EQUINE REPRODUCTION. TERMINOLOGY s BOOK s BOOKING FEES s STUD FEE s FOAL GUARANTEE sLive Foal...
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Transcript of EQUINE REPRODUCTION. TERMINOLOGY s BOOK s BOOKING FEES s STUD FEE s FOAL GUARANTEE sLive Foal...
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EQUINE REPRODUCTION
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TERMINOLOGY
BOOK BOOKING FEES STUD FEE FOAL GUARANTEE
Live FoalReturnColor
WET/DRY CARE BREEDER
Thoroughbred Other breeds
DEATH & SALES CLAUSE
CHUTE FEE
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Stallion Physiology
Onset of sexual maturity 10-24 mo
Life span of sperm in female tract
2-4 days
Survival time with fertilizing capacity
1-2 days
Sperm output
Semen volume/ejaculate 20-100 ml
Sperm concentration X 106 30-800 ml
# sperm/ejaculate X 109 6
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Sperm Production
• Sperm Output and Production is influenced by:– Season– Testicular size– Age– Frequency of
ejaculation– Behavior
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Number of Sperm Depends On:
• Seasonal Influences (Photoperiod)– Effected Areas
• Ejaculate volume• Sperm numbers• Total sperm/ejaculate• Sperm motility• Willingness to breed• Mounts before breeding• Scrotal size• Testosterone production
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Mare Anatomy
• Vulva• Vagina• Cervix• Uterus• Oviducts• Ovaries
Left Ovary
Oviduct
Left UterineHorn
Uterine Body
Cervix Vagina
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TERMS• Anestrus • Diestrus • Estrous • Estrus
MARE CLASSIFICATION
• Pregnant• Open• Barren• Maiden• Wet• Dry
MARES
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The Open Mare
• Evaluate reproductive history• Establish the time of year to breed • Mare Plan:
– Diagnose possible problems– Implement problem management– Establish estrus calendar
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Mares Cycle
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
J F M A M J J A S O N D
% Mares ovulating % Mares in estrus
Perc
ent
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Photoperiod Effect
• Reproductive activity in spring is stimulated by an increasing photoperiod
• Mechanism – Alteration of hormone
secretion by the pineal gland and hypothalamus
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Receptors in eye
Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Ovaries
Increasing day length Decreasing day length
Neuropathway Neuropathway
Decreasing melatonin Increasing melatonin
Increasing GnRH Decreasing GnRH
Increasing gonadotropins
Decreasing gonadotropins
J F M A M J J A S O N D
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Transition Period
• Increased photoperiod stimulates the hypothalamus and pituitary
• Pituitary hormones (especially FSH) induce follicular development
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Transition
• 1-3 waves of follicles develop & regress
• Estrogens produced by developing follicles
• Irregular/prolonged estrus exhibited
• 1 follicle eventually ovulates
• Thereafter, mares ovulate at ~21-day intervals
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•21-day estrous cycle
•Estrus 5-7 d
•Diestrus 14-16 d
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Estrous CycleSun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30 31
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Estrus Follicular Development &
Ovulation • Anterior Pituitary –
FSH - follicular growth• Pituitary – LH –
maturation of follicle & ovulation
• Follicles reach 20-25 mm in diameter, secrete estrogen.
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Prediction of Ovulation
• Number of days in heat• Growth rate of largest
follicle– Average 3-5 mm/day
• Size of largest follicle • Softness of preovulatory
follicle• Ultrasound image
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DiestrusCorpus Luteum Formation• Corpus luteum -
secretion of progesterone.
• Progesterone - responsible for keeping the mare out of heat and for maintaining pregnancy.
Prostaglandin Release• Prostaglandin (PGF) -
released from the uterus of a non-pregnant mare 14-16 days after ovulation
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Postpartum Estrus
• Foal Heat• Fertile as compared to other species.• Breeding may be necessary to
maintain the 12 mo. Foaling interval.• May be necessary to back up foaling.
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Signs of Estrus
• Most consistent– Elevated tail raise– Winking
• Other supporting signs– Leaning– Squatting– Standing still– Urinating
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Manipulation Methods
Artificial lighting Shortening Late Transition Inducing Ovulation Estrus synchronization Estrus Synchronization & Ovulation
Induction
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Light Stimulus
• 16 hrs daylight per day
• 30-60 days
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Progesterone or related compounds Regumate – most
common Normalization of estrus Regulation of estrus Estrus synchronization Long-term suppression of
estrus Delay foal heat Pregnancy maintenance
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PGF2
Lutalayse or Estrumate
Shorten the interval between estrous periods
Treatment of a maintained corpus luteum
After foal heat Estrous synchronization
with prostaglandins
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Breeding Methods
• Pasture Breeding• Hand Breeding• Artificial
Insemination– Fresh semen– Cooled, shipped
semen– Frozen semen
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Cooled Shipped Semen
ADVANTAGES• Cost• Genetics• DiseaseDISADVANTAGES• Cost• Technology/
management• Stallion
variability
Common Problems• Inability to obtain
semen• Poor quality semen• Reordering semen• Failure to predict
ovulation
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Frozen Semen
• Success of Frozen Semen – Fertility of stallion’s semen– Fertility of the mare– Skill of the veterinarian/technician
• Maximum Success– Client communication– Choose ideal candidate– History of stallion
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Embryo Transfer
• Synchronization of donor and recipient mare
• Embryo flushing• Embryo transfer
procedure
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TEN FACTORS INFLUENCING PREGNANCY & PREGNANCY LOSS PER CYCLE
MARE AGE BARREN REPRODUCTIVE
STATUS EARLY BREEDING DATE LATE BREEDING DATE BREEDING FREQUENCY PROSTAGLANDIN FACTOR UTERINE CULTURE &
CYTOLOGY EFFECT OF SEMEN
EXTENDER POST-BREEDING
ANTIBIOTIC INFUSIONS TWINS
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Pregnancy Evaluation
• Ultrasound, 14-18 days– ID twins– ID placental
development• Re-evaluate, 40 days• Monitor Placental
function & fetal growth
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Gestation Length
• Normal: 335-342 days
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GROWTH CURVE
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
20 60 100 140 190 260 340
Gestation age in days
CR
in c
m
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Late Pregnancy• Abdomen greatly enlarged• Ventral edema• Mammary gland enlargement
– 2-4 wk • Gluteal muscles relax – 7-10
d• Teats fill with milk – 4-7 d • Waxing of teat ends – 1-4 d• Vulva soft & relaxed – 1-2 d
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Stages of Parturition
• Stage 1– Onset: initial uterine
contractions– End: rupture of
chorioallantois (water bag)
• Stage 2– Onset: rupture of
chorioallantois– End: delivery of
fetus
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Stages of Parturition
• Stage 3 (< 3 hrs)– Onset: delivery of
fetus– End: passage of the
fetal membranes
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Foals and Immunity
• Colostrum (first milk) - antibodies
• 1-2 pts of high quality colostrum
• If adequate passive transfer occurs there will be over 400-800 mg/dl IgG in foal’s blood
• Takes ~ 12 hours for all antibodies ingested in colostrum to show up in the blood
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Key points• First two weeks- lay the groundwork
by ensuring adequate colostrum• Preventative health program in place• Appropriate nutrition• Problems must be addressed rapidly
when they arise. No time for a “wait and see” attitude
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