ESH738 – General Employee Radiological Training (GERT) · 2017-08-25 · Training (GERT) Welcome...
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8/25/2017 Page 1 of 12 The official version of this training course can be found at, https://apps.inside.anl.gov/que/public/item/WBT/ESH738/splash The paper copy may be obsolete soon after it is printed. ESH738 – General Employee Radiological Training (GERT) Welcome to ESH738 This program was designed to fulfill training requirements identified by 10CFR835 and the DOE Radiological Control Manual; and to inform the Radiological workers of the radiological conditions and safety procedures specific to Argonne National Laboratory. Upon completion of this program, you will be able to discuss the Argonne National Laboratory Radiological Control Program in regards to radiological terminology, hazards and risks, controls and identification systems, and employee responsibilities. You will be able to: • Identify fundamental radiological terms and concepts. • Identify natural and man-made sources of background radiation. • State the potential health effects of radiation exposure. • Compare risks due to occupational radiation exposure with other common health risks. • Identify the ALARA concept and practices. • State the methods used to recognize and control radiological hazards. • State management and individual responsibilities for the site radiological control program. Introduction General Employee Radiological Safety Training (GERT) is provided to all new employees and other site workers who may routinely enter Controlled Areas or encounter radiological barriers, postings or radio-active materials. Employee responsibilities for observing and obeying radiological control postings and procedures are emphasized throughout this training. • It is important to note that general employees will probably not be exposed to radiation or radioactive materials. • Additional training beyond GERT is required for employees who are identified as radiological workers.
Transcript of ESH738 – General Employee Radiological Training (GERT) · 2017-08-25 · Training (GERT) Welcome...
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ESH738–GeneralEmployeeRadiologicalTraining(GERT)WelcometoESH738Thisprogramwasdesignedtofulfilltrainingrequirementsidentifiedby10CFR835andtheDOERadiologicalControlManual;andtoinformtheRadiologicalworkersoftheradiologicalconditionsandsafetyproceduresspecifictoArgonneNationalLaboratory.Uponcompletionofthisprogram,youwillbeabletodiscusstheArgonneNationalLaboratoryRadiologicalControlPrograminregardstoradiologicalterminology,hazardsandrisks,controlsandidentificationsystems,andemployeeresponsibilities.Youwillbeableto:
• Identifyfundamentalradiologicaltermsandconcepts.• Identifynaturalandman-madesourcesofbackgroundradiation.• Statethepotentialhealtheffectsofradiationexposure.• Comparerisksduetooccupationalradiationexposurewithothercommonhealthrisks.• IdentifytheALARAconceptandpractices.• Statethemethodsusedtorecognizeandcontrolradiologicalhazards.• Statemanagementandindividualresponsibilitiesforthesiteradiologicalcontrol
program.IntroductionGeneralEmployeeRadiologicalSafetyTraining(GERT)isprovidedtoallnewemployeesandothersiteworkerswhomayroutinelyenterControlledAreasorencounterradiologicalbarriers,postingsorradio-activematerials.Employeeresponsibilitiesforobservingandobeyingradiologicalcontrolpostingsandproceduresareemphasizedthroughoutthistraining.
• Itisimportanttonotethatgeneralemployeeswillprobablynotbeexposedtoradiationorradioactivematerials.
• AdditionaltrainingbeyondGERTisrequiredforemployeeswhoareidentifiedasradiologicalworkers.
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ThreeBasicParticlesoftheAtomAllmatteriscomposedofatoms.Atomsaremadeupofthreebasicparticles:protons,neutronsandelectrons.Protonsandneutronsareinthecenteroftheatomcalledthenucleus.Electronscanbethoughtofascirclingthenucleusastheplanetsorbitthesun.
Protonshaveapositiveelectricalcharge.Neutronshavenoelectricalcharge.Thenumberofneutronsinfluencesatomicstability.Electronshaveanegativeelectricalcharge.AtomsCanEmitRadiationAnatom’sstabilityisdeterminedbytheratioofprotonstoneutronsinthenucleus.Anatomisunstablewhentherearetoomanyortoofewneutronsrelativetothenumbersofprotons.Unstableatomswillgotoamorestableconditionbyget-tingridofexcessenergyfromthenucleusoftheatom.Thisexcessenergyisexpelledbyemittingradiation,suchasenergeticparticlesorwavesthatcar-ryetheenergyaway.Thisprocessisknownasradio-activedecay.Adistinctresultofradioactivedecayisthattheamountofradioactivityoccurringwilldiminishovertimeasmoreandmoreatomsundergothedecayprocess,eventuallybecomingstable.
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RadioactiveMaterialsRadioactivematerialisanymaterialcontainingunstableatomsthatemitradiation.Recallthattheatomsareunstablebecausetheirratioofneutronstoprotonsistoohighortoolow.Radioactivematerialcanbeman-madeornaturallyoccurringandcanbeinanyofthesephysicalforms.
• Solid• Liquid• Gas• Dust• Powder,etc.
RadioactiveContaminationWhenradioactivematerialisuncontainedinanunwantedplace,thisisknownasradioactivecontamination.Fixedcontaminationisradioactivecontaminationthatisfirmlyaffixedto,orimbeddedin,asurfaceandcannotberemovedwithoutdamagingthesurface.Dispersiblecontamination(a.k.a.looseorsmearable)isradioactivecontaminationthatisreadilyre-moved,evenbycasualcontactorambientairflow.Notethatdispersiblecontaminationcanevenbe-comeairborne.Themainconcernswithradioactivecontaminationare:
• Spreadingittodifferentlocationsand• Havingitenterthebody
UsingFiretoExplainRadiationLet’scompareradiation,radioactivematerialandradioactivecontaminationtoafire.Whenlogsburn,theygiveoffheat.Thisisaformofradiation.Weknowthatradioactivematerialemitsenergyinaformofparticlesorwaves.Theburningmaterialissimilartoradioactivematerialastheybothreleaseenergythroughspace.Thesparkscanjumpandspreadthefiretoareaswheretheyarenotdesired.Thiscanbecomparedtoradioactivecontamination.
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DefinitionofREMRoentgenEquivalentMan(rem)
• Isthebasicunitofradiationdoseequivalent• Itisusuallyexpressedinasmallerunitcalledmillirem(mrem)• 1000mrem=1rem• Theremandmremmeasurebiologicaldamageorhealthrisktohumans
FourTypesofIonizingRadiationMostradiologicalworkwillexposeworkerstoatleastoneofthefourbasictypesofionizingradiation.Thesearealphaparticles,betaparticles,photons(gammaraysandx-rays)andneutronparticles.Theradiationoriginatesinthenucleus,withtheexceptionofx-rays,whichareproducedintheelectronorbitals.RadiationGeneratingDevicesIonizingradiationisalsogeneratedbyradiationproducingmachinessuchasthisanalyticalX-raydevice.Otherradiationgeneratingdevicesincludeparticleacceleratorsandelectronmicroscopes.IonizingRadiationandNon-IonizingRadiationIonizingradiationhassufficientenergytoremoveelectronsfromatoms.Non-ionizingradiationdoesnothavetheamountofenergyneededtoremoveelectronsfromtheatom.Examplesofnon-ionizingradiationare:
• Visiblelight• Radiowaves• Microwaves• Magneticfields
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QuestionWhichnumberbelowdoyouthinkistheaverageannualradiationdosetothegeneralpopulation?a) 60mrem/yrb) 360mrem/yrc) 620mrem/yrd) 980mrem/yrAnswer:Theaverageannualradiationdosetothegeneralpopulationis620mrem/yrfromnaturalback-groundandman-madesources.BackgroundRadiationTheaverageannualradiationdosetothegeneralpopulationis620mremfromnaturalbackgroundandman-madesources.Belowaresomeofthesourcesofionizingradiationtowhichweareallexposed:Radon–Comesfromthedecayofradium,whichisnaturallypresentinsoil.Asagas,radoncantravelthroughthesoilandenterbuildings.Radonanditsdecayproductsemitalphaparticleswhichareaninternalhazardtothelung.Cosmic–Comesfromthesun,starsandothersourcesinouterspace.Itconsistsofchargedparticleandgammarays.Thedoserateincreaseswithaltitude,sincethereislessatmospheretoshieldthisradiation.Terrestrial–Naturalsourcesofradiationarepresentinsoil,rocks,andbuildingmaterials.Theseincludepotassium,radium,thorium,anduranium,whichgiveusacontinuouslowlevelradiationexposure.Internal–Foodandwatercontaintraceamountsofnaturalradioactivematerials.MostofourinternaldoseisfromradioactiveformofpotassiumcalledK-40.MedicalX-rays–X-rays,CATscan,anddiagnosticandtherapeuticusesofradioactivesourcescontributethelargestdosefromman-madesources.Commonmedicalsourcesincludegallium-67,technetium-99m,thallium-201,andiodine-123,125,131.ConsumerProducts–Asmallamountofradiationcomesfromconsumerproductssuchasoldvacuumtubetelevisions,radiumdialclocksandwatches,smokedetectorsandsomeceramics.Smokersgetasignificantradiationdosetothelungsfrompoloniumisotopesintobaccoleaf.
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Other–Otherman-maderadiationsourcesincluderesidualfalloutfrom1950’sand60’satmosphericnuclearweaponstests.Industrialusesincludex-raysforbaggageinspectionsandtransportationofradioactivematerials.BackgroundRadiationExposuresintheUS
PotentialHealthRisksOurknowledgeofradiationhealtheffectsismainlyfromcaseswherehighdosesofradiationwerereceivedovershortperiodsoftime.However,workersatradiologicalfacilitieswhoreceiveanyradiationtendtoreceivesmalldosesoverlongtimeperiods.Thesearecalledchronicradiationdoses.Personswhoreceivechronicradiationdosesmayincreasetheirriskofcancer.Theprobabilityofcancerduetooccupationalexposureaddsverylittle(lessthan1%)totheaveragenaturalcancerdeathratethatpeoplearesusceptibleto(around20%).
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HealthRisksRadiationinducedgeneticdisordersthatarepassedontofuturegenerationsarecalledheritableeffects.Thesehavebeenmeasuredinplantsandanimals,buthavenotbeenobservedinhumans.Weassumethatheritableeffectscanoccurinhumans,buttheprobabilityislowcomparedtothenormalrateofgeneticdisorders.Prenatalradiationhealtheffectshavebeenobservedinhumansandanimalsexposedtohighradiationdoseswhileinthewomb.Theseinclude:
• Lowerbirthweight• Increasedrateofmentalretardation• Stuntedphysicalgrowth• ReducedIQ
Theeffectshaveonlybeenseenwhenfetaldoseexceeded15rem. Anotherconcernisthatprenatalradiationexposuremayincreasetheriskofafuturecancersuchasleukemia.HealthRisksDOEandArgonnewanttominimizeradiationexposuretothefetus/embryo.Apregnantworkeroranindividualwhoisplanningtobecomepregnantandwhoismonitoredforoccupationalradiationexposuremayvoluntarilydeclaretheirpregnancyinwriting.Oncethepregnancyis“declared”,amorerestrictiveradiationdoselimitisapplied.Argonnepolicyistokeepthefetalradiationdoseasfarbelowthe500mremlimitasreasonablyachievable.
• TheindividualdeclaringpregnancyisrequiredtofilloutaDeclarationofPregnancy(ANL-943)form.
• Once“declared”contacttheAreaHealthPhysicistforaconsultationandworkrestrictiondetermination(ANL-243).Workdutyoptionsareofferedtoreducetheriskofradiationexposure.ArgonneemployeesshouldalsoconsultwiththeMedicalDepartmentinBuilding201.
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DoseLimitsTheradiationdoselimitforworkersatDOEfacilitiesis5000mrem/year.TheArgonneadministrativedoselimitis1000mrem(exceptsomeworkersinAGHCFwhichis1500mrem).Whileforsitevisitorsandthegeneralpublicthelimitis100mrem/year.Workerswhoexpecttoreceiveabove100mrem/yeararerequiredtocompleteRadiologicalWorkerTraining.Generally,personslikeyourselfareexpectedtoreceivelessthan100mrem/yearduetooccupationalradiationexposure.ThisGeneralEmployeeRadiologicalTraining(GERT)issufficientforyourcurrentneeds.RiskComparisonThehealthrisksassociatedwithoccupationradiationexposuresareverysmallandshouldbeconsideredacceptablewhencomparedtootherriskswetakedaily.Thechartbelowillustrateshowyourexpectedradiationdosecompareswiththatforotheroccupations.
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PerspectivesonRiskAnotherwaytoviewriskistomeasurethereductioninlifespanassociatedwithvariouslifestyles.
A.L.A.R.A.
TheALARAconceptisanintegralpartofallactivitiesthatuseradioactivematerialsorradiationproducingmachines.Itworkstominimizeradiationexposurestoworkers,thepublic,andtheenvironmentfromsiteactivities.YouareresponsibleformaintainingyourradiationdoseALARA.Thesite-wideALARACoordinator,providestechnicalsupportandassistanceintheimplementationofALARA.
TheALARACoordinatorservesasthesecretaryofthesiteALARAcommitteeandissuesquarterlyreportswhichtrackandtrendworkerradiationdoses.DivisionALARACoordinatorsassistinALARAreviewsandserveontheALARACommittee.
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RadiologicalControlsSinceradiationcannotbedetectedwithanyofthesense,specialdetectiondevicesmustbeused.TheHealthPhysicstechniciansroutinelymeasureradiationandcontaminationlevelsinsuspectareasofthesite.Ifradiologicalconditionswerefound,theywillbeclearlyidentifiedwithradiologicalcontrolssuchaspostings,labels,ortags.
Indicatorsthattherecouldberadiologicalhazardpresent:
• Yellowandmagentapostings• Radiologicalworkerswithpersonalprotective
clothing• Flashinglights• Yellowandmagentarope• Audiblealarms
RadiologicalPostings
ThreeGeneralWarning:I. GraveDangerII. DangerIII. CautionPostingshavemagentaorblacktrefoil(propeller)symbol.Radiologicaldesignationindicatesthetypeanddegreeofhazard.Alwayscomplywithentryrequirements.
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EntryRequirements• Thepostingtotherightindicatesaminimumradiological
hazard.Thespaceusedforspecificradiologicaldesignationsisblank.
• Thedoserateinsideacontrolledareawhichhasnoradiologicaldesignationpostedislessthan5mR/hourat30cm(1ft)fromsource.
• Ifyouseeasignlikethis,youmusthavethefollowingtoenter:
• GERTqualification• Authorizationbyareamanager• Ifthereisanyradiologicaldesignation,youmusthavea
qualifiedescortandcomplywithallentryrequirements.RadiationDosimeter
• Anyworkerthatmayreceiveadosegreaterthan100mrem/yearisissuedaradiationdosimeter
• Eachyear,2500Argonneworkersweardosimeter.However,fewerthan250receiveameasurabledose.
WorkAreaHazardsYourworkareamayhaveuniquehazards,controls,warning,andEmergencyResponseProcedures.Yoursupervisorwillarrangeforareaspecifictraining,typicallyincludedinyourbuildingorientation.ResponsibilitiesManagementResponsibilities:
• EstablishradiationexposurecontrollevelsandALARAgoals• Solicitfeedbackfromtheworkforceonimprovementstotheradiologicalcontrol
program• ImplementpoliciesandprocedurestomaintainradiationexposuresALARA• Holdworkersaccountableforradiologicalperformance
YourResponsibilities:
• Obeyallsignsandpostingsandcomplywithallradiologicalsafetyrulesandprocedures• Donotenteranycontrolledareawithoutauthorizationbytheareamanager• Ifvisitingaradiologicalareawithadesignatedescortobeyhis/herinstructions
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• Obtainandwearrequireddosimeter(s)• UseALARAtechniquestominimizeexposure• KnowhowtocontactHealthPhysicsinyourareaandbealertforandrespondto
unusualradiologicalsituationsUsingHandandShoeMonitorInsomelocations,youwillberequiredtocheckforradioactivecontaminationbyusingahandandshoemonitor.Followthedirectionsonthemonitor.Ifyougetapositivereading:
• Stayinthearea• CallHealthPhysics• Waitforhelptoarrive
NuclearMedicineNuclearmedicineproceduresareaverycommonmedicaltool.Yourdoctormayrecommendatestthatrequiresyoutodrinkorbeinjectedwitharadioactivesubstance.Yourbodywillemitradiationduringandafewdaysfollowingtheprocedure.Ifyouworkinabuildingthathaspostedradiologicalareas,andyoureceivedorplantoreceivenuclearmedicine,youareresponsiblefornotifyingtheareaHealthPhysicsgroup.ItisnotnecessarytonotifyHPifyougetanX-ray,CATscan,orMRI.ThisConcludesESH738GeneralEmployeeRadiologicalSafetyYouwillnowbedirectedtothelearningmeasurementexercise.PleaseclickHeretoproceed.
