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EPOCÁngel Castro UrquizoOctubre del 2014
INTRODUCCION
EPOC ENFISEMA
BRONQUITIS CRONICA
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
14% hombres
8% Mujeres
3er causa de mortalidad en el mundo
64 millones de personas sufren una EPOC
Available in : http://www.who.int/respiratory/copd/es/
Glo
bal st
rate
gy f
or
the d
iagnosi
s, m
anagem
ent,
and p
reventi
on
of
chro
nic
obst
ruct
ive p
ulm
onary
dis
ease
, U
pdate
20
14
; G
lobal
init
iati
ve f
or
Chro
nic
Obst
ruct
ive L
ung
Dis
ease
, availa
ble
in:
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.gold
copd.o
rg/u
plo
ads/
use
rs/f
iles/
GO
LD_R
eport
_20
14
_Jan2
3.
, O
ctober
20
14
.
2012
ETIOLOGIA
QUIMICOSPROFESIO
N
TABAQUISMO
CONTAMINACION
ALCOHOLINFECCIONES
AMBIENTE
POBREZA
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
ETIOLOGIADesarrol
lo pulmon
ar
GENES
EDAD
GENERORAZA
HUESPED
• α1 antitripsina (AAT)• α1-antiquimiotripsina
(AACT)• Hidrolasa epóxida
micosomal (EPHX)• Glutatión-S-transferasa
(GSTs)• Hemooxigenasa-1 (EPHx)
HIPERREACTIVIDAD BRONQUIAL
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
PATOGENIA
Patogenia Enfisema
EnfisemaC
lasi
fica
ción Centroaci
nar
Panacinar
Acinar distal
Irregular
KUMAR, V., ABBAS, A.K.,FAUSTO, N.: Robbins Patología Humana. 8va edicion. Ed. Elsevier España, 2008
Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging ,Hansell et al, Fleischner Society, Radiology: Volume 246: Number 3—March 2009
Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging ,Hansell et al, Fleischner Society, Radiology: Volume 246: Number 3—March 2009
Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging ,Hansell et al, Fleischner Society, Radiology: Volume 246: Number 3—March 2009
KUMAR, V., ABBAS, A.K.,FAUSTO, N.: Robbins Patología Humana. 8va edicion. Ed. Elsevier España, 2008
Patogenia Bronquitis crónica
Irritantes: tabaquismo, contaminación ambiental
Proceso inflamatorio de VR
Engrosamiento de la mucosa e hipersecreción
de moco
Obstrucción difusa del flujo de aire VR pequeñas
Limpieza mucociliar deficiente
Tos productiva Hipoxemia
Infecciones recurrentes
ANATOMIA PATOLOGICA
VA PROXIMALES• > Cels caliciormes• Hipertrofia glandulas
submucosas• Metaplasia escamosa
VA DISTALES• Engrosamiento• Fibrosis• Exudados• Bronquiolitis
obstructiva
PARENQUIMA• Destrucción de pared• Necrosis epitelial y
endotelial
VASOS SANGUINEOS• Engrosamiento de
intima• Disfunción endotelial• Hipertrofia muscular• Hipertensión pulmonar
FISIOPATOLOGIA
Reduccion FEV1 FEV1 / FVC Hiperinflaci
ón VQ Hipertensión pulmonar
Hipoxemia e hipercapnia
HVD-> Cor pulmonale
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
CLINICA
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
CLINICA
EXPLORACION FISICA
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. GPC. Guía de Práctica Clínica, available in: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/037_GPC_EPOC/IMSS_037_08_EyR.pdf
EXPLORACION FISICA
• Uso musculos accesorios
• Postura tripieEnfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. GPC. Guía de Práctica Clínica, available in:
http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/037_GPC_EPOC/IMSS_037_08_EyR.pdf
EXPLORACION FISICA
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. GPC. Guía de Práctica Clínica, available in: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/037_GPC_EPOC/IMSS_037_08_EyR.pdf
EXPLORACION FISICA
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. GPC. Guía de Práctica Clínica, available in: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/037_GPC_EPOC/IMSS_037_08_EyR.pdf
CLINICAPred. Enfisema Pred. Bronquitis
crónica
Habito exterior Astenico Picnico
Edad >60 >50
Disnea Grave Leve
Adquisición de tos Despues de disnea Antes de disnea
Esputo Escaso, mucoso Abundante, purulento
Infecciones Poco frecuentes Mas frecuentes
PaCO2 30-40 mmHg 50-60 mmHg
PaO2 60-75 mmHg 45-60 mmHg
Poliglobulia Rara FrecuenteCTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
CLINICA
Pred. enfisema Pred. Bronquitis cronica
Cor pulmonale Raro, (fase terminal) frecuente
Resistencia a Via aerea
Normal Aumentada
Capacidad de Difucion Disminuida Normal
Esfuerza espiratorio intenso Moderado
Auscultacion < MV Roncus y sibilancias
Rx Torax • Hiperinsuflación• Aplanamiento
Diafragmatico• Silueta Cardiaca
alargada• Bullas
• Sin patrón característico• Aumento de trama• Engrosamiento bronquial• Cardiomegalia
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging ,Hansell et al, Fleischner Society, Radiology: Volume 246: Number 3—March 2009
EVALUACION Y DIAGNOSTICO
VALORAR SINTOMAS
ESPIROMETRIA
RIESGO DE EXACERBACIONES
COMORBILIDADES
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Valorar síntomas
http://www.catestonline.org
http://www.ccq.nl/
mMRCGlobal strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Valorar síntomas
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Espirometria
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Espirometria
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Pruebas adicionales
Rx tórax y TAC
Oximetría y Gasometría
Alfa 1 antitripsina
Prueba de esfuerzo
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
DIAGNOSTICO: Comorbilidades
Enf. CV
Osteoporosis
IVRAS
Depresion
DM
CA pulmon
Bronquiectasias
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
TRATAMIENTO NO FARMACOLOGICO
Abandono de
tabaquismo
Oxigenoterapia Vacunas
Prevenir exposición QX
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
TRATAMIENTO EPOC ESTABLE
Glo
bal st
rate
gy f
or
the d
iagnosi
s, m
anagem
ent,
and p
reventi
on o
f ch
ronic
obst
ruct
ive p
ulm
onary
dis
ease
, U
pdate
20
14
; G
lobal in
itia
tive f
or
Chro
nic
O
bst
ruct
ive L
ung
Dis
ease
, availa
ble
in:
htt
p:/
/w
ww
.gold
copd.o
rg/u
plo
ads/
use
rs/f
iles/
GO
LD_R
eport
_20
14
_Jan2
3.p
df,
Oct
ober
20
14
.
EPOC AGUDIZADA
65% bacterianas
35% virales
H. influenzae
S. pneumoniae
M. catarrhalis
¿INICIO DE ANTIBIOTICO?
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23
TRATAMIENTO EPOC AGUDIZADA
Enfe
rmedad p
ulm
onar
obst
ruct
iva c
rónic
a. G
PC
. G
uía
de P
ráct
ica C
línic
a,
availa
ble
in:
htt
p:/
/ww
w.c
enete
c.sa
lud.g
ob.m
x/d
esc
arg
as/
gpc/
Cata
logoM
aest
ro/0
37
_GPC
_EPO
C/
IMSS_0
37
_08
_EyR
MANEJO DE EPOC AGUDIZADA
Ventilación mecánica No invasiva
Ventilación mecánica invasiva
7.20-7.25
A pesar de tratamiento
> <
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 26
PRONOSTICO: Índice de BODE
Celli, B. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capcity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NEJM 2004; 350: 1005-1012.
Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Update 2014; Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease, available in: http://www.goldcopd.org/uploads/users/files/GOLD_Report_2014_Jan23.pdf, October 2014.
Enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. GPC. Guía de Práctica Clínica, available in: http://www.cenetec.salud.gob.mx/descargas/gpc/CatalogoMaestro/037_GPC_EPOC/IMSS_037_08_EyR.pdf
Glossary of Terms for Thoracic Imaging ,Hansell et al, Fleischner Society, Radiology: Volume 246: Number 3—March 2009
Celli, B. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capcity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. NEJM 2004; 350: 1005-1012.
CTO 8va ed, Neumologia y cirugia toracica, pag 23