Equine dental diseases Joan Howard ISU Equine Field Services.
Transcript of Equine dental diseases Joan Howard ISU Equine Field Services.
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Equine dental diseases
Joan HowardISU Equine Field Services
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Why do horses need regular and thorough dental care?
To prevent serious health problemsTo make eating and performing more comfortable for the horse
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Dental Anatomy
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Eruption of teeth
Horses have long permanent teeth which continue to erupt during the horse’s life time.
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Width of mandible and maxilla
Maxilla is widerthan mandibleOutside of uppercheek teeth andinside of lower teeth become sharp
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Types of dental disease
Congenital abnormalitiesEruption abnormalitiesDental trauma Disorders of wearPeriodontal diseaseTooth infections
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Congenital abnormalities
Underbite Overbite
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Eruption abnormalities
Variations from the normal pattern in which teeth penetrate thegums.
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Eruption abnormalities: supernumerary teeth (extra teeth)
Last molar the most commonly affected
cheek toothIf tooth is unopposed maycause problems
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Eruption abnormalities
Displaced eruptions
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Eruption Abnormalities
Dentigerous cyst Dental tissue is located at sites away
from the jaw often found in the temporal area with
a sinus tract leading to the base of the opposite ear
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Eruption abnormalities
Unerupted wolf teeth wolf teeth lay parallel to the maxilla instead of eruptingthrough the gum If not removed may cause resentment ofbit
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Eruption abnormalities
Retained caps If caps are not shed may impact
permanent tooth If removed too early may stop cause
abnormal development of cheek teeth
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Eruption abnormalities Eruption cysts
Pressure of cap on unerupted permanent tooth can cause cyst formation in the mandible
may become infected
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Eruption abnormalities
Retained deciduous (baby teeth) incisors May be mistaken as supernumerary
teeth Along with overcrowding, common in
miniature horses
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Dental trauma
May result from dental procedures
Often due toDirect trauma
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Dental trauma
Failure to treat appropriately may cause serious malocclusions
X-rays may be needed to evaluate the supporting bone
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Disorders of wear
chewing surface irregularities
interfere with horse’s ability to chew food
most common form of equine dental disease
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Disorders of wearSharp enamel points cheek teeth erupt, wear and develop
sharp enamel edges sharp edges can cause cheek and
tongue ulcerations
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Sharp enamel points
pain may change chewing patterns and cause abnormalities of wear
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Maxillary cheek teeth beforeand after floating
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Disorders of wear
Hooks tooth overgrowths which develop as a
result of incomplete chewing surface contact
First cheek teeth and last cheek teeth commonly develop hooks which may cause oral pain and interfere with chewing
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Rostral hooks ofsecond premolar
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Disorders of wear
Wave mouth an undulating appearance of the
cheek teeth
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Disorders of wearStep mouth A rectangular or triangular over
growth opposite a missing or shorter opposing tooth
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Disorders of wear
Abnormalities of incisors More common on high grain diets Four different types
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Periodontal disease
Progressive inflammation of the supporting structures of the toothPockets around gum-line of teeth may form
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Complications of periodontal disease
Feed and debris may become impacted in the periodontal pockets and causeinfection and loss of thetooth
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Tooth infections
May be caused by trauma, abnormal wear, or periodontal diseaseMay cause nasal discharge, sinus infection, draining from jaw, or loss of the toothTooth often needs to be removed
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Infected maxillary cheek tooth
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Infundibular necrosis
irregularities may be packed with food and lead to bacterial fermentation dissolution of surrounding cementum,
dentin and enamel infection of the pulp chamber splitting or cracking of the tooth
during mastication
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Dental tumors
Odontogenic tumors Ameloblastoma Ameloblastic odontomas Complex odontoma Compound odontoma Cementoma
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performing the dental
Equipment Examination Floating and correcting abnormalities
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Equipment:Tranquilization
Safer and easier to do a thorough examination and treatment
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Equipment
Dental halter: needs a noseband that allows the
horse to open its mouth wide enough to perform dental procedures
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Equipment
Mouth speculums: Gag: a wedge is placed between the
upper and lower molar arcades. Can cause trauma to the teeth
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Equipment
Full mouth speculum More cumbersome Need chemical restraint Mouth shouldn’t be left open for more
than 30 minutes. Allows better visual and digital
inspection of oral cavity
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McAllen style speculum
Mcpherson type
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Stubb’s speculum
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Equipment
Head support
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Equipment
Dose syringe
Light source
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The examination
Look at the whole animalHistory of medical
of behavioral problemsCurrent on tetanus
vaccination? Consider the possibility
of other systemic problems
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Examination of the headNote symmetry and conformation of head.Check for swelling of mandible or maxillaNote if nasal or ocular
dischargeOpen mouth and percuss
frontal and maxillary sinuses.Note lymph nodes
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Oral examination
Rinse mouth with dose syringe 4 min after tranquilization of horse Note if food
packed in cheeks
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Exam with full mouth speculum
Make sure that incisors are well placed on speculumKeep free hand on the horse’s nose or on the speculum
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Examination with full mouth speculum
Observe oral soft tissue (palate, tongue, buccal mucosa).
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Exam with full mouth speculum
Teeth: look at conformation, position and number. Occlusal surface
mid arcade long teethwave mouth cupped out teeth decayed
infundibula missing or
damaged crowns
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Treatment of Dental Disease
Equipment Routine dental careTreatment of dental disorders
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Hand floats
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Rotary tools
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Air driven equipment
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Power float
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Floating the cheek teeth with hand tools
purpose of floating is: to remove sharp enamel points from
the buccal edges of the maxillary cheek teeth
lingual aspect of the mandibular cheek teeth
to round the rostral surfaces of 06’s to Remove hooks, and level the arcades to restore the normal 10-15 degree angle to
occlusal surfaces
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Maxillary cheek teeth
Easier to use two hands. Left hand is on the shaft of the float to control direction and amount of pressure placed on float.Keep blade at about a 45 degree angle to buccal side of tooth.
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Floating mandibular cheek teeth
Remove enamel points from lingual edges of mandibular cheek teeth. Use a straight or offset float. Use two hands
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Bit seatsthe bit may cause
discomfort when it presses soft tissue in the mouth against the rostral surfaces of 06’s
To make a bit seat, the rostral aspects of 06’s are rounded
Bit SeatBit Seat
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Wolf tooth extraction
Local analgesics can be used Burgess elevator and root elevator loosen tooth
Extraction of Wolf ToothExtraction of Wolf Tooth
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Treatment: disorders of wear
Over-growths are removed and strive to return to normal occlusionIn older horses over-growths are just taken out of occlusion
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Treatment: disorders of wear
Incisor wear abnormalities Avoid removing more than 2mm of
incisors in one session
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With fractures of mandible or avulsed incisorsStabilization may prevent malocclusions
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Treatment: dental trauma
Pulp capping Debride and stop bleeding Calcium hydroxide or dental resin
used to restore tooth Keep out of occlusion 3 months If periapical sepsis remove tooth
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Treatment: periodontal disease
Prevention by regular prophylactic careCorrect abnormal wear Periodontal pockets irrigatedPockets enlarged if possible to discourage food packingIf tooth is diseased, endodontic procedures or extraction may be necessary
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Treatment: eruption abnormalities
Removing deciduous incisors Radiographs if position of
deciduous or permanent teeth is questionable
Elevate alveolar attachments Remove with forceps
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Treatment: eruption abnormalities
Eruption cysts Remove deciduous cap if present
(may need radiograph to identify) Antibiotics if septic If apical damage may require
extraction
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Treatment: eruption abnormalities
Unerupted wolf teeth May use radiographs to identify Place burgess over mucosa of rostral
aspect of tooth Tooth is elevated from attachments
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Treatment: eruption abnormalities
Retained deciduous teeth Removing deciduous premolars
Identify crease between deciduous and permanent tooth
Use forceps, extractors or screw driver
Clamp base of capRock cap lingually
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Treatment: infundibular necrosis
Extraction of tooth if severeRestoration of defect
Remove food from defect
Round bur used to prepare area
Dental adhesive then composit resin applied in 2mm layers
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Treatment: Apical root infections
Conservative therapy with antibiotics
Better prognosis with mandibular teeth
Use broad spectrum antibioticsMay be more successful in younger
animals
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Treatment: apical root infections
Sinus involvement trephination and irrigation Surgical endodontics (apicoectomy,
root end resection)More successful in mandibular
cheek teethRoot of tooth must be mature Mixed results among practitioners
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Surgical endodontics
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Treatment: apical root infections
Tooth extraction Lateral buccotomy Repulsion
Punch and mallet used to drive toothfrom its socket
Can damage supporting boneBreaks up tooth into small pieces