Erika Kraus and Garrett Lattanzio. INTRODUCTION TO WHEAT Cereal grain Grown around the world Staple...
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Transcript of Erika Kraus and Garrett Lattanzio. INTRODUCTION TO WHEAT Cereal grain Grown around the world Staple...
WHEAT: A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE U.S. AND
FRANCEErika Kraus and Garrett
Lattanzio
INTRODUCTION TO WHEAT
• Cereal grain
• Grown around the world
• Staple food source
• Many similarities exist between the
wheat industries of the United States and France.
WORLD WHEAT PRODUCTION 2010-2011
SUPPLY
United States
• #3 field crop behind corn and soybeans
• 4th largest producer in the world with 61,755.0 thousand metric tons (2013)
• Top producing state is North Dakota, followed by Kansas
• Grown in almost every state
France
• Largest producer in the EU
• EU was largest producer in the world with 133,049.0 thousand metric tons (2013)
• Most of production in northern regions of France
WHEAT PRODUCTION
United States France
DEMAND
United States
• Fourth largest consumer in world
• 35,704 TMT consumed in 2012
• 2011 – average person consumed 135.2 pounds of wheat
• Average consumption = decreased from 225 lbs per capita in the 1800s
France
• Sixth largest consumer in world
• 18,467 TMT consumed in 2012
• 2010 – average person consumed 241 pounds of wheat
135.2 lbs
241 lbs
GENETICALLY MODIFIED WHEAT
United States
• GM wheat not commercially grown
• Some research and development
• 419 field tests as of 2013
• 2002 – Monsanto attempt with herbicide resistant strain (MON 71800)
France
• Mostly all GMOs are banned by law in EU
• No GM wheat in production
ORGANIC WHEAT
United States
• 2004 – 200,000 acres of organic wheat grown
• As of 2004, grown in 24 states
• Only 0.33% of all wheat grown is organic
France
• 2006 – 75,000 acres of organic wheat grown
• Studies revealed that organic winter wheat has lower yields and grain protein content
• Threshold of GPC for organic bread making – risen from 9% to 10.5%
WHEAT AGRICULTURAL POLICIES
United States
• Market Access Program (MAP) is an export subsidy
• Foreign Market Development (FMD)
• Work with U.S. wheat farmers and the USDA to share cost of overseas market development and maintain sales in competitive market
• Subsidies: direct payments – to 10 crops including wheat, marketing loans (price support program)
France
• Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)o Reform- decreased support
prices of products; wheat experienced the most
o Since 1992 – support prices decreased by 80% for soft wheat
o Durum wheat – 85% decrease
BIO-FUELS INVOLVING WHEAT
United States
• Wheat is used as a bio-fuel, although corn makes up 90% of ethanol production
• Advanced bio-fuel research that involves using the wheat stock instead of the grains
France
• In Western Europe wheat is the #1 source of ethanol (this includes France!)
• France = the second largest producer of biofuels in Europe
WHEAT BIO-FUEL PRODUCTION
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM WHEAT PRODUCTIONUnited States
• Soil erosion
• Soil nutrient depletion
• Water depletion
• Run-off from fertilizer
France
• Same effects on the environment
• South western farms in France – most significant yield losses due to erosion
SOIL EROSION IN FRANCE
From FAO.org
WHEAT FOOD SAFETY
United States
• FDA – Food and Drug Administration
• Food Safety Modernization Act – traceability of wheat back to it’s source
• Oregon instance – untested GMO wheat was found growing in a farmer’s field
France
• ANSES – French Agency for Food, Environmental, & Occupational Health Safety
WHEAT AGRIBUSINESSES
United States
• Cargill Inc.o Largest trader of wheat and
grains in the U.S.o $136.7 billion in sales and other
revenues in 2013
France
• Senalia Union o Owner of largest silo and
holding network in Europeo At the Rouen base, they can
store 250,000 tons of wheato Cereals enter and leave by rail,
road and waterways
ANIMAL WELFARE
UNITED STATES & FRANCE
• Current production does not involve animal labor
• Wheat is used in livestock feeds
• Contamination of wheat could harm animals
• Carcinogen called Aflatoxin – if found in wheat, it could result in reduced feed intake and a suppressed immune system for the animal
FOOD LABELING
United States
• “Whole Grains” stamp – Whole Grains Council, have specific requirements
• Food Allergen Labeling and Consumer Protection Act o Wheat is the #9 allergen in the
U.S. and under this act, foods containing wheat must be labeled
o Trace amounts must also be labeled
France
• Also has allergy labeling info, “Sans Gluten”
• All trace amounts of wheat must also be labeled, even if it is a sweetener that is made from wheat
DIET AND HEALTH RELATED TO WHEATUnited States
• Diet Guidelines for Americans suggest that we should eat 250 grams of wheat per day = 63% of our diet
• Estimated that 1/133 Americans have Celiac disease
• Only existing treatment for Celiac is a 100% gluten free diet
France
• In France, it is recommended to have a carbohydrate with every meal
• Bread is important in French food culture, and is highly consumed
US FOOD PLATE
AGRICULTURAL TRADE
United States
• World’s biggest wheat exporter
• 2008 – 34 million metric tons exported = 30% of all the world’s wheat exports
• Import roughly 2.5 million tons of a wheat a year on average
France
• Largest wheat producer in the EU, also a major player in exports
• EU exports – 25 million metric tons
• France exports to China , Saudi Arabia, Mexico and Syria + more
• France is the largest variable in EU wheat exports
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
United States & France
• Wheat = a staple crop and significant in international food development efforts
• U.S. and France are huge producers, both of these countries are involved in helping with international development
• International Wheat Yield Partnership (CIMMYT) o Work to reduce poverty and improve food security in developing
countries
FOOD SECURITY
United States
• Donates more food aid than the rest of the world combined
• 2011 – 46% of all U.S. food aid was wheat
• Through the USDA, the U.S. is a member of the Wheat Initiative
France
• Also a member of the Wheat Initiative through their French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA)
• Wheat Initiative: Coordinates global wheat research to make progress needed to increase quality, yields and sustainability of wheat to contribute to global food security and safety
WHEAT PROPAGANDA
MERCI, C’EST LE FIN!
QUESTIONS?