Lexicology -summary
Transcript of Lexicology -summary
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LEXICOLOGY - SUMMARY
SGU
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SUMMARY ON FINAL TEST
- Style: Formal vs. informal
- British and American English
- Words
- ICs
- Word formation
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LANGUAGE STYLE
INFORMAL STYLE
FORMAL STYLE
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INFORMAL STYLE
• Colloquial words
• Slang
• Dialectism
• Vulgarisms
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Formal style • Learned words
• Archaic and poetic words
• Technical terms or professional Terminology
• Barbarisms
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INFORMAL STYLE
• is used in one’s immediate circle: family, relatives, or friends.
• One uses informal words when at home or when feeling at home.
• Relaxed, free-and-easy, familiar and unpretentious.
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• Consequently, the choice of words is determined in each particular case not only by an informal (or formal) situation, but also by the speaker’s educational and cultural background, age group, and his occupational and regional characteristics.
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Which style is it?
1.“where ya going ?”
“to school”
INFORMAL STYLE
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2. Should you require any assistance, please feel free to contact us.
FORMAL STYLE
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3. The company laid him off because he didn’t work much.
INFORMAL STYLE
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4. Mind your own business!
INFORMAL STYLE
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5. Dear Sir or Madam,
I should be grateful if you would send me information about the regulations for admission to the Hall school of Design. Could you also tell me the school arranges accomodations for students?
Yours faithfully,
Allan Parker
FORMAL STYLE
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6. B is A’s boss. A needs to leave work early today to see the doctor and approaches B, who is working at his or her desk.
FORMAL STYLE
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7. A and B are good friends. A has just finished moving into a new house and wants to invite B over to celebrate.
INFORMAL STYLE
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Colloquial words
Colloquial words (=colloquialisms) are the least exclusive: they are used by everybody, and their sphere of communication is comparatively wide, at least of literary colloquial words.
Colloquialisms are used in everyday conversational speech by cultivated and uneducated people of all age groups.
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Colloquial words • However, in modern fiction, informal words are
not restricted to conversation in their use, but also frequently appear in descriptive passages, when the author wants to create an intimate, warm, informal atmosphere.
• Here are some more examples of literary colloquial words:
• e.g pal, chum (= friend)
bite, snack (=meal)
mum, mummy (=mother)
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Colloquial words
Shortenings and verbs with post-positional adverbs are numerous among colloquialisms.
e.g exam (= examination)
fridge( = refrigerator)
Photo (=photocopy)
prep( preposition)
to make up
to do away
to turn in (= to go to bed)
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Colloquial words
• Literary colloquial words are to be distinguished from familiar colloquial and low colloquial.
• The borderline between the literary and familiar colloquial is not always clearly marked.
– E. g: doc (for doctor), hi (for how do you do), ta-ta (for good-bye)
shut up (for keep silent), beat it (for go away).
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Colloquial words
It is noted that some students misunderstand the term “ colloquial” and consider it “ conversational”.This misconception may lead to embarrassing errors, because colloquialism should even be avoided in formal conversations or in reports.
It is important that students associate these words with informal, relaxed situations.
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• Slang;
A set of new, very informal words used in private conversation language.
All or most slang words are current words whose meanings have been metaphorically shifted.
Each slang metaphor is rooted in a joke, but not in a kind or amusing joke.
Most slang words are metaphors and jocular, often with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring.
What is slang?
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How many types of slang?
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• To be picturesque, arresting, striking
• To be different from others
• To avoid the tedium of outmoded hackneyed "common" words.
• To demonstrate one's spiritual independence and daring
• To sound "modern" and "up-to-date".
why do people use slang?
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Cop= policeman Hoofer=dancer
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LEARNED WORDS
Are mainly associated with the printed page.
Poetry, fiction, diplomatic documents and letters are their resources .
Educated people use them naturally in everyday speech.
Excessive use of learned words in conversations may lead to official, inelegant manner; create an absurd and ridiculous effect.
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Learned words are mostly polysyllabic ones of Latin,
Greek or French.
Most of them have been adapted to the English phonetic
system, but some continue to sound foreign.
French and Latin were once the language of the English
belonging to the ruling or upper class in the English society.
Carry out (= do)
The experiment was carried out yesterday.
Investigate (= look into)
Safety officers are investigating the problem at the moment.
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Different styles between informal &
formal English
• I’m sorry but …
• I’m happy to say that …
• If you lose it, then contact us as soon as possible
• We regret to inform you that …
• We have pleasure in announcing that …
• Any lost of this document should be reported immediately.
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Because of
Archaic and poetic words
Are words that now go out of use
The advance
in human
knowledge
The
changes in
the social
system
Development
of culture
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e.g. Betwixt = Between
Ex: "You shall see, as I have said, great
difference betwixt our Bohemia and your
Sicilia” (The Winter's Tale-Shakespeare)
Aye/ Yea = Yes
Ex: The world is not aye
Twain = Two
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• They are moribund, already partly or
fully out of circulation, rejected by the
living language. “Partly moribund”
because they may exist in historical
novels when authors want to create a
particular period atmosphere, or in
poetry which is rather conservative in
its choice of words.
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e.g. Morn (=Morning); Moon (=Month);
Errant (=Wandering); Eve (=Evening)
Damsel (=Girl)
Sometimes, an archaic word may undergo a
sudden survival
e.g. Kin (=Relatives) now current in American
usage.
“Did you have kin from here?”
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There are some rules when you write letter or essay: Use appropriate punctuation Avoid common colloquial words and expression Don't use contractions Try to avoid the first and second person Don't start a sentence with condinating conjunction When referring to the number of countable objects, use words rather than figures when the amount is less than twenty
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07/12/2015
Speaking formal English
Be aware of the parts of speech. English speakers commonly replace adverbs with adjectives in casual speech
Use correct grammar
Choose precise vocabulary words, and avoid the word "got.
Avoid using idiom
Formal words may relate to prossional communication
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Variations in British and American English
British English American English
candidate [I] Delegate holiday [I] tomato [a] Fragile [aI] Missile Pasteurisation Crystallisation
candidate [eI] delegate holiday [eI] tomato [eI] fragile [I/∂] Missile Pasteurization Crystallization
1. Variation in pronunciation: a) In the vowel sounds:
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b) In the stress and vowels:
British English American English
garage Aristocrat Laboratory Capillary Centenary Phenomenon Pentagon Territory Auditory stationary secretary advertisement
garage Aristocrat Laboratory Capillary Centenary Phenomenon Pentagon Territory Auditory stationary secretary advertisement
Remark: AE prefers the double stress
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c) In the stress:
BE AE
dic`tate ro`tate `bourgeois `frontier ‘mid`day ‘beef`steak `come`in `go a`head
`dictate `rotate `bour`geois fron`tier `mid’day `beef’steak Come`in Go a`head
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2. Variation in spelling:
BE AE
Colour Centre Advertise Defence traveller
Color Center Advertize Defense traveler
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BRITISH ENGLISH AMERICAN ENGLISH
REMARK
a) colour favour,
labour, humour
color Favor Labor humor
1) Americanisms have a tendency to make the spelling easier.
b) centre theatre, litre
center theater, liter
2) “l” is double in AE words with the stress on the last syllable. e.g. enroll, fulfill
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c) traveller marvellous
woollen But: skilful,
fulfil
traveler marvelous woolen Skillful, fulfill
3) The endings -pl-l of verbs (with stress on the first syllable), are double in BE (single in AE) before –ed/-ing. e.g. `worshipped, `labelled (BE), `kidnaped, `leveled (AE)
d) advertise organise
advertize organize
e) defence But : to practise
defense pratice (n,v)
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f) Miscellaneous - aeroplane - dialogue - cheque - draught - gauge - kerb - tyre - gaol - pyjamas - plough - judgement
- airplane - dialog - check - draft - gage - curb - tire - jail - pajamas - plow - judgment
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3. Variation in grammar: a) Verbs
British English American English
• Prefers irregular form of P1, P2
-burn burnt burnt -dream dreamt dreamt • But: proved (P2 of to
prove); got (P1, P2 of to get)
• Prefers regular form of P1, P2
-burn burned burned -dream dreamed dreamed • But: proven (P2 of to prove);
gotten (P2 of to get)
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b) The word-order in words of river, valley , lake….
British English American English
River Thames River Clyde University of London
Mississippi River Hudson River Harvard University
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c) In the use of preposition – adverbs
British English American English
to fill out (the blank) outside (the house) to meet ( someone) To win To protest against To battle with
to fill in (the blank) outside of (the house) to meet up (someone) To win out To protest To battle
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d) Miscellaneous
BE AE
to help + to infinitive TO+ indirect Object
(passive voice) E.g. A letter was sent to Mary.
to help + bare infinitive without to + indirect Object
(passive voice) A letter was sent Mary.
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Remarks: American people have a tendency to use very easy going way, for their convenience, to express themselves. So they tend to use conversion, blending, or clipping in their daily speech.
E.g: To chair a meeting
To vacation
An athletic meet
Medicare (medical + care)
Slanguage (slang + language)
Ad (advertisement)
Natch (naturally)
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Besides, they also prefer short forms of words:
E.g: I been, I done, I seen (= I’ve been, I’ve done, I’ve seen)
Go bring the paper back (=go and bring…)
I sure will help (=it surely will help)
Drive slow (=drive slowly)
You gotta go (you’ve got to go)
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4. Variation in vocabulary:
a) There are quite a lot of words denoting the same object or notion, but having different forms in BE and AE
E.g.
Cinema (BE) Chemist Goods
Movie (AE) Druggist freight
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BE AE
Railway railroad
Sweet(s) candy
Pavement sidewalk
Roadway subway
Petrol gas/ gasoline
Lift elevator
Flat apartment, flat, studio
The following is a list of BE words. Use a dictionary to find their AE equivalents.
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BE AE
Luggage baggage
Maize corn
Tap faucet
Shop shop/ store
Tube, underground subway
Tin (opener) can
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BE AE
Postman mailman, mail/letter carrier
Lorry truck/ semi/ tractor
(bank) note bill
Return ticket round- trip
Car park parking lot
Dustbin garbage/ trash can
garden yard
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b) However, there are words that do exist in both BE and AE, but bear different meanings:
BE AE
Million millions 1012
Thousand millions 109
Prep school
E.g. billion
BE AE
Elementary school preparing for entering school
Private school preparing for entering institute or university
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c) There are also British and American set expressions:
Other words of the same type are: corn, pavement, to guess, clerk, lunch, solicitor, subway, workhouse
BE AE
To take the bun To beat about the bush
To take the cake To beat around the stump
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A lot of American set expressions appear to reflect the history of American life, tradition, features
E.g. to be at bat
Fireside chat
Dark horse
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AE BE
eraser
aerial
Band – aid
bill (at a restaurant)
Bathrobe
biscuit
bureau
rubber
Antena /aerial
plaster
bathgown
bill/check
cookie
cookie
Exercise II.3 (P.22)
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AE BE
caretaker
closet (for hanging clothes)
curtains
freeway
lorry
kerosene
nappy
janitor
wardrobe
drapes
motorway
truck
paraffin
diaper
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AE BE
vest
chimney
Purse
Torch
Yard
vest
trailer
holiday
waistcoat
smokestack
handbag
flashlight
garden
undershirt
caravan
vacation
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WORDS A word is the smallest segment of speech that
can be used alone, and at which pausing is possible.
Ex: They call up their roommates.
(Call up, roommates are two words, and no pauses are possible between the two elements of each word).
There are three main classes of words: simple words, complex (or derived) words, and compound words.
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1. Simple words are composed of a single free morpheme.
Ex: high, table, university
2. Complex (or derived) words include either two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free form.
Ex: Two bound forms: televise, sentiment, consent
A bound and a free form: telephone, happiness
dishonest, nonsense
3. Compound words have two or more free morphemes.
Ex: Sweetheart, time-table, forget-me-not.
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Sometimes, it is difficult to decide if the word is a compound word or a group of words (grammatical structure).
There are three ways to see the difference.
3.a. Structural integrity:
We cannot add any word to the middle of two morphemes of compound words.
Ex: It is a greenhouse. (compound word)
It is a green wooden house. (a group of words = grammatical structure)
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3.b. Semantic criterion:
The meaning of a compound word is idiomatic, not the sum of the meaning of the words (grammatical structure).
Ex: He has an iron heart. (He is not kind)
He has a heavy iron heart. (He has a heart-shaped thing which is heavy)
3.c. Phonetic criterion:
Most compound words have the main stress over the first word. A group of words (grammatical structure) has the main stress over the second word.
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Ex: A swímming teàcher (a compound word)
A swìmming teácher (a group of words)
Notes: ‘ main stress.
` secondary stress.
Abbreviation:
S simple word
Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word
Gs Grammatical structure
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Indicate whether each italicized expression is a compound word (Cd) or a grammatical structure (Gs). Pay no attention to hyphens or spaces, for these are deceptive:
1. Jim’s new car is a hardtop. ______
2. This jar has a rather hard top. ______
3. It was a jack –in-the-box. ______
4. There was a plant in the box. ______
5. A hót dòg is not a hòt dóg. ______ ______
6. He has a dog in the manger attitude. ______
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7. She has a strong hold on him. ______
8. She has a stronghold in the Women’s Club. ______
9. George found his father-in-law. ______
10. George found his father in trouble. ______
11. The bought it on the black market. ______
12. The electricity went off, and we were caught in a black completely lightless, market. ______
13. Agatha is a desígning teàcher. ______
14. Agatha is a desìgning teácher. ______
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For a view of the three classes of words, identify the following items with these symbols:
S simple word
Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word
Gs Grammatical structure
Make the IC cuts for Cx and Cd.
1. Shárpshòoter _________
2. Shàrp shóoter _________
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3. act __________
4. react __________
5. rattlesnake __________
6. passbook __________
7. apparatus __________
8. glowworm __________
9. import __________
10. ripcord __________
11. unearth __________
12. stick-in-the-mud __________
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State whether the following groups of words are compounds or free word-groups, making use of different criteria:
1. Sweet voice
2. Sweet potato
3. White coffee
4. white-wash
5. White house
6. Hígh-prèssure
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7. Hìgh tíme
8. Rèd méat
9. Red eyes
10. Red tap
11. Réd Cròss
12. Gold fish
13. Góld rìng
14. Gólden Àges
15. Golden wedding (50th)
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16. Golden hair
17. Gólden rùle
18. Green eyes
19. Green horn (-house)
20. Green belt
21. Green door
22. Blue blood
23. sky-blue
24. blue-jacket (=sailor)
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MORPHEMES Free and Bound morphemes
+ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
Free morphemes are monomorphemic words and they can operate freely in the language.
Ex: honest, possess, study, girl, danger
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+ A bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word.
Bound morphemes must combine with other morphemes.
Ex: dishonest = dis (BM) + honest (FM) + A morpheme consists of: - Root/base - Stem (if there is any affix) - Affix (Prefix is added to the beginning of a
word and a suffix is added to the end of a word).
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Exercises
1. How many morphemes are there in each of the following words:
- Table - Television
- Ceiling - Writing
- Blackboard - Underground
- Country - Hospital
- River - Printer
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- Seaside - Southwest
- Honeymoon - Asian
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketball - Helpers
- Table-tennis - Manufacturers
- Backpack - Jackfruits
- Building - Newspapers
- Sweater - Swimming-pools
- Profit - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesia
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Underline the base/root in the following words:
- Seaside - Southwest
- Honeymoon - Asian
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketball - Helpers
- Table-tennis - Manufacturers
- Backpack - Jackfruits
- Building - Newspapers
- Sweater - Swimming-pools
- Profit - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesia
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Analyze the stem in the following words:
- Seaside - Southwest
- Honeymoon - Asians
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketball - Helpers
- Table-tennis - Manufacturers
- Backpack - Jackfruits
- Building - Newspapers
- Sweater - Swimming-pools
- Profits - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesians
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Analyze the suffix in the following words:
- Bananas - Southwestern
- Honeymoons - Asians
- Typewriter - Americans
- Basketballs - Helpers
- shopping - Manufacturers
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Buildings - Newspapers
- Sweaters - Swimming-pools
- Profits - Railways
- Sailor - Indonesians 74
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Analyze the prefix in the following words:
- Underline - Southwestern
- Honeymoons - Subcontinent
- impossible - Non-American
- Basketballs - Anti-fascism
- Dehydrate - Hillside
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Overcook - Newspapers
- Sunday - Swimming-pools
- Surplus - Railways
- Sailboat - Telescope
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Which morpheme is derivational/inflectional?
- Underlines - Southwestern
- Honeymoons - Subcontinents
- impossible - Non-American
- Basketballs - Anti-fascism
- Dehydrates - Hillsides
- Backpacks - Jackfruits
- Overcook s - Newspapers
- Sundays - Swimming-pools
- Surplus - Railways
- Sailboats - Telescopes
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Write the meaning of the prefixal morphemes:
1. defrost
2. demigod
3. diacid
4. disappear
5. hypermarket
6. maltreat
7. monologue
8. Nonstop
9. rewrite
10. subway
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Write the meaning of the suffixal morphemes:
1. writer
2. refugee
3. handful
4. solution
5. socialism
6. victory
7. importance
8. homeless
9. Chinese
10. greatly
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IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS Immediate constituents are any of the two
meaningful parts forming a larger meaningful unit.
Four sorts of morphemes – bases, prefixes, infixes, and suffixes are put together to build words. When we analyze a word, we usually divide a word into two parts of which it seems to have been composed.
Ex: un gentle man ly
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IC division:
+ If a word ends in an inflectional suffix, the first cut is between this suffix and the rest of the word.
Ex: develop s
+ One of the IC’s should be, if possible, a free form. A free form is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.
Ex: enlarge ment NOT en largement
in dependent NOT independ ent
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+ The meanings of the IC’s should be replaced to the meaning of the word.
Ex: teach er NOT tea cher The ultimate constituents are the
morphemes of which the word is composed.
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Give the morphematic division (root, prefix, suffix) of these words:
1. unpredictable
2. cooperation
3. multidimensional
4. leadership
5. Impression
6. Forecast
7. Fortune-teller
8. Discovery
9. Undercooked
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Why are a and an called allomorphs?
- A and an mean “one”. A stands before singular countable noun beginning with consonant sounds. An stands before singular countable noun beginning with vowel sounds. So they are phonologically conditioned allomorphs in complementary distribution.
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Why are the forms of BE conjugated in present simple called allomorphs?
- The forms of BE conjugated in present simple are AM, IS and ARE. They have the same meaning. AM follows the first person singular, IS follows the third person singular and ARE follows the second person both singular and plural and the third person plural. So Am, IS and ARE are morphologically conditioned allomorphs in complementary contribution.
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Processes of word formation
1. Compounding Compounding is the joining of two or more
words into a single word. Compounds may be written as one word (without a hyphen or a space), as a hyphenated word (with a hyphen), or as two words (with a space).
Ex: sunflower, school-girl, high school, skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, self-help, red-hot, etc.
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2. Derivation, conversion or functional shift Derivation is the forming of new words by
combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words.
Ex: teacher, re-ask, abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook, etc.
Zero derivation: (also called conversion or functional shift): Adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category. Examples: Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition.
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Stress shift: no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. With the stress shift comes a change in category.
Noun Verb Noun Adjective cómbine combíne cóncrete concréte ímplant implánt ábstract abstráct réwrite rewríte tránsport transpórt
Affixation: adding a derivational affix to a word.
Ex: abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook.
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3. Clipping or contraction
Clipping is the forming of new words by cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole.
Ex: laboratory lab dormitory dorm
brother bro professional pro
professor prof. mathematics math 4. Acronymy or abbreviation Acronymy is the forming of new words from the
initials or beginning segments of a succession of words.
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Ex: MP: military police/member of parliament TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign language radar: radio detecting and ranging NASA: National Aeronautics and Space
Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing
apparatus. ASEAN: Association of South East Asian countries
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5. Blending or mixture
Blending is the forming of new words by joining the first part of one word with the last part of another word.
breakfast + lunch brunch
smoke + fog smog
motor + hotel motel
television + marathon telethon
modulator + demodulator modem
Spanish + English Spanglish
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6. Back-formation or reversion
Back formation is the forming of new words from the one that looks like its derivative.
Ex: beggar to beg
editor to edit
resurrection to resurrect
enthusiasm to enthuse
burglar to burgle
hamburger burger
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7. Adoption of brand names as common words (coinage/invention/neologism): a proper name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the name. The word ceases to be capitalized and acts as a normal verb/noun (i.e. takes inflections such as plural or past tense). The companies using the names usually have copyrighted them and object to their use in public documents, so they should be avoided in formal writing (or a lawsuit could follow!) Examples: xerox, kleenex, Cola, 7 up.
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8. Onomatopoeia or sound imitation or reduplication: words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or the entity which produces the sound.
Ex: hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, cock-a-doodle-doo, buzz, beep, ding-dong.
9. Borrowing: a word is taken from another language. It may be adapted to the borrowing language's phonological system to varying degrees.
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Ex: tomato (from indigenous languages of the Americas), sushi, taboo (from Pacific Rim languages), macho, spaghetti, psychology, telephone, physician, education (from European languages), yam, banana (from African languages).
10. Antonomasia or words from names: The formation of a common word from the name of a person or place.
Ex: sandwich, champagne
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11. Isolation on word formation: a new word is obtained by isolating the plural form which is then with its own particular meaning.
Ex: colours (flags), glasses (spectacles)
Conclusion: English speakers coin new words every day. We can find them in newspapers, magazines or daily speech, but to use them, we should be more careful because not all these are accepted in standard English.
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Assignment 6
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Which process is used to form the following words?
1. user
2. overcrowded
3. classroom
4. DRV
5. footstep
6. buzz
7. mew
8. read
9. gas
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10. VIP
11. Amerindian
12. denim
13. roar
14. medicare
15. memo
16. daybreak
17. exporter
18. ad
19. care
20. Tom
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SAMPLE TEST I. For a view of the three classes of words, identify
the following items with these symbols: (2ms)
S simple word Cx Complex word
Cd Compound word Gs Grammatical structure
1. generation 2. classroom 3. singing 4. non-government 5. whitewash
6. dehydration 7. hot dog 8. microwave
9. ebook 10. beautiful girls
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1. Generation: Cx
2. classroom: Cd
3. singing: Cx
4. non-government: Cx
5. whitewash: Cd
6. dehydration: Cx
7. hot dog: Cd
8. microwave: Cx
9. ebook: Cx
10. beautiful girls: Gs
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II. Give the informal words/phrases/clauses for the following: (2ms)
enter, commence, however, later, employer, sleep-walker, get, people say, they reported, one after the other.
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enter – go in(to)
commence - begin
however - but
later - subsequently
employer - boss
sleep-walker - somnambulist
get - obtain
people say – it is said
they reported – it was reported
one after the other – at regular intervals
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III. Name the word formation process of each of the following words: (2ms)
1. textbook 2. play 3. UNESCO 4. handful 5. smog 6. rattle 7. Alex 8. TV 9. Mon 10. Singlish
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1. textbook: Compounding
2. play: Back-formation
3. UNESCO : Acronymy
4. handful: Derivation
5. smog: Blending
6. rattle: onomatopoeia
7. Alex: Clipping
8. TV: Acronymy
9. Mon: Clipping
10. Singlish: Blending
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IV. The following is a list of AE words. Find their BE equivalent: (2ms)
1. lawyer 2. elevator 3. drugstore 4. high school 5. school
6. bill 7. The Senate 8. estrogen 9. fender 10. ballpoint
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1. Lawyer - solicitor
2. elevator - lift
3. Drugstore – chemist’s
4. high school – secondary school
5. School - faculty
6. bill - note
7. The Senate - The House of Lords
8. Estrogen - Oestrogen
9. Fender – mudguard/wing
10. Ballpoint – biro/ball point
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V. Analyze the ICs of the following words: (2ms)
Americans, anti-fascism, receptionist, savings, collaboration, counterpartner, managers, dehydration, liners, humanities.
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Americans anti-fascism receptionist
- Initally, the base is “Americ”. Then we add suffix “an” to have “American” and then “Americans”.
- Fascist is the base. A suffix is added to make up “fascism”. Finally, a prefix is added to have “anti-fascism”.
- The base is receive. Then suffix “tion” is added to make up “reception”. At last “ist” is added.
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savings collaboration counterpartner
- The base is “save” that is added with suffix “ing”. Finally, “s” is added.
- “Labor” is the root. “Co” is added to have “collabor”. Suffix “ate” is added to make up a verb. A noun is made with suffix “ion”.
- “Part” is the base. “Part” is added with “er”. The prefix “counter” is added finally.
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managers dehydration liners humanities
- The base is “mange”. Suffix “er” is added and “s” is added at last.
- “Hydrate” is the base. “Dehydrate” is a verb and “ion” is added to make a noun.
- The root is “line”. Suffixes “er” and “s” are added.
- “Human” is the root. Suffix “ity” is added. Plural suffix “s” is added at last.
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Good luck!