki languages andlanguage families

Add to base number 497.5 the numbers following —975 in notation9752–9758 from Table 6, e.g., Iroquoian languages 497.55, Cherokee497.557; then to the number for each language listed below add notation01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar of Cherokee 497.5575

497.522 Mandan

497.5243 Dakota

497.5244 Lakota

497.5253 Omaha

497.52539 Ponca

497.5254 Osage

497.526 Winnebago

497.5272 Crow

497.5274 Hidatsa

497.5542 Mohawk

497.5543 Oneida

497.5546 Seneca

497.555 Wyandot, Huron

497.557 Cherokee

497.5722 Mohave

497.5724 Havasupai, Walapai, Yavapai

497.576 Washo

56



[.6–.9 *‡Oto-Manguean, Chibchan languages of North America, Misumalpan,other North American languages

Add to base number 497 the numbers following —97 in notation 976–979from Table 6, e.g., Oto-Manguean languages 497.6, Zapotec 497.68; then tothe number for each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4,e.g., grammar of Zapotec 497.685

497.63 Mixtec

497.68 Zapotec

497.83 San Blas Kuna (San Blas Cuna)

497.882 Mískito

497.922 Taino

497.932 Arikara

497.933 Pawnee

497.9435 Kalispel, Pend d’Oreille

497.953 Kwakiutl

497.955 Nootka

497.96 Purépecha (Tarasco)

497.992 Kutenai

497.994 Zuni 498 DeweyiDecimaliClassification 498498 Other[languages 498

[498 *‡South American native languages

Add to base number 498 the numbers following —98 in notation 982–989 fromTable 6, e.g., Quechua 498.323, Tucanoan languages 498.35; then to the numberfor each language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofQuechua 498.3235

498.323 Quechua (Kechua)

498.324 Aymara

498.372 Shuar

498.3822 Paraguayan Guaraní

498.3832 Tupí (Nhengatu)

498.422 Carib (Galibi)

498.72 Mapudungun (Mapuche)

498.92 Yanomamo

57



[499 *‡Non-Austronesian languages of Oceania, Austronesianlanguages, miscellaneous languages

Add to base number 499 the numbers following —99 in notation 991–999 fromTable 6, e.g., Polynesian languages 499.4, Maori 499.442; then to the number foreach language listed below add notation 01–8 from Table 4, e.g., grammar ofMaori 499.4425

499.211 Tagalog (Filipino)

499.221 Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia)

499.222 Javanese

499.2232 Sunda (Sundanese)

499.2234 Madura (Madurese)

499.2238 Bali (Balinese)

499.2242 Aceh (Achinese)

499.2244 Minangkabau

499.22462 Batak Toba

499.22466 Batak Dairi

499.2248 Lampung

499.2256 Banjar (Banjarese)

499.2262 Bugis (Buginese)

499.2264 Makasar

499.28 Malay (Bahasa Malaysia, Standard Malay) and aboriginal Malaylanguages

499.3 Malagasy

499.42 Hawaiian

499.442 Maori

499.444 Tahitian

499.462 Samoan

499.482 Tongan (Tonga)

499.484 Niue (Niuean)

499.59 Fijian

499.92 Basque

58


499.95 Sumerian

499.9623 Abkhaz

499.9625 Adyghe

499.969 Georgian

499.992 Esperanto

499.993 Interlingua

59


006 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ 006

006.35 vs. 410.285

Computational linguistics vs. computer applications in linguistics

Use 006.35 for works on com pu ta tional lin guis tics. Use 410.285 for com puterap pli ca tions in lin guis tics in the broad sense. For ex am ple, use 410.28553 forgen eral soft ware tools, e.g., pro grams that gen er ate con cor dances. If in doubt,pre fer 006.35. 401 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Language 401

401 vs. 121.68, 149.94, 410.1

Philosophy and theory of language vs. Meaning, interpretation,hermeneutics in philosophy vs. Linguistic philosophies vs. Philosophy andtheory of linguistics

Use 401 for works by phi lolo gists study ing lan guage, lit era ture, and vari ousother cul tural is sues, but with an em pha sis on lan guage, and for works where phi -lolo gists with broader con cerns than lin guists re flect on their dis ci pline and itsmeth ods. Use 401 also for broad works on the phi loso phy and the ory of lan guage and lan guages writ ten by lin guists and phi lolo gists.

Use 401.41 Semi ot ics or 401.43 Se man tics for works in which lin guists study se -man tics and semi ot ics to an swer tra di tional ques tions about natu ral lan guages,of ten in re la tion to other top ics in lin guis tic the ory, such as gram mar, lexi col ogy,pho nol ogy. Use 410.1 for works in which lin guists re flect on their dis ci pline andits meth ods. (See also dis cus sion at 401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.9, 412, 415.)

Philosophy of language

Use 149.94 for "lin guis tic phi loso phies"—view points or schools of phi loso phythat put study of lan guage at the cen ter and use lin guis tic meth ods to study mul ti -ple ques tions in phi loso phy, such as meta phys ics, aes thet ics, logic, or eth ics. Use121.68 for philo sophi cal writ ing on lan guage in ves ti gat ing tra di tional con cernsof epis te mol ogy (the ory of knowl edge), for ex am ple, truth and how truth can bede ter mined.

If in doubt, pre fer in the fol low ing or der: 401, 410.1, 149.94, 121.68. 401 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Language 401

401.43 vs. 306.44, 401.45, 401.9, 412, 415

Meaning

Use 401.43 for works on se man tics deal ing with mean ing in lan guage, cov er ingtop ics such as syn on ymy, am bi gu ity, and se man tic truth (me talin guis tic truth).Se man tics is par ticu larly con cerned with the un der ly ing logi cal struc ture of natu -ral lan guage, i.e., what ele ments are nec es sary be yond cor rect gram mar for state -ments to make sense. Use 412 for works on ety mol ogy that study the his tory ofthe mean ings of in di vid ual words. Use 415 for works on gram mar that are con -cerned with mean ing only in re la tion to mor phol ogy and syn tax. If in doubt, pre -fer 401.43.

60

006 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [

Use 401.45 for in ter dis ci pli nary works on lin guis tic prag mat ics. Use 306.44 forworks on the so ci ol ogy of lan guage con cerned with mean ing as af fected by so -cio cul tural con text. Use 306.44 also for works on lin guis tic prag mat ics that dealwith lan guage in its so cio cul tural con text, but use 401.9 for works on prag mat icsthat fo cus on the in di vid ual psy cho logi cal con text. If in doubt, pre fer 401.45.407 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Language 407

407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071, T4—80071

Education in language vs. Language acquisition

Use 407.1 for broad works on lan guage edu ca tion not lim ited to the pre scrip tiveap proach and com pre hen sive works on the study and teach ing of both lan guageand lit era ture. Use 410.71 for works on the study and teach ing of lin guis tics. Use418.0071 for works on how to study or teach lan guage us ing a pre scrip tive ap -proach. The ba sic dis tinc tion be tween pre scrip tive and non pre scrip tive lin guis -tics is ex plained in the Man ual note at 410. If in doubt, pre fer 407.1.

Use no ta tion for the spe cific lan guage, plus no ta tion 071 from Ta ble 1 (which isin cor po rated in Ta ble 4), for works on study ing and teach ing the lin guis tics ofthat lan guage, broad works on study ing and teach ing the lan guage that are notlim ited to the pre scrip tive ap proach, and com pre hen sive works on study ing andteach ing both the lan guage and its lit era ture, e.g., com pre hen sive works onstudy ing and teach ing French lan guage and lit era ture 440.71. Use no ta tion80071 from Ta ble 4 for works on how to study or teach a spe cific lan guage us inga pre scrip tive ap proach, e.g., how to teach ba sic French 448.0071. If in doubt,pre fer T1—071.

Use 401.93 for works on the psy chol ogy of learn ing lan guage in for mally, as achild learns from its par ents. Use T4—019 for the psy chol ogy of learn ing a spe -cific lan guage in for mally. Use 418.0071, or T4—80071 for a spe cific lan guage,for the psy chol ogy of for mal study and teach ing of lan guage. Use 401.93, orT4—019 for a spe cific lan guage, for com pre hen sive works on the psy chol ogy oflearn ing lan guage both for mally and in for mally. If in doubt, pre fer 401.93 orT4—019. 410 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Linguistics 410

410

Linguistics

Prescriptive linguistics

Use 410–417 and 419–490 plus no ta tion 1–7 from Ta ble 4 for works on non pre -scrip tive ap proaches to lin guis tics (e.g., de scrip tive and theo reti cal lin guis tics),which are con cerned with de scrib ing or ex plain ing lan guage us age as it does ordid ex ist, with out re gard to an ideal of cor rect us age. Use 418 and 419–490 plusno ta tion 8 from Ta ble 4 for works on pre scrip tive ap proaches, which are con -cerned with pro mot ing stan dard or cor rect us age of lan guage, i.e., try ing to learnto speak or write like edu cated na tive us ers of a stan dard form of a lan guage. Forex am ple, use 415 and no ta tion 5 from Ta ble 4 for de scrip tive works about gram -mar, but use 418 and no ta tion 82 from Ta ble 4 for pre scrip tive works about gram -mar, e.g., de scrip tive works on French gram mar 445, pre scrip tive works onFrench gram mar 448.2. How ever, use 413 and no ta tion 3 from Ta ble 4 for dic -

61

[ Language 407

tion ar ies, re gard less of whether they are pre scrip tive or de scrip tive, e.g., Frenchdic tion ar ies 443.

Use the number for non pre scrip tive ap proaches for com pre hen sive works con -tain ing both non pre scrip tive and pre scrip tive lin guis tics, e.g., a col lec tion con -tain ing both de scrip tive and pre scrip tive pa pers about gram mar in gen eral or thegram mar of many dif fer ent lan guages 415. If in doubt, pre fer the number for non -pre scrip tive ap proaches.

Contrastive linguistics

Use 410 or other num bers not lim ited to ap plied lin guis tics for works of con tras -tive lin guis tics that are purely de scrip tive or theo reti cal, or a com bi na tion of ap -plied and non ap plied lin guis tics. Use 418 and no ta tion 8 from Ta ble 4 for worksof con tras tive lin guis tics that fo cus on find ing ways to pre vent er rors caused byin ter fer ence or nega tive trans fers from a first lan guage in learn ing a sec ond lan -guage or in trans lat ing into a sec ond lan guage. If in doubt, pre fer the number notlim ited to ap plied lin guis tics.

Historical linguistics

Use 417.7 for works on gen eral his tori cal (dia chronic) lin guis tics. Use no ta tion09 from Ta ble 1 for gen eral his tori cal lin guis tics of a spe cific lan guage, or forhis tori cal lin guis tics of a spe cific topic, if the work gives a his tory, but not if thework merely dis cusses the pro cesses of change in a gen eral way. For ex am ple,use 415 for a gen eral de scrip tion of gram mati cal change, 425.09 for a his tory ofgram mati cal changes in the Eng lish lan guage, and 420.9 for a his tory of all kindsof changes in the Eng lish lan guage. Al though no pro vi sion com pa ra ble to 417.7ex ists for in di vid ual lan guages in Ta ble 4, no ta tion 7 is pro vided un der spe cificlan guages for works that fo cus on the dis tinc tive char ac ter is tics of spe cific earlyforms of the lan guage, e.g., 427.02 Mid dle Eng lish.

Comparative linguistics

Class a com pari son of two lan guages with the lan guage re quir ing lo cal em pha sis(usu ally the lan guage that is less com mon in the par ticu lar set ting). For ex am ple,li brar ies in English- speaking coun tries will use 495.6 for a work com par ing Eng -lish and Japa nese, but li brar ies in Ja pan will use 420. If no em pha sis is re quired,class the work with the lan guage com ing later in Ta ble 6.

Class a com pari son of three or more lan guages in the most spe cific number thatwill con tain them all; e.g., use 430 for a com pari son of Dutch, Ger man, and Eng -lish, since all are Ger manic lan guages; use 491.6 for a com pari son of Gaelic,Welsh, and Bre ton, since all are Celtic lan guages.

Use 410 if there is no number that will con tain all the lan guages, e.g., a com pari -son of French, He brew, and Japa nese.

Use the same cri te ria for com pari sons of just one fea ture of vari ous lan guages,but do not add no ta tion from Ta ble 4 to the number for lan guage fami lies un lessthere are spe cial in struc tions to do so. For ex am ple, li brar ies in English- speaking coun tries will use 495.65 for a com pari son of Eng lish and Japa nese gram mar, but li brar ies in Ja pan will use 425. Use 415 for a com pari son of French, He brew, and Rus sian gram mar; use 430.045 for a com pari son of Dutch, Ger man, and Eng lish

62

410 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [

gram mar (be cause at 430.04 there are in struc tions to add); but use 491.6 for acom pari son of Gaelic, Welsh, and Bre ton gram mar.

See also dis cus sion at 407.1, T1—071 vs. 401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071. 420 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

420–490

Specific languages

Dialects

Sources may dif fer as to whether a par ticu lar tongue is a lan guage or a dia lect.Treat a tongue as a dia lect if it is shown as such in the Dewey Deci mal Clas si fi ca -tion even if it is treated as a lan guage in the work be ing clas si fied, and vice versa.

Language vs. subject

Class ex am ples and col lec tions of "text" whose pur pose is to dis play and study alan guage with the lan guage, even if lim ited to a spe cific sub ject, e.g., a gram marof sci en tific Eng lish 425. Class lan guage analy sis of a spe cific work with thenumber for the work. If in doubt, pre fer the spe cific sub ject or work. 471 ManualioniUseiofiDeweyiDecimaliClassification [[ Latin[and[related[Italic[languages 471

471–475, 478 vs. 477

Classical vs. Old, postclassical, Vulgar Latin

The dates of the Clas si cal Age of Latin are 80 B.C. to 130 A.D. (the Cicero nianAge 80 B.C. to 43 B.C., the Golden Age of Augus tan lit era ture 43 B.C. to 18 A.D.,the Sil ver Age 18 A.D. to 130 A.D.). Use 471–475 and 478 for for mal or lit er aryLatin writ ten at any time af ter the Clas si cal Age that con forms to the stan dards ofthat age, e.g., a lin guis tic study on Latin manu scripts of the monks of Iona. How -ever, use 477 for works on Vul gar Latin, on Old Latin (80 B.C. or ear lier), or onpost clas si cal Latin. The phrase "post clas si cal Latin" re fers to the non clas si cal orvul gar ized Latin used from the death of Ju ve nal (140 A.D.) un til the pe riod of re -newed in ter est in the "pure" Latin of the Clas si cal Age in the 11th and 12th cen tu -ries, and from the 14th cen tury on ward. If in doubt, pre fer 471–475 and 478.

63

[ English[and[Old[English[(Anglo-Saxon) 420

A

Abaza language 499.962Abazin language 499.962Abbreviation dictionaries 413.15N English language 423.15Abbreviations 411Abkhaz language 499.962 3Abkhazo-Adyghian languages

499.962Abnaki language 497.34Aboriginal Australian

languages 499.15Aboriginal Malay languages 499.28Accent (Linguistics) 414.6Aceh language 499.224 2NAcehnese language 499.224 2P Achinese language 499.224 2Acoli language 496.5Acronym dictionaries 413.15N English language 423.15Acronyms 411Adamawa-Eastern languages 496.361Adamawa languages 496.361Adamawa-Ubangi languages

496.361Adangme language 496.337Adjectivals 415.5Adjectives 415.5Adverbials 415.76Adverbs 415.76Adyghe language 499.962 5Aequian language 479.7Afar language 493.5Affixes (Grammar) 415.92Afghan language 491.593African languages 496Afrihili (Artificial

language) 499.99Afrikaans language 439.36Afro-Asiatic languages 492

non-Semitic 493Afrohili (Artificial

language) 499.99Agreement (Grammar) 415Ainu language 494.6Aka language (Central

African Republic) 496.396Akan language 496.338 5Akimel O’odham language 497.455 29Akkadian language 492.1Akoli language 496.5Akpes language 496.33Akwe-Shavante language 498.4

NAlabama language 497.38Alacalufan languages 498.7Alaskan Inuit languages 497.12Alaskan Inuktitut languages 497.12Albanian language 491.991Aleut language 497.19NAlgerian Arabic 492.770 965NAlgerian spoken Arabic 492.770 965Algic languages 497.3Algonkian languages 497.3NAlgonkin language 497.33Algonquian languages 497.3NAlgonquin language 497.33I Alphabet books 411Alphabets 411

applied linguistics 418N English language 421.1N Hebrew language 492.411N Irish Gaelic language 491.621 1N Sanskrit language 491.211Alsatian dialect 437.944 39Altai language 494.33Altaic languages 494NAlur language 496.5NAmele language 499.12American English dialects

(U.S.) 427.973American English

pronunciation (U.S.) 421.54American English spelling

(U.S.) 421.54American Indian languages 497

South America 498American native languages 497

South America 498American Sign Language 419.7Amerind languages 497

South America 498Ameslan (Sign language) 419.7Amharic language 492.87Ammonite language 492.6AnaphoraP linguistics 401.456Anatolian languages 491.998Andean languages 498.32Andhra language 494.827Andi languages 499.964NAndoke language 498.9NAndoque language 498.9Angas language 493.7Anglo-Saxon language 429Angoni language 496.398Annam-Muong languages 495.92Annamese language 495.922

64

DeweyiDecimaliClassification ____

Antonym dictionaries 413.1N English language 423.12Anyi language 496.338 5NApache languages 497.25Apachean languages 497.25Applied linguistics 418Arabic language 492.7Aramaic languages 492.2NAraona language 498.9Arapaho language 497.354Arauan languages 498.9NAraucanian language 498.72Araucanian languages 498.72NArawak language 498.39Arawakan languages 498.39

Central America 497.92South America 498.39West Indies 497.92

NArbore language 493.5Archaisms (Linguistics) 417.7I Argentine Sign Language 419.82N 419.82NArgobba language 492.8Argot 417.2Arikara language 497.932Armenian language 491.992Articles (Grammar) 415.5Artificial languages 499.99Arutani-Sape languages 498.9Aryan languages

(Indo-European) 410Aryan languages

(Indo-Iranian) 491.1Ashante language 496.338 5NAsheninca Campa language

498.39ASL (Sign language) 419.7Aspect (Grammar) 415.63Assamese language 491.451Assiniboine language 497.524Assyrian dialect 492.17Assyro-Babylonian language 492.1Asua language 496.5Athabascan languages 497.2Athapascan-Eyak languages 497.2Athapascan languages 497.2P Athapaskan languages 497.2Atlantic languages (Africa) 496.32Atsina language 497.354Attie language 496.337Audio-lingual language study 418NAudiolingual language study

418NAuslan (Sign language) 419.94

NAustralian Aboriginallanguages 499.15

Australian languages 499.15I Australian Sign Language 419.94N 419.94Austroasiatic languages 495.93Austronesian languages 499.2Avar language 499.964Avaric language 499.964Avaro-Andi-Dido languages 499.964Avestan language 491.52I Avikam language 496.337Awadhi dialect 491.492NAwbono language 499.1NAyatalic languages 499.2Aymara language 498.324Aymaran languages 498.324Azerbaijani language 494.361Aztec language 497.452Aztecan languages 497.452

B

Babine language 497.2Babylonian dialect 492.17Badui language 499.223Bafia languages 496.396Bagheli dialect 491.492Bahasa Indonesia 499.221Bahasa Kebangsaan 499.28Bahasa Malaysia 499.28Bahasa Melayu 499.28Bahing-Vayu languages 495.49Bali language 499.223 8Balinese language 499.223 8Balkar language 494.38Balochi language 491.598Balong language 496.396Baltic-Finnic languages 494.54Baltic languages 491.9NBalto-Finnic languages 494.54Balto-Slavic languages 491.8Baluchi language 491.598Bamana language (Mandekan)

496.345 2Bambara language 496.345 2Bamileke languages 496.36Bamun language 496.36Bana language 496.36Banda languages 496.361Bandi language 496.348Bandjoun language 496.36Bangi-Ntomba languages 496.396 8NBangi-Ntumba languages 496.396 8

65

RelativeiIndex ____

Banjar language 499.225 6Banjar Malay language 499.225 6Banjarese language 499.225 6Bannock language 497.457 7Bantoid languages 496.36Bantu languages 496.39Baoulé language 496.338 5Barai language 499.12Barbacoan languages 498.2Bari language 496.5Baric languages 495.4Basaa language (Cameroon) 496.396NBasari language (Guinea,

Senegal, Gambia) 496.32NBasari language (Togo and

Ghana) 496.35Bashkir language 494.38Basic English 428Basque language 499.92Bassa language (Cameroon) 496.396Bassa language (Liberia) 496.33NBassari language (Guinea,

Senegal, Gambia) 496.32NBassari language (Togo and

Ghana) 496.35Batak Dairi language 499.224 66Batak languages 499.224 6Batak Toba language 499.224 62Baulé language 496.338 5Bayono-Awbono languages 499.1NBegheli dialect 491.492Beijing dialect 495.1Beja language 493.5Belarusian language 491.799NBella Coola language 497.94Belorussian language 491.799Bemba language 496.391 5NBembe-Kabwari languages 496.394Bembe language (Lake

Tanganyika) 496.394Bena-Kinga languages 496.391Benga language 496.396Bengali-Assamese languages 491.44Bengali language 491.44Benue-Congo languages 496.36Benue-Niger languages 496.36Berber languages 493.3NBerik language 499.12Bété language 496.33Bhili language 491.47Bhojpuri language 491.454 7NBiangai language 499.12I Bias-free language 418Biblical Aramaic language 492.29

Biblical Greek language 487.4Bielorussian language 491.799Bihari language 491.454Bilingualism

linguistics 404.2Biluchi language 491.598Bini language 496.33Bira-Huku languages 496.394Bisa-Lamba languages 496.391Bislama language 427.995 95Black Carib language 497.92NBlackfeet language 497.352Blackfoot language 497.352Blind-deaf people

communication 419.4–.9Bobangi language 496.396 8Bobo language 496.35Bodish languages 495.4Bodo languages 495.4Bokm(l language 439.82Bongo-Bagirmi languages 496.5I Book leveling 418.4Bornean languages 499.225Borneo languages 499.225NBosniak language 491.839Bosnian language 491.839NBoyash dialect 459.7I 459.7Brahui language 494.83Braille 411NBrazilian Sign Language 419.81I 419.81Breton language 491.68British pronunciation 421.55British Sign Language 419.41British spelling 421.55Brythonic languages 491.6Bube-Benga languages 496.396Buginese language 499.226 2Bugis language 499.226 2Bulgarian language 491.81Bulu language 496.396Burgundian language 439.9Buriat language 494.2Burmese language 495.8Buryat language 494.2Bushman languages 496.1Bushong languages 496.396NBushoong language 496.396P Bwile language 496.393Byelorussian language 491.799Byzantine Greek language 487.3

66


C

Caddo language 497.93Caddoan languages 497.93NCahita languages 497.454Cahuapanan languages 498.9Cahuilla language 497.45Cajun French dialect 447.976 3Cakchikel language 497.422Cambodian language 495.932Campa language 498.39Canaanite language 492.6Canaanitic languages 492.6Canadian language

English 420.971French 440.971Inuit 497.12

Canadian pronunciationEnglish 421.52French 441.52

Canadian spellingEnglish 421.52French 441.52

Canella language 498.4Cant 417.2Cantonese dialects 495.172 7Capitalization (Writing) 411NCaraja language 498.4NCarajó language 498.4Carib language 498.422Carib languages 498.42NCariban languages 498.42NCarolinian language 499.52Carrier language 497.2Case (Grammar) 415.5Case grammar (Theory) 415.018NCashinawa language 498.4Catalan language 449.9I Catalan Sign Language 419.467N 419.467NCatalonian Sign Language 419.467Catawba language 497.52Categorial grammar 415.018NCatuquina language

(Katukinan) 498.9NCatuquina language (Panoan)

498.4Caucasian languages 499.96Caucasic languages 499.96Causative (Linguistics) 415.6NCayapa language 498.2NCayapó language 498.4Cayuga language 497.554Cebuano language 499.21

Celtic languages 491.6Central Algonquian languages

497.31Central American native

languages 497Central Dravidian languages 494.82Central Malayo-Polynesian

languages 499.22NCentral Sudanic languages 496.5Central Turkic languages 494.34NCentral Yupik language 497.14NChachi language 498.2Chadic languages 493.7Chaga language 496.395Chagatai language 494.364Chagga language 496.395Chaldee (Aramaic) language 492.29NCham language 499.22Chamic languages 499.22Chamorro language 499.52NChapacura language 498.9Chapacura-Wanham languages

498.9Chari-Nile languages 496.5Chattisgarhi dialect 491.492NChayahuita language 498.9Chechen language 499.964 1Chemehuevi language 497.457 6Chepang language 495.49Cheremis language 494.56Cherokee language 497.557Chewa language 496.391 8Cheyenne language 497.353Chhattisgarhi dialect 491.492Chibchan languages 498.2

Central America 497.8Chichewa language 496.391 8Chickasaw language 497.386Chiga language 496.395 6I Chilean Sign Language 419.83N 419.83Chimakuan languages 497.9NChinantec language 497.6NChinanteco language 497.6Chinese language 495.1I Dialects 495.17I Taiwan 495.172 49I Chinese Sign Language 419.51N 419.51Chinook language 497.41Chinyanja language 496.391 8Chipaya language 498.9Chipewyan language 497.2Chippewa language 497.333

67

RelativeiIndex ____

Chiricahua language 497.256NChiriguano language 498.382NChivenda language 496.397 6Choco languages 498.9

Central America 497.9Choctaw language 497.387NChokwe language 496.399Chokwe-Luchazi languages 496.399Chol language 497.428Cholan-Tzeltalan languages 497.428Chon languages 498.7Chopi languages 496.397NChorotega language 497.6NChorti language 497.428Chukchi-Kamchatkan languages

494.6Chulupí language 498.7I Chulym language 494.33N 494.33Chumash language 497.58Chumash languages 497.58Church Slavic language 491.817 01Church Slavonic language 491.817 01Chuukese language 499.52Chuvash language 494.315NCi-venda language 496.397 6Ciceˆwa language 496.391 8I Cimbrian language 437.945 3N 437.945 3Circassian languages 499.962 4Classical Arabic language 492.7Classical Greek language 480Classical languages (Greek

and Latin) 480Clauses (Grammar) 415Clichés 418I 428

dictionaries 413.1P Clitics 415.92Coahuiltecan languages 497.9NCocama language 498.383Cockney dialect 427.942 1NCoconuco language 498.2Coeur d’Alene language 497.943College readers (Reading

comprehension textbooks)applied linguistics 418

I College reading improvementprograms 418.4

Colloquial language 418I Colombian Sign Language 419.861N 419.861Comanche language 497.457 2Commercial languages 401.3

Common Slavic language 491.8Comparative grammar 415Comparative linguistics 410

see Manual at 410I Complexity (Linguistics) 410Composition (Writing)

applied linguistics 418P Compound words 415.92P Computational linguistics 006.35E see Manual at 006.35 vs. 410.285Congo-Kordofanian languages

496.3Congo language 496.393 1Conjugation (Grammar) 415.6Conjugation tables

applied linguistics 418Conjunctions (Grammar) 415.7P Consonants 414I Constraints (Linguistics) 415I Construction grammar 415.018Constructions (Grammar) 415Content analysis

linguistics 401.41Contractions (Linguistics) 411Contrastive linguistics 410

applied linguistics 418see Manual at 410

Conversational language study418

NCook Islands Maori language499.44

Coordinate constructions(Grammar) 415

NCoos language 497.41Coptic language 493.2Cora language 497.454NCorachol languages 497.454Cornish language 491.67Corpora (Linguistics) 410.188Corpus linguistics 410.188Corsican language 459.984NCosta Rican Sign Language 419.728 6I 419.728 6Costanoan language 497.413Cree language 497.323Creek language 497.385Creoles

linguistics 417.22Crimean Tatar language 494.388Crioulo language 469.796 658I Critical discourse analysis 401.41Croatian language 491.83I Croatian philology 491.83Cross River languages 496.364

68


Crow language 497.527 2Cued speech

applied linguistics 418NCuicatec language 497.6Cuitlateco language 497.9Cuna language (Panama) 497.83Cushitic languages 493.5NCymraeg language 491.66Cymric language 491.66Cyrillic alphabet 491.8Czech language 491.86

D

Daba language 493.7NDacian language 491.993Dagari language 496.35Dagbani language 496.35Dagestan languages 499.964Daghestan languages 499.964Dagomba language 496.35Dai language (Chad) 493.7Daic languages 495.9Dairi language 499.224 66Dakota language 497.524 3Dakota languages 497.524Dalmatian language (Romance)

457.949 72NDalmatian language (Slavic) 491.83NDalmato-Romanic language

457.949 72Dan language 496.34Dangaleat language 493.7Danish language 439.81N applied linguistics 439.818I Written Danish 439.818Dano-Norwegian language 439.82Dard languages 491.499Dardic languages 491.499Dargi language 499.964Dargwa language 499.964Dari language 491.56Day language (Chad) 493.7NDayak language 499.225Daza language 496.5Deaf-blind people

communication 419.4–.9Deaf people

sign languages 419.4–.9Declension (Grammar) 415.5Defoid languages 496.33Deixis 401.456Delaware language 497.345Demotic language (Egyptian) 493.111

Demotic language (ModernGreek) 489.3

Dependency grammar 415.018 4Derivation (Etymology) 412Derivation (Morphology) 415.92Derivational morphology 415.92Descriptive linguistics 410

see Manual at 410I Deseret alphabet 421.1Devanagari alphabet 491.1Developmental linguistics 401.93Developmental reading 418.4N English language 428.43Dhegiha languages 497.525NDhivehi language 491.489Diachronic linguistics 417.7

see Manual at 410Dialectology 417.2Dialects 417.2N Hebrew language 492.47

see Manual at 420–490N Vietnamese language 495.922 7Diction 418

applied linguistics 418Dictionaries 413Dido language 499.964NDiegueÔo language 497.572Diné language 497.26Dinka language 496.5Diola language 496.32Dioula language 496.345Diphthongs (Phonology) 414.6Diplomatic languages 401.3Diriku language 496.399Discourse analysis

linguistics 401.41I Discourse markers 401.41I Dissimilation (Phonetics) 414.8Divehi language 491.489Djirbal language 499.15Dogon language 496.3Dolgan language 494.33Dowayo language 496.361Doyayo language 496.361Dravida languages 494.81Dravidian languages 494.8Duala language 496.396 2Dutch language 439.31NDutch Sign Language 419.492I 419.492Dyerma language 496.5Dyula language 496.345Dzongkha language 495.4

69

RelativeiIndex ____

E

Early New High Germanlanguage 437.02

East Germanic languages 439.9East Iranian languages

(Ancient) 491.52East Scandinavian languages 439.5East Semitic languages 492.1East Slavic languages 491.7Eastern Algonquian languages

497.34Eastern Aramaic languages 492.3Eastern Arctic Inuit language 497.124Eastern Canadian Inuit

language 497.124Eastern Canadian Inuktitut

language 497.124P Eastern Fijian languages 499.59Eastern Himalayan languages 495.49Eastern Hindi languages 491.492Eastern languages

(Adamawa-Eastern phylum)496.361

Eastern Malayo-Polynesianlanguages 499.5

Eastern Panjabi language 491.42Eastern Turkic languages 494.32Eblaite language 492.6Edo language 496.33Edoid languages 496.33Efik language 496.364 2Egba language 496.333NEgyptian Arabic 492.770 962Egyptian language 493.111NEgyptian spoken Arabic 492.770 962I Ejectives (Phonetics) 414.8Elamite language 499.93I Emotive (Linguistics) 401.43Ena language 496.394I Endangered languages 408.9Enets language 494.4Enga language 499.12English as a second language

applied linguisticsaudio-lingual approach 428.34formal approach 428.24

English creole languages 427.9

English language 420N alphabet 421.1

bilingual dictionariesN French 443.21N German 433.21N Spanish 463.21I Conversation and phrase

books (for businesspeople)428.34

I Conversation and phrasebooks (for computerindustry employees) 428.34

I Conversation and phrasebooks (for tourismindustry employees) 428.34

DialectsI Conversation and phrase

books 427etymology

N dictionaries 422.03N grammar 425N prescriptive approach 428.2NEnglish language (continued)N history 420.9I Scotland 427.941 1

standard EnglishN education 428.007 1N examinations 428.007 6N formal approach 428.2N secondary education 428.007 12English philologyI Middle English, 1100–1500427.02EntailmentP linguistics 401.454Enya languages 496.394Epigraphy 411.7Eponym dictionaries 412.03Ergative constructions 415Eskimo-Aleut languages 497.1Eskimo languages 497.1Esperanto language 499.992Esthonian language 494.545Estonian language 494.545Ethiopian languages 492.8Ethiopic language 492.81Etruscan language 499.94Etymology 412P dictionaries 412.03

see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44,401.45, 401.9, 412, 415

Eurasiatic languages 410Even language 494.1Evenki language 494.1

70


I Evidentials (Linguistics) 401.43I 415Ewe language 496.337 4Ewondo language 496.396I Extraction (Linguistics) 415Eyak language 497.2

F

Faeroese dialect 439.699Faliscan languages 479.4Fanagalo 496.398 6Fanakalo 496.398 6Fang language 496.396Fante language 496.338 5Fanti language 496.338 5Farsi language 491.55Fe’fe’ language 496.36Fijian language 499.59Filipino language 499.211Finger spelling 419

see also FingerspellingFingerspelling 419

representing spoken language418

Finnic languages 494.54Finnish language 494.541Finno-Ugric languages 494.5P Fipa language 496.394Fipa-Mambwe languages 496.394Five Nations languages

(Iroquoian) 497.554I Flash (Prisoners’ dialect) 427Flemish dialect 439.31I Fluency (Language learning)

407.1I 418.007 1Fon language 496.337Foreign words 412Formal usage (Language) 418NFormosan languages 499.2I Fossilization (Linguistics) 401.93Fox language 497.314Franco-Provençal language 449Franconian dialect 437.943 3French creole languages 447.9French language 440N 17th century 447.009 032I 447.009 032

bilingual dictionariesN English 443.21

textbooks for Englishspeakers

N formal approach 448.242 1

French Sign Language 419.44I Frequency (Linguistics) 410.151Friesian language 439.2Frisian language 439.2Friulian language 459.92P Fula language 496.322Fulah language 496.322Fulani language 496.322P Fulfulde language 496.322Functionalism

linguistics 410.18

G

Gã language 496.337 8Gadaba language (Dravidian) 494.82Gadaba language (Munda) 495.95Gadba language (Dravidian) 494.82Gadba language (Munda) 495.95Gaelic languages 491.6

Irish 491.62Scottish 491.63

Gagauz language 494.36Galcha language 491.57Galchah language 491.57Galibi language 498.422Galician language 469.9Galla language 493.55Gallegan language 469.9Gambai dialect 496.5Gan dialects (China) 495.172 22Ganda language 496.395 7P Garhwali language 491.496Garífuna language 497.92Garo language 495.4Gaulish language 491.6Gay menI Language 408.664 2N language 408.664 2Gbandi language 496.348Gbaya language 496.361Gbe languages 496.337I 496.337Gê language 498.4NGê-Pano-Carib languages 498.4Ge‘ez language 492.81Gen-Gbe language 496.337Gen language 496.337Generative grammar 415.018 2Georgian language 499.969NGere language (Kru) 496.33NGere language (Mande) 496.34

71

RelativeiIndex ____

German language 430bilingual dictionaries

N English 433.21I German Sign Language 419.43N 419.43Germanic languages 430Gerunds 415.54NGhomala language 496.36NGilbertese language 499.52Gilyak language 494.6Gisu language 496.395Glossaries

applied linguistics 418NGoajiro language 498.39Goedelic languages 491.6Gogo languages 496.391Goidelic languages 491.6Goldi language 494.1Gondi language 494.823Gothic language 439.9I Gradience (Linguistics) 410Grammar 415

applied linguistics 418see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44,

401.45, 401.9, 412, 415Grammar, Comparative and

generalI Adjuncts 415.7I Augmentatives 415.92I Clusivity 415I Demonstratives 415I Diminutives 415I Infinitival constructions 415I Modularity 415I Morphosyntax 415I Pronominals 415.55I Reciprocals 415I Vowel reduction 415.9Grammarians 415.092Grammatical categories 415Grammatical relations 415Grebo language 496.33Greek language 480Greek language (Modern) 489.3Greenlandic Inuit language 497.12Greenlandic Inuktitut

language 497.12Greenlandic language 497.12Gros Ventre language 497.354Guahiban languages 498.9Guaicuru languages 498.7NGuajiro language 498.39NGuambiano language 498.2Guanche language 493.3

Guaraní language 498.382 2NGuaycuruan languages 498.7Guaymi language 497.8NGuere language (Kru) 496.33NGuere language (Mande) 496.34I Guided reading 418.407 1Gujarati language 491.47NGulf Arabic 492.770 953Gulf languages (North

American native languages)497.9

NGulf spoken Arabic 492.770 953Gullah dialect 427.975 799Gumatj language 499.15Gur languages 496.35Gurage language 492.8Gurma language 496.35Gurung language 495.4Gusii language 496.395NGyarung language 495.4Gypsy language 491.497

H

Haida language 497.28Haitian Creole 447.972 94I Hakka dialects 495.172

495.172P Halh Mongolian language 494.23NHalia language 499.5NHalkomelem language 497.94Hamitic languages 493Hamito-Semitic languages 492Harakmbet language 498.9Harari language 492.8Hausa language 493.72I Hausa Sign Language 419.669NHavasupai language 497.572 4Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai

language 497.572 4Havu language 496.394Hawaiian language 499.42Haya-Jita languages 496.395Hearing-impaired personsN sign languages 419Hebrew language 492.4I Hebrew language, Medieval 492.47Hellenic languages 480Hellenistic Greek language 487.4Herero language 496.399Hesperonesian languages 499.2I Hiatus (Linguistics) 414.6Hidatsa language 497.527 4Hieroglyphic Hittite language 491.998

72


HieroglyphicsEgyptian language 493.111

I High interest-low vocabularybooks 418

Himalayish languages 495.4Hindi language 491.43NHiri Motu language 499.5NHishkaryana language 498.42Historical linguistics 417.7N Hebrew language 492.47

see Manual at 410Hittite language 491.998Hixkaryana language 498.42Hmong language 495.972Hmong-Mien languages 495.97NHo-Chunk language 497.526Ho language (Munda) 495.95NHoc·k language 497.526NHoggar Tamahaq language 493.38Hokan languages 497.57I Hokkien dialects 495.172 45Holu languages 496.393Homonym dictionaries 413.1Hopi language 497.458Hottentot language 496.1Hsiang dialects 495.172 15Hualapai language 497.572 4NHuambisa language 498.37Huastec language 497.42NHuasteco language 497.42Huavean languages 497.9Huichol language 497.454 4Huku language 496.394Hunanese dialects 495.172 15Hungarian language 494.511Hupa language 497.2Huron language 497.555Hurrian languages 499.9Hyperborean languages 494.6

I

NIban language 499.225Ibibio language 496.364Ibo language 496.332Icelandic language 439.69I Iconicity (Linguistics) 401.41I 415Ideographs 411Idioms 418

dictionaries 413.1N English language 423.13Idoma language 496.33Idomoid languages 496.33

NIgala language 496.333Igbo language 496.332Igboid languages 496.33I Igo language 496.337Ijo language 496.3Ijoid languages 496.3Ilamba-Irangi languages 496.394Illinois language 497.315P Illocutionary acts 401.452NIllyrian language (Slavic) 491.83Illyrian languages (Ancient

Indo-European) 491.993NIlocano language 499.21Iloko language 499.21ImplicationP linguistics 401.454Indian languages (American) 497

South America 498NIndian sign language 419.54Indic languages 491.1Indo-Aryan languages 491.1Indo-European languages 410Indo-Germanic languages 410Indo-Hittite languages 410Indo-Iranian languages 491.1NIndo-Pakistan Sign Language

419.54Indonesian language (Bahasa

Indonesia) 499.221Indonesian languages 499.22NIndonesian Sign Language 419.598I 419.598I Indopakistan Sign Language 419.54Indus script 490Infinitives 415.6Infixes 415.92Inflection (Grammar) 415.95Inflection (Phonology) 414.6Inflection tables (Grammar)

applied linguistics 418Ingrian language 494.54Ingush language 499.964 1NInnuit languages 497.12InscriptionsN epigraphy 411.7Interior Salish languages 497.943Interjections (Grammar) 415.7Interlingua language 499.993International languages 401.3InterpretationP linguistics 418.02P specific subjects 418.03Interpreters 418.020 92I Interpreters’ booths 418.020 284

73

RelativeiIndex ____

Interpretinglinguistics 418.02

N equipment 418.020 284P specific subjects 418.03Intonation (Linguistics) 414.6Inuit languages 497.12Inuktitut language (Eastern

Canada) 497.124Inuktitut languages 497.12Inupiaq language 497.12Inupiat language 497.12Inupik language 497.12NInuttut language 497.124Iowa language 497.52Irangi language 496.394Iranian languages 491.5NIraqi Arabic 492.770 956 7Irish Gaelic language 491.62Irish language 491.62I Irish Sign Language 419.415N 419.415Iroquoian languages 497.55NIroquois language 497.55Isiswazi language 496.398 7NIsland Carib language 497.92Isleta language 497.497I Israeli Sign Language 419.569 4N 419.569 4Italian language 450I Italian Sign Language 419.45N 419.45Italic languages 470Itzá language 497.427

J

Jaipuri dialect 491.479 7Jakun language 499.28Japanese language 495.6I Japanese Sign Language 419.52N 419.52Jargon 417.2Javanese language 499.222Jiangxi dialects 495.172 22Jicarilla Apache language 497.25NJicarilla language 497.25Jindjibandji language 499.15Jingpho-Konyak-Bodo

languages 495.4Jita language 496.395NJivaran languages 498.37NJivaro language 498.372NJivaroa language 498.372Jivaroan languages 498.37

NJordanian-Palestinian Arabic492.770 956 95

Joual 447.971Ju-chen language 494.1NJuchen language 494.1Judeo-Arabic language 492.77Judeo-German language 439.1Judeo-Spanish language 467.949 6Jula language 496.345Juncture (Linguistics) 414.6Jurchen language 494.1

K

Kabardian language 499.962 4NKabwari language 496.394Kabyle language 493.34Kachin language 495.4Kadai languages 495.9Kafiri languages 491.49Kaka languages 496.396Kako languages 496.396Kalanga language (Tanzania

and Congo) 496.394Kalâtdlisut language 497.12Kalenjin language 496.5NKalispel language 497.943 5Kalispel-Pend d’Oreille

language 497.943 5Kalmuck language 494.2Kalmyk language 494.2Kam-Sui languages 495.9Kamba language 496.395 3NKamtuk language 499.12Kan dialects 495.172 22Kanarese language 494.814Kandh language 494.824Kanembu language 496.5Kannada language 494.814NKansa language 497.525Kanuri language 496.5Kaonde language 496.393Kara-Kalpak language 494.34Karachay-Balkar language 494.38NKaragas language 494.33Karaim language 494.38Karakalpak language 494.34Karanga language 496.397 5Karelian language 494.54Karen languages 495Kari languages (Bantu) 496.394Kartvelian languages 499.968Kasem language 496.35Kasena language 496.35

74


Kashmiri language 491.499Kashubian language 491.85NKatharevousa language

(Modern Greek) 489.3Katharevusa language (Modern

Greek) 489.3Kattang language 499.15Katukinan languages 498.9Kavirondo language (Nilotic) 496.5NKayan language 499.225NKayapó language 498.4Kazak language 494.345Kazakh language 494.345Kechua language 498.323Kechuan languages 498.323Kekchí language 497.42Kele languages (Democratic

Republic of Congo) 496.396Kele languages (Gabon) 496.396Keres language 497.9Keresan languages 497.9Ket language 494.6Kete language 496.393Kewa language 499.12NKhakass language 494.33Khalaj language (Turkic) 494.36Khalkha Mongolian language 494.23Khanty language 494.51Kharia language 495.95Khasi language 495.93Khmer language 495.932NKhmu’ language 495.93Khoi-Khoi language 496.1Khoi language 496.1Khoikhoi language 496.1Khoisan languages 496.1Khond language 494.824Khotanese language 491.53Khowar language 491.499Kiangsi dialects 495.172 22Kickapoo language 497.312NKiga (Chiga) language 496.395 6Kikongo languages 496.393 1Kikuyu-Kamba languages 496.395 3Kikuyu language 496.395 4NKilivila language 499.5NKiliwa language 497.572Kimbala languages 496.393Kimbundu language 496.393 2Kinga language 496.391Kinyarwanda language 496.394 61Kiowa Apache language 497.25Kiowa language 497.492Kiowa-Tanoan languages 497.49

Kiranti languages 495.49Kirantish languages 495.49Kirghiz language 494.347NKiribati language 499.52NKiriwinian language 499.5Kirundi language 496.394 65Kissi language 496.32Kiswahili language 496.392Kituba language 496.393 1Kiyaka languages 496.393NKlamath language 497.412 2Klamath-Modoc language 497.412 2Koasati language 497.38Kohistani language 491.499Koine (Greek language) 487.4Komi language 494.53Konde language 496.391Kongo language 496.393 1Konjo languages 496.394Konkani language 491.469Kono language 496.34Konzo languages 496.394P Koongo language 496.393 1Kordofanian languages 496.3Korean language 495.7Kota language (Dravidian) 494.81Koyukon language 497.2Kpelle language 496.34Krio language 427.966 4Kru languages 496.33Kuba languages 496.396Kuchean language 491.994Kui language (Dravidian) 494.824Kuki-Chin languages 495.4Kuki-Chin-Naga languages 495.4Kuna language (Panama) 497.83Kurdi language 491.597Kurdish language 491.597Kuria languages 496.395Kurmanji language 491.597Kurukh language 494.83P Kurux language 494.83Kutchin language 497.2Kutenai language 497.992Kwa languages 496.337Kwakiutl language 497.953Kwangwa languages 496.399Kwese language 496.393Kyrgyz language 494.347

L

Laadi language 496.393 1Lacandón language 497.427

75

RelativeiIndex ____

Ladin language 459.94Ladino language 467.949 6Lahnda language 491.419Lak-Dargwa languages 499.964Lak language 499.964Lakota language 497.524 4Lamba language 496.391Lampung language 499.224 8Lamut language 494.1NLand Dayak language 499.225Landsm(l language 439.82Langi language 496.394Language 400

education 407.1prescriptive approach 418.007 1see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs.

401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071

philosophy *see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68,

149.94, 410.1Language acquisition 401.93N sign languages 419.019

see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs.401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071

Language attritionbilingualism

N linguistics 404.2Language for special purposes

401.47Language laboratories

applied linguistics 418.007 8Language textbooks

formal approachN standard English 428.2

see Manual at 420–490Language usage 418Languages 400

see also LanguageLangue d’oc 449Lanuvian language 479.4Lao language 495.919 1Lapp language 494.55Lappish language 494.55Latin American Spanish

dialects 467.98Latin language 470

see Manual at 471–475, 478 vs. 477Latinian languages 479.4Latvian language 491.93Laz language 499.968NLebanese-Syrian Arabic 492.770 956 91Lega-Kalanga languages 496.394

NLenape language 497.345Lenca language 497.9Lenje-Tonga languages 496.391Lenni Lenape language 497.345Lepcha language 495.4Lettish language 491.93Lëtzeburgesch dialect 437.949 35Lexicographers 413.092Lexicography 413.028Lexicology 401.4Lezghi language 499.964Lezghian language 499.964NLezghian languages 499.964Lhomi language 495.4NLibyan Arabic 492.770 961 2NLibyan spoken Arabic 492.770 961 2Ligurian language 491.993Limbu language 495.49Linear A 492.6Linear B 487.1Lingala language 496.396 86Lingua francas 401.3Linguistic change 417.7Linguistic philosophies *

see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68,149.94, 410.1

Linguistics 410see Manual at 410

Linguistslinguistics specialists 410.92philologists 409.2

Lipreading 418applied linguistics 418education 418

I Study and teaching 418Lipspeaking

applied linguistics 418Listening

applied linguistics 418Literacy

linguistics 418.4Literary formsE translating 418.041–.048LiteratureP translating 418.04Lithuanian language 491.92Livonian language 494.54Loan words 412Lobi language 496.35Local Malay languages 499.22NLocative constructions

(Grammar) 415Logooli language 496.395Lolo languages 495.4

76


NLolo-Burmese languages 495.4Loloish languages 495.4Losengo language 496.396 86Louisiana French Creole 447.976 3Low German language 439.4Low Germanic languages 439Lower Mamberamo languages

499.1Lozi language 496.399LSP (Special-purpose

language) 401.47Luba languages 496.393Lucazi language 496.399Luchazi language 496.399Luganda language 496.395 7Lugbara language 496.5Luhya language 496.395LuiseÔo language 497.45Lule-Vilela languages 498.7Lumbee language 497.3Lunda languages 496.393Lundu-Balong languages 496.396P Lungu language 496.394Luo language (Africa) 496.5Luorawetlin languages 494.6Lusatian language 491.88Lusengo language 496.396 86Luwian language 491.998Luxembourgeois dialect 437.949 35Luxembourgian dialect 437.949 35I Luxembourgish language 437.949 35Luyana languages 496.399Luyia language 496.395Lwo languages (Africa) 496.5Lycian language 491.998Lydian language 491.998

M

Maasai language 496.5NMacassarese language 499.226 4Macedonian language 491.819Machine translating

linguistics 418.020 285 635Macro-Algonkian languages 497.3Macro-Gê languages 498.4NMacro-Sudanic languages 496.5Macrosudanic languages 496.5Madura language 499.223 4Madurese language 499.223 4Magahi language 491.454 7Magari language 495.49Magyar language 494.511Mahakiranti languages 495.49

NMahl language 491.489Mahri language 492.9Maidu language 497.41Maipuran languages 498.39Maithili language 491.454 7Majingai dialect 496.5NMaka-Njem languages 496.396Makaa-Njem languages 496.396Makah language 497.954Makasar language 499.226 4NMakassarese language 499.226 4Makonde language 496.397Maku languages 498.9Makua languages 496.397Malagasy language 499.3Malay language 499.28Malay languages 499.22Malay-Polynesian languages 499.2Malayalam language 494.812Malayan languages 499.22Malayic languages 499.22Malayo-Polynesian languages 499.2Malayo-Polynesian languages

of Sumatra 499.224Maldivian language 491.489NMalecite language 497.34Malecite-Passamaquoddy

language 497.34Malinke language 496.345NMaliseet language 497.34Maltese language 492.79Malto language 494.83Mam language 497.42P Mambwe language 496.394NMame language 497.42Manchu languages 494.1Manda languages 496.391Mandan language 497.522Mandarin Chinese language 495.1I Mandarin dialects 495.1Mande languages 496.34Mandekan languages 496.345P Manding languages 496.345P Manding-Mokole languages

496.345Mandingo languages 496.345Mandinka languages 496.345Mangbetu language 496.5NMangue language 497.6NManipuri language 495.4Mansi language 494.51Manual alphabet 419

representing spoken language418

77

RelativeiIndex ____

Manually coded EnglishN American 428.917N British 428.914 1Manually coded language 418NManx Gaelic language 491.64Manx language 491.64Maori language 499.442Mapuche language 498.72NMapudungu language 498.72Mapudungun language 498.72NMapura language 498.39Marakwet language 496.5Marathi language 491.46Mari language 494.56Maricopa language 497.572Marquesan language 499.42Marquesic languages 499.42Marrucinian language 479.7Marshallese language 499.52Marsian language 479.7Marwari language 491.479 7NMasaba language 496.395NMasaba-Luhya languages 496.395Masaba-Luyia languages 496.395Masai language 496.5Mascoian languages 498.9I Masked priming 401.9Massachuset language 497.348Mataco-Guaicuru languages 498.7NMataco languages 498.7NMatagalpa language 497.88Mathematical linguistics 410.151Matumbi languages 496.397I Mauritian Sign Language 419.698 2N 419.698 2Maya language 497.427Mayan languages 497.42Mbai language (Moissala) 496.5NMbala language (Bandundu,

Congo) 496.393Mbere languages 496.396Mbete languages 496.396NMbochi language 496.396Mbole-Ena languages 496.394Mboshi languages 496.396Mbosi language 496.396Mbukushu language 496.399Mbum language 496.361Mbundu language (Benguela

Province, Angola) 496.399Mbundu language (Luanda

Province, Angola) 496.393 2NMbyá language 498.382

Meaninglinguistics 401.43

see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44,401.45, 401.9, 412, 415

Melanesian languages 499.5Melayu Asli languages 499.28Mende-Bandi languages 496.348Mende language 496.348NMenominee language 497.313Menomini language 497.313Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache

language 497.256NMescalero language 497.256Meso-American native

languages 497NMesopotamian Arabic 492.770 956 7NMesopotamian spoken Arabic

492.770 956 7Mesquakie language 497.314Messapian language 491.993Metalanguage 410.1Metalinguistics 410.1NMexican Sign Language 419.72I 419.72Miami language (Algic) 497.315Miao language 495.972Miao-Yao languages 495.97P Michif language 497.323Micmac language 497.343Micronesian languages 499.52Middle American native

languages 497Middle English language 427.02Middle French language 447.02Middle High German language

437.02Middle Indic languages 491.3P Middle Indo-Aryan languages

491.3Middle Iranian languages 491.53Middle Italian language 457.02P Middle Norwegian language 439.827 02Middle Persian language 491.53Middle Portuguese language 469.702Middle Russian language 491.770 2Middle Spanish language 467.02Middle Volga languages 494.56Mikasuki language 497.38Minangkabau language 499.224 4Minoan Linear A 492.6Minoan Linear B 487.1NMirish languages 495.4Mískito language 497.882

78


Missouri Valley Siouanlanguages 497.527

Misumalpan languages 497.88Miwok language 497.413 3NMixe language 497.43Mixe-Zoque languages 497.43NMixe-Zoquean languages 497.43P Mixed languages 417.22Mixtec language 497.63Mixtecan languages 497.63Moabite language 492.6Moba language 496.35Modality

linguistics 415.6Modern Greek language 489.3Modern Indic languages 491.4P Modern Indo-Aryan languages

491.4Modern languages 410Modern Prakrit languages 491.4Modern standard Arabic 492.7Modoc language 497.412 2NMoguex language 498.2Mohave language 497.572 2Mohawk language 497.554 2NMohegan language 497.344Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett

language 497.344P Mokole languages 496.345Moldavian language 459Mon-Khmer languages 495.93Mon language 495.93Monastic sign languages 419.1Mong language 495.972Mongo languages 496.396NMongo-Nkundu language 496.396Mongolian language 494.23Mongolian languages 494.2Mono language 497.457Montagnais language 497.32Montauk language 497.344Mood (Grammar) 415.6Mooré language 496.35Mopán language 497.427NMopán Maya language 497.427Moravian dialects 491.867Mordvin language 494.56Moré language 496.35NMoroccan Arabic 492.770 964NMoroccan spoken Arabic 492.770 964Morphology (Grammar) 415.9Morphophonemics 414Morphophonology 414Morphosyntax 415

Mosetenan languages 498.9Mosquito language 497.882Mossi languages 496.35NMotilon language 498.2NMotu language 499.5Mpongwe language 496.396Multilingual phrase books 418.07MultilingualismN children 404.208 3

linguistics 404.2N children 404.208 3I Multilingualism in children 404.208 3Munda languages 495.95Mundari language 495.95NMundurucu language 498.38NMunduruku language 498.38Munsee language 497.345Muong language 495.92Mura languages 498.9Murui language 498.9NMuskhogean languages 497.38Muskogean languages 497.38Muskogee language 497.385Mycenaean Greek language 487.1Mycenaean Linear B 487.1Myene language 496.396

N

Na-Dene languages 497.2Naga languages 495.4Nahuatl language 497.452NNajdi Arabic 492.770 953 8NNajdi spoken Arabic 492.770 953 8Nakh languages 499.964 1Nakho-Daghestan languages 499.964Nama language 496.1NNambicuara language 498.4NNambikuara language 498.4Nambiquaran languages 498.4Names

etymology 412Nanai language 494.1Nande languages 496.394Nandi language (Bantu) 496.394Nandi languages (Nilotic) 496.5Narragansett language 497.344Naskapi language 497.32NNatchez language 497.9Native American languages 497

South America 498Natural language processing

computer science 006.35NNauru language 499.52

79

RelativeiIndex ____

NNauruan language 499.52NNavaho language 497.26Navajo language 497.26Naxi language 495.4Ndebele language (South

Africa) 496.398 9Ndebele language (Zimbabwe)

496.398Ndonga languages 496.399NNeengatú language 498.383 2Nenets language 494.4Nepali language 491.495Netherlandish languages 439.3New Norse language 439.82NNew Norwegian language 439.82New Testament Greek language

487.4I New Zealand Sign Language

419.93N 419.93Newari language 495.49Nez Percé language 497.412 4Ngaanyatjara language 499.15Ngala language 496.396 86Ngambai dialect 496.5Nganasan language 494.4Ngando languages 496.396NNgere language (Kru) 496.33Ngo language 496.36Ngombe languages 496.396Ngonde language 496.391Ngondi languages 496.396NNgoni language (Manda) 496.391NNgoni language (Zulu) 496.398 6Ngundi languages 496.396Nguni languages 496.398NNheengatu language 498.383 2Nhengatu language 498.383 2Nielim language 496.361Niger-Congo languages 496.3Niger-Kordofanian languages 496.3NNigerian Sign Language 419.669Nika language 496.395Nilo-Saharan languages 496.5Nilotic-Kavirondo language 496.5Nilotic languages 496.5P Niue language 499.484Niuean language 499.484Nivkh language 494.6Njabi languages 496.396Njebi languages 496.396Njem language 496.396Nkoya languages 496.393Nkundo language 496.396

Nkundu language 496.396I Nochâ (The Russian word)

491.701 4Nogai language 494.34I Nom script character sets

(Data processing) 495.922 7Nominal groups (Grammar) 415.5Nominals (Nouns) 415.54Non-Austronesian languages

of Oceania 499.1NNonaustronesian languages of

Oceania 499.1Nootka language 497.955Nordic languages 439.5North American native

languages 497North American native peoplesN sign languages 419.1North Caucasian languages 499.96North central Caucasian

languages 499.964 1North Dravidian languages 494.83North Germanic languages 439.5NNorth Levantine Arabic 492.770 956 91NNorth Levantine spoken Arabic

492.770 956 91Northeast Caucasian languages

499.964Northeast Turkic languages 494.33Northern Bantu languages 496.394Northern Min dialects 495.172 45I 495.172 45Northern Paiute language 497.457 7Northern Sotho language 496.397 71Northern Tiwa language 497.496Northern Turkic languages 494.33NNorthern Yemeni Arabic 492.770 953 32Northwest Caucasian languages

499.962Northwest Malayo-Polynesian

languages 499.225Northwest Semitic languages 492Northwest Turkic languages 494.38Northwestern Bantu languages

496.396Norwegian language 439.82N applied linguistics 439.828I Technical Norwegian 439.828 002 46N technical Norwegian 439.828 002 46I Written Norwegian 439.828I Norwegian Sign Language 419.481N 419.481Nostratic hypothesis 417.7Noun phrases 415.5

80


Nouns 415.54Ntcham language 496.35Ntomba language 496.396 8NNtumba language 496.396 8Nubian languages 496.5Nuer language 496.5Nukuoro language 499.46Number (Grammar) 415.5Numic languages 497.457Nunggubuyu language 499.15Nupe language 496.33Nupoid languages 496.33Nuristani languages 491.49NNyakyusa-Konde language

496.391E Nyakyusa language 496.391Nyakyusa-Ngonde language 496.391Nyamwezi language 496.394Nyanga language 496.394Nyanja language 496.391 8Nyankore language 496.395 6NNyiha language (Nyika-Safwa)

496.391Nyika (Nika) language 496.395NNyika language (Nyika-Safwa)

496.391Nyika-Safwa languages 496.391Nyika-Taita languages 496.395Nyilamba-Langi languages 496.394Nyoro-Ganda languages 496.395 6Nyungar dialects 499.15Nzima language 496.338 5

O

Ob-Ugric languages 494.51Occitan language 449Oceanic languages 499.5NOdawa language 497.336I Ogham stones 491.621 1Oirat-Kalmyk language 494.2Ojibwa language 497.333Ojibwa languages 497.33NOjibway language 497.333NOkanagan language 497.943Oko languages 496.33Okpe language 496.33Old Bulgarian language 491.817 01Old Church Slavic language 491.817 01P Old Danish language 439.817 01Old English language 429Old French language 447.01Old Frisian language 439.2Old High German language 437.01

Old Icelandic language 439.6Old Indic language 491.29Old Italian language 457.01Old Latin language 477Old Low Franconian language

439.31Old Low German language 439.4Old Low Germanic languages 439Old Norse language 439.6Old Persian language 491.51Old Portuguese language 469.701Old Prussian language 491.91Old Russian language 491.770 1Old Saxon language 439.4Old Spanish language 467.01P Old Swedish language 439.770 1Old Turkic language 494.31Omaha language 497.525 3Omotic languages 493.59Oneida language 497.554 3Onomastics

etymology 412Onondaga language 497.554O’odham language 497.455 2I Opacity (Linguistics) 415I Optimality theory

(Linguistics) 415Oral interpretation

(Lipspeaking)applied linguistics 418

Oraon language 494.83Oriental languages 490Oriya language 491.456Oromo language 493.55Orthography 411

applied linguistics 418linguistics 411

Osage language 497.525 4Oscan language 479.9Osco-Umbrian languages 479.9Osetin language 491.59Osmanli language 494.35Ossete language 491.59E Ossetian language 491.59Ossetic language 491.59Ostyak language 494.51Ostyak Samoyed language 494.4Oto language (Siouan) 497.52Oto-Manguean languages 497.6NOtomanguean languages 497.6Otomí language 497.6Ottawa language 497.336Ottoman Turkish language 494.35NOyampi language 498.38

81

RelativeiIndex ____

P

Paelignian language 479.7Paez language 498.2Pahari languages 491.496Pahlavi language 491.53NPaipai language 497.572Paiute language 497.457 69NPaiwan language 499.2Palaic language 491.998Palauan language 499.52Paleography 417.7

handwriting 411.7Paleosiberian languages 494.6NPalestinian-Jordanian Arabic

492.770 956 95Pali language 491.37Pama-Maric languages 499.15Pama-Nyungan languages 499.15Pamir languages 491.59Panjabi language 491.42Panoan languages 498.4NPapago language 497.455 2Papiamento dialect 467.972 986Papuan languages 499.12I Parasitic gaps (Linguistics) 415Paronym dictionaries 413.1Parsers (Computer science)

natural languages 415.028 563 5Parsi language (Pahlavi) 491.53Parsing (Computers)P natural languages 415.028 563 5P Part-of-speech tagging 415.028 563 5Participles 415.6Particles (Grammar) 415.7Parts of speech (Grammar) 415Pashto language 491.593Passamaquoddy language 497.34Patois 417.2Pauses (Linguistics) 414.6Pawnee language 497.933Peba-Yaguan languages 498.9Pedi language 496.397 71Pemón language 498.42Pend d’Oreille language 497.943 5Pende languages 496.393Pennsylvania Dutch dialect 437.974 8Pennsylvania German dialect 437.974 8Penutian languages 497.41Pequot dialect 497.344I Periphrasis 401.43Permian languages 494.53Permic languages 494.53Persian language 491.55

Person (Grammar) 415.5I Perspective (Linguistics) 401.41Philippine languages 499.21I Philippine Sign Language 419.599N 419.599Philologists 409.2

linguistics specialists 410.92Philology 400

linguistics 410Phoenician language 492.6NPhoka language 496.391Phonemics 414Phonetics 414.8Phonology 414Phrase books 418Phrases (Grammar) 415Phrygian language 491.993Picture dictionaries 413.17N English language 423.17Pidgin English 427.9Pidgins 417.22Pigeon English 427.9Pilipino language 499.211NPima Bajo language 497.455Pima language 497.455 29Pintupi dialect 499.15I Pinyin language 496.36Pipil language 497.452NPisaca languages 491.499Pisacha languages 491.499Pitch (Linguistics) 414.6Plains Algonquian languages 497.35Plateau Penutian languages 497.412Plattdeutsch 439.4Pogolo languages 496.391Pogoro languages 496.391NPohnpeian language 499.52NPoka language 496.391NPokomchí language 497.42NPokonchi language 497.42Polabian language 491.89I Polari 427I Polarity (Linguistics) 401.43I 415Polish language 491.85Polyglot dictionaries 413Polynesian languages 499.4Pomo languages 497.574Ponape language 499.52NPonapean language 499.52Ponca language 497.525 39NPopoloca language 497.6Portuguese language 469

82


I Portuguese Sign Language 419.469N 419.469Postclassical Greek language 487.3Postclassical Latin language 477Potawatomi language 497.316Powhatan language 497.347Praenestian language 479.4Pragmatics 401.45N discourse analysis 401.41

psycholinguistics 401.9see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44,

401.45, 401.9, 412, 415Prakrit languages 491.3Preclassical Greek language 487.1Preclassical Latin language 477Predicate and subject

(Grammar) 415Prefixes 415.92Prepositional phrases 415.7Prepositions 415.7Prescriptive grammar 418Prescriptive linguistics 418

see Manual at 410PresuppositionP linguistics 401.454Primers (Readers) 418N English language 428.6I Productivity (Linguistics) 415.9Pronouns 415.55Pronunciation 414

applied linguistics 418linguistics 414

P specialized dictionaries 413.1Prosodic analysis

(Linguistics) 414.6Prosody

linguistics 414.6Proto-Malay languages 499.28Proto-Nordic language 439.5I Proto-Canaanite script 492.6I Prototype (Linguistics) 410Provençal dialect (Occitan

language) 449.709 449Provençal language 449Provincialisms

linguistics 417.2Prussian language, Old 491.91Psycholinguistics 401.9Punctuation 411N English language 421.1Punic language 492.6Punjabi language 491.42Punu language 496.396Purépecha language 497.96

Pushto language 491.593Putonghua (Standard Chinese

language) 495.1

Q

NQuapaw language 497.525I Quebec Sign Language 419.714

419.714Quechan language 497.572Quechua language 498.323Quechuan languages 498.323Quiché language 497.423Quichean languages 497.42Quichean-Mamean languages 497.42NQuileute language 497.9

R

Rade language 499.22Raeto-Romance languages 459.9NRagoli-Kuria languages 496.395Rajasthani language 491.479Ramu languages 499.12Rapanui language 499.4Rapid reading 418.4Rarotongan language 499.44I Rashi script 492.411Readers (Textbooks) 418

applied linguistics 418N English language 428.6

see Manual at 420–490Reading 418.4N education 418.407 1N English language 428.4N secondary education 428.407 12E equipment 418.402 84I Reading charts 418.402 84Reading materials 418P see also Readers (Textbooks)Reconstruction (Linguistics) 417.7P Reference 401.456P linguistics 401.456I Reich (The German word) 430.14Relational grammar 415.018I Relexification (Linguistics) 401.4Remedial readers (Textbooks)N applied linguistics 418Remedial reading 418.4NRengao language 495.93Rennellese language 499.46Reverse dictionaries 413.1Rhaetian languages 459.9Rhaeto-Romanic languages 459.9

83

RelativeiIndex ____

Rheto-Romance languages 459.9Rhyming dictionaries 413.1Rhythm (Linguistics) 414.6Rif language 493.3NRiff languages 493.3Riksm(l language 439.82Rolong dialect 496.397 757Romance languages 440Romani language 491.497Romanian language 459Romansch language 459.96Romansh language 459.96Romany language 491.497Ronga language 496.397 8Rosetta stone 493.111Ruanda language 496.394 61Ruanda-Rundi languages 496.394 6Rundi language 496.394 65Runes 430N Proto-Nordic language 439.5Russian language 491.7Rwanda language 496.394 61Rwanda-Rundi languages 496.394 6

S

NSaam language 494.55Saami language 494.55Sabellian languages 479.7Sabine language 479.7Sac language 497.314 9Safwa language 496.391Saharan languages 496.5Saka language 491.53Salampasu-Ndembo languages

496.393Salar language 494.36Salish language 497.943 5Salishan languages 497.94NSaliva language 498.9Salivan languages 498.9Samaritan Aramaic language 492.29Samaritan language 492.29Sambalic languages 499.21Same language 494.55Sami language 494.55Samoan language 499.462Samoic Outlier languages 499.46Samoyedic languages 494.4San Blas Cuna language 497.83San Blas Kuna language 497.83San languages 496.1NSanaani Arabic 492.770 953 32NSanaani spoken Arabic 492.770 953 32

Sanaga languages 496.396Sango language 496.361 6Sanskrit language 491.2Santali language 495.95Sara Gambai dialect 496.5NSara Ngambai dialect 496.5Sardinian language 459.982Sauk language 497.314 9P Sauria Paharia language 494.83Scandinavian languages 439.5Scots languageI To 1700 427.941 1Scots language (English

dialect) 427.941 1Scottish English dialect 427.941 1Scottish Gaelic language 491.63Scythian languages 491.53NSea Dayak language 499.225Sea Islands Creole 427.975 799Second language acquisition 401.93

applied linguistics 418education 418.007 1

P see Manual at 407.1, T1—071 vs.401.93, T4—019, 410.71, 418.0071,T4—80071

Sedang language 495.93NSelepet language 499.12Selkup language 494.4Semang languages 495.93Semantics

linguistics 401.43see Manual at 401.43 vs. 306.44,

401.45, 401.9, 412, 415see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68,

149.94, 410.1Seminole language 497.385 9I Semioticians 401.410 92N 401.410 92Semiotics

linguistics 401.41see Manual at 401 vs. 121.68,

149.94, 410.1Semitic languages 492Sena language 496.391Senari language 496.35Seneca language 497.554 6Senegal languages 496.321P Senegambian languages 496.321Senga-Sena languages 496.391Senoic languages 495.93Sentences (Grammar) 415Senufo language 496.35Sepik-Ramu languages 499.12I Sequence (Linguistics) 401.41

84


Serbian language 491.82I Serbian philology 491.82Serbo-Croatian language 491.82Serer language 496.321P Serer-Sine language 496.321NSeri language 497.57Servian language 491.82Sesotho language 496.397 72Shaka language 496.395Shambala languages 496.391Shan language 495.919Shawnee language 497.317Shi language 496.394Shilha language 493.3Shilluk language 496.5Shina language 491.499Shira-Punu languages 496.396Shona language 496.397 5NShona languages 496.397 5NShor language 494.33Shoshoni language 497.457 4Shuar language 498.372NShuara language 498.372Shuswap language 497.943Siamese language 495.91P Siberian Yupik languages 497.14NSidama languages 493.5Sidamo languages 493.5I Siddham alphabet 491.211NSierra Popoluca language 497.43I Sign language acquisition 419.019Sign languages 419I Signed English 428.917

American 428.917British 428.914 1

Siksika language 497.352I Similarity (Language

learning) 401.93I 418.007 1I Simultaneous interpreting 418.02Sindhi language 491.41Sinhala language 491.48Sinhalese language 491.48Sinhalese-Maldivian languages

491.48Sino-Tibetan languages 495Siouan languages 497.52NSioux language 497.52I Sipacapense language 497.42Sira languages 496.396NSiriano language 498.35NSirionó language 498.382SiSwati language 496.398 7Siwa language 493.3

Siwi language 493.3Skitswish language 497.943Slang 417.2Slavic languages 491.8Slavonic languages 491.8Slovak language 491.87Slovene language 491.84Slovenian language 491.84Sogdian language 491.53NSoko-Kele languages 496.396Sokotri language 492.9Somali language 493.54Songe languages 496.393Songhai language 496.5Songye languages 496.393NSoninke language 496.34Sonoran languages 497.454Sorbian language 491.88Sotho languages 496.397 7Sotho-Tswana languages 496.397 7I South African Sign Language

419.68N 419.68South American native

languages 498South Arabian languages 492.9South Caucasian languages 499.968South Dravidian languages 494.81South Halmahera-West New

Guinea languages 499.5NSouth Levantine Arabic 492.770 956 95NSouth Levantine spoken Arabic

492.770 956 95South Mbundu languages 496.399South Semitic languages 492.8South Slavic languages 491.81Southern Bantu languages 496.397I Southern Min dialects 495.172 4

495.172 4Southern Paiute language 497.457 69Southern Sotho language 496.397 72Southern Tiwa language 497.497Southern Turkic languages 494.36NSouthern Yemeni Arabic 492.770 953 35Southwest Turkic languages 494.36Spanish language 460

bilingual dictionariesN English 463.21I Technical Spanish 468.002 46N technical Spanish 468.002 46

textbooks for Englishspeakers

N formal approach 468.242 1

85

RelativeiIndex ____

I Spanish Sign Language 419.46N 419.46Speaking

applied linguistics 418P Speech acts 401.452P linguistics 401.452P Speech errors 401.9Speech perception 401.95I Speech perception in infants 401.95Speed reading 418.4Speller-dividers 413.1N English language 423.1Spellers 418N English language 428.1Spelling 411

applied linguistics 418N English language 428.1

linguistics 411standard language 410

I Spelling bees 418Spelling reform 418Spokane language 497.943Sranan language 427.988 3Sranan Tongo 427.988 3Sranantonga 427.988 3Srê language 495.93NStalo language 497.94NStandard Arabic 492.7Standard language

applied linguistics 418N education 418.007 1

description and analysis 411–415Standard Malay language 499.28NStockbridge language 497.344 9Stress (Linguistics) 414.6Structural linguistics 410.18Subia languages 496.399NSubiya languages 496.399Subject and predicate

(Grammar) 415Subjectless constructions 415Sublanguage 401.47

applied linguistics 401.47Subordinate constructions

(Grammar) 415Subtiaba-Tlapanec languages 497.9NSudanese Arabic 492.770 962 4NSudanese spoken Arabic 492.770 962 4Sudanic languages

(Chari-Nile) 496.5Suffixes 415.92Suku language 496.393Sukuma-Nyamwezi languages

496.394

Sulawesi languages 499.226Sumerian language 499.95NSumo language 497.88NSumu language 497.88Sunda language 499.223 2Sundanese language 499.223 2Sunwar language 495.49Suomi language 494.541Suprasegmental phonology 414.6Susu language 496.34Svan language 499.968Swabian dialect 437.943 37Swahili language 496.392Swati language 496.398 7Swazi language 496.398 7Swedish language 439.7E applied linguistics 439.78I Written Swedish 439.78I Swedish Sign Language 419.485N 419.485Swiss-German dialect 437.949 4Syllabaries 411Symbols

linguistics 411Synchronic linguistics 410

see Manual at 410Synonym dictionaries 413.1N English language 423.12Syntax 415Syriac language 492.3NSyro-Lebanese Arabic 492.770 956 91

T

Tabasaran language 499.964Tacanan languages 498.9Tadzhik language 491.57Tagalog language 499.211Tagmemics 415Tahitian language 499.444Tahitic languages 499.44Tai-Kadai languages 495.9Tai languages 495.91Taino language 497.922Taita language 496.395Taiwan dialects (Chinese

language) 495.172 49NTaiwan languages 499.2I Taiwan Sign Language 419.512 49N 419.512 49NTa‘izzi-Adeni spoken Arabic

492.770 953 35NTa‘izzi-Adeni Arabic 492.770 953 35Tajik language 491.57

86


NTajiki language 491.57Taki-Taki 427.988 3Tamahaq language 493.38Tamang language 495.4Tamashek language 493.38Tamasheq language 493.38Tamazight language 493.33Tamil language 494.811Tangkhul language 495.4Tano languages 496.338 5Tanoan languages 497.49Taos language 497.496Tarahumara language 497.454 6Tarahumaran languages 497.454 6Tarascan languages 497.96Tarasco language 497.96NTarfit language 493.3Tasmanian languages 499.15Tatar language 494.387

Crimean 494.388I Tawahka dialect (Honduras) 497.88NTayal language 499.2Teke languages 496.396Telugu language 494.827Tem language 496.35Temne language 496.32Temporal constructions

(Grammar) 415Tenda language 496.32Tende-Yanzi languages 496.396NTense (Grammar) 415.62Tepiman languages 497.455Tepo language 496.33I Terminologists 409.2Terminology 401.4

dictionaries 413N German language 430.14N Russian language 491.701 4

usage (Applied linguistics) 418NTerraba language 497.8Teso language 496.5Tetela languages 496.396Teton language 497.524 4Teutonic languages 430Tewa language 497.494Thai language 495.91Thesauri (Synonym

dictionaries) 413.1Thonga language 496.397Thracian language 491.993Thraco-Phrygian languages 491.993Tibetan language 495.4Tibeto-Burman languages 495.4Tigré language 492.82

P Tigrigna language 492.83Tigrinya language 492.83Tigua language 497.496Tikar language 496.36NTinne languages 497.2Tiv language 496.36Tivi language 496.36Tiwa language 497.496Tiwi language (Melville

Island) 499.15NTlapanec language 497.9Tlingit language 497.27Toba Batak language 499.224 62Tobote language 496.35Tocharian language 491.994Tocharish language 491.994Toda language 494.81NTofa language 494.33Tohono O’odham language 497.455 2Tojiki language 491.57Tok Pisin 427.995 3Toka language 496.391Tokelau language 499.46Tokelauan dialect 499.46Tokharian language 491.994Tonga language (Inhambane) 496.397Tonga language (Nyasa) 496.391Tonga language (Tonga

Islands) 499.482Tonga language (Zambesi) 496.391P Tongan language 499.482Tongic languages 499.48Tongwe languages 496.394Topic and comment (Grammar)

415Toradja languages 499.226Toraja languages 499.226Toraja Sa’dan language 499.226NTotonac language 497.9Totonacan languages 497.9NTotonaco language 497.9NTouareg language 493.38Trans-New Guinea languages 499.12Transcription

linguistics 411Transformational grammar 415.018 2Translating

linguistics 418.02P specific subjects 418.03P Translation (Linguistics) 418.02P specific subjects 418.03Translators 418.020 92Transliteration 411NTruk language 499.52

87

RelativeiIndex ____

NTrukese language 499.52Tshivenda language 496.397 6Tsimshian language 497.412 8Tsimshian languages 497.412Tsogo languages 496.396Tsonga language 496.397 8NTsouic languages 499.2Tswa-Ronga languages 496.397 8Tswana language 496.397 75Tuareg language 493.38Tucano language 498.35Tucanoan languages 498.35NTucuna language 498.9NTukano language 498.35NTukanoan languages 498.35Tumbuka language 496.391Tungus languages 494.1Tungus-Manchu languages 494.1Tungusic languages 494.1NTunisian Arabic 492.770 961 1NTunisian spoken Arabic 492.770 961 1Tupí language 498.383 2Tupí languages 498.38NTupí-Guaraní languages 498.38NTupian languages 498.38Tupinambá language 498.383Turco-Tataric languages 494.3Turfanish language 491.994Turkana language 496.5Turkic languages 494.3Turkish language 494.35Turkmen language 494.364Turko-Tatar languages 494.3Turkoman language 494.364Tuscarora language 497.55Tuva-Altai languages 494.33Tuvalu language 499.46Tuvinian language 494.33Twi language (Ghana) 496.338 5Typology (Linguistics) 410.1

grammar 415.01Tzeltal language 497.428Tzotzil language 497.428 7NTzutuhil language 497.42Tzutujil language 497.42

U

Ubangian languages 496.361Ubykh language 499.962NUchean languages 497.9Udmurt language 494.53Ugaritic language 492.67Ugric languages 494.51

Uighur language 494.323NUigur language 494.323Ukaan language 496.33Ukrainian language 491.79I Technical Ukrainian 491.798 002 46N technical Ukrainian 491.798 002 46Umatilla language 497.412Umbrian language 479.9Umbundu languages 496.399Unami language 497.345I Unification grammar 415Universal languages 401.3Ural-Altaic languages 494Uralic languages 494.5Urban dialects 417.209 173 2

linguistics 417.209 173 2Urdu language 491.439Urhobo language 496.33Uru-Chipaya languages 498.9NUru language 498.9Usage (Applied linguistics) 418Ute language 497.457 6Uto-Aztecan languages 497.45Uyghur language 494.323Uzbek language 494.325

V

Vagala language 496.35Vai language 496.34Vandal language 439.9Vandalic language 439.9Vedic language 491.29Vegliote dialect 457.949 72Vei language 496.34Veinakh languages 499.964 1Venda language 496.397 6Venetic language 479.4I Venezuelan Sign language 419.87N 419.87Veps language 494.54Verb phrases 415.6Verb tables

applied linguistics 418Verbs 415.6Vestinian language 479.7I Video recordings for foreign

speakers 418Viet-Muong languages 495.92Vietnamese language 495.922Vige language 496.35NVisayan language 499.21

88


Vocabulary 401.4dictionaries 413English language

N usage (Applied linguistics)428.1

usage (Applied linguistics) 418Vogul language 494.51Voice (Grammar) 415.6Volga languages, Middle 494.56Volscian language 479.7Volta-Comoe languages 496.338Voltaic languages 496.35Votic language 494.54Votyak language 494.53P Vowels 414Vulgar Latin language 477

W

NWaica language 498.9Wakashan languages 497.95Walapai language 497.572 4Walbiri language 499.15NWalla Walla language 497.412Walpiri language 499.15Wampanoag language 497.348Warao language 498.9NWarrau language 498.9Washo language 497.576NWayampi language 498.38NWayãpi language 498.38NWayuu language 498.39Welsh language 491.66I Weme-Gbe language 496.337Wendish language 491.88West Atlantic languages

(Africa) 496.32West Germanic languages 439West Iranian languages

(Ancient) 491.51P West New Guinea languages 499.5West Scandinavian languages 439.5West Semitic languages 492West Slavic languages 491.85Western Aramaic languages 492.29NWestern Canadian Inuit

language 497.12NWestern Canadian Inuktitut

language 497.12Western desert language 499.15Western Hindi languages 491.43I Western Mande languages 496.34Western Panjabi language 491.419Western Turkic languages 494.38

NWichita language 497.93NWik-Munkan language 499.15Winnebago language 497.526NWintun language 497.41Witotoan languages 498.9Wiyot language 497.3NWobe language 496.33Wolof language 496.321 4Word classes 415Word dividers (Dictionaries) 413.1N English language 423.1Word formation 415.92Word order 415Word origins 412Word recognitionI Ability testing 418.4P Word sense disambiguation 401.430 285635Words 401.4

dictionaries 413usage (Applied linguistics) 418

Wororan languages 499.15Writing systems (Linguistics) 411I Wu dialects 495.172

495.172Wyandot language 497.555

X

Xavante language 498.4Xhosa language 496.398 5I Xiang dialects 495.172 15

495.172 15Xinca language 497.9Xosa language 496.398 5

Y

NYaghnobi language 491.59NYagnobi language 491.59Yagua language 498.9NYahuna language 498.35NYaka language (Congo and

Angola) 496.393Yakama language 497.412 7NYakima language 497.412 7Yakut language 494.332P Yambasa languages 496.396Yanomam languages 498.92Yanomamo language 498.92I Yanyuwa language 499.15Yanzi language 496.396Yao language (Southeastern

Asia) 495.978

89

RelativeiIndex ____

Yao languages (Africa) 496.397Yapese language 499.52Yaqui language 497.454 2Yaruro language 498.9Yaunde-Fang languages 496.396Yavapai language 497.572 4I Yemba language 496.36Yenisei-Ostyak language 494.6Yenisei Samoyed language 494.4NYessan-Mayo languages 499.12Yeye language 496.399Yiddish language 439.1Yindjibarndi language 499.15Yok-Utian languages 497.413Yokuts language 497.413Yoruba language 496.333P Yoruboid languages 496.333Yucatec Maya language 497.427Yucatecan language 497.427Yuchi language 497.9Yue dialects 495.172 7Yüeh dialects 495.172 7Yui language 499.12Yuit language 497.14Yukaghir language 494.6Yuki language 497.5Yukian languages 497.5Yuma language 497.572Yuman languages 497.572Yupik languages 497.14Yurak Samoyed language 494.4Yurok language 497.3

Z

Zamucoan languages 498.9Zande language 496.361Zaparoan languages 498.9Zapotec language 497.68Zapotecan languages 497.68Zaramo language 496.391Zarma language 496.5Zigula-Zaramo languages 496.391Zoque language 497.43Zulu language 496.398 6Zuni language 497.994Zyrian language 494.53

90


ESS - NLA Home | National Library of Australia · Class here lexicology, interdisciplinary works on...

Documents

Transcript of ESS - NLA Home | National Library of Australia · Class here lexicology, interdisciplinary works on...