Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical...

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Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014

Transcript of Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical...

Page 1: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Epidemiology

Clinical Trials

23.10.2014

Page 2: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Outline

• Basic principles• Biases

• Ethics- GCP• Statistical analysis

• Ethics

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Well-designed clinical research

Methodology

Ethics

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What is a clinical trial?

• Prospective study comparing the effect and value of intervention(s) (against a control) in human subjects (Comparative)

• Alternative definition- experimental study in humans in which the investigator determines the exposure/intervention

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אלגוריתם לסיווג סוגי מחקר בבני אדם

היום!!

SurveysCase ReportsCase Series

Ecological study

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Early phases of clinical research

Pre-clinical studies• Pre-clinical studies involve in vitro and in vivo

experiments

Phase 0 – FDA 2006• “first-in-human” trials also known as human microdosing

studies • designed to speed up development of promising drugs or

imaging agents • administration of single subtherapeutic doses of study

drug to a small number of subjects (10 to 15) to gather preliminary data on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics

• give no data on safety or efficacy, being by definition a dose too low to cause any therapeutic effect.

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Phase I - clinical trial new drug

• Objective: dose finding for future trials

• Participants:– in cancer trials, usually patients with

advanced, resistant disease – in benign disease -healthy volunteers

(paid)

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Phase I - clinical trial

• Start with low dose (1/10 of LD50 most

sensitive species)

• Dose increased in pre-planned steps until dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) occurs in >1/3

• Cohorts of 3-6 patients treated at each level

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Phase I - clinical trial

Usually 6 patients at “recommended dose”

to Phase II studiesNB: - useful for toxicity and pharmacokinetics - not designed to test efficacy/biologic effect- sample size insufficient for comparative questions

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• Outcome of interest: response (shorter term outcomes)

• Target group: most likely to show favorable response but no effective therapy available. Good performance status, minimal prior therapy

• Eligibility: patients with specific diagnosis, no internal control group (sometimes randomized)

Phase II - clinical trial

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Phase II - clinical trial

• Response does not translate necessarily to patient benefit

• Concluding about treatment effectiveness is erroneous

• High response rates in Phase II do not translate into improved survival in Phase III

• In some diseases response is difficult to measure (no measurable disease)

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Phase III clinical trial

• Randomized controlled clinical trial with sufficient sample size and long enough follow-up to determine treatment effect

• Often multicentered• Frequently sponsored by pharmaceutical

company or clinical trials consortium• Often administered by CRO• $$$$$$$$

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Phase IV Clinical Trial

• Post - marketing surveillance for side effects, tolerability, new indications

• Often drug is provided for a limited time at no cost so that the company can collect the required information

• Rare complications of drugs may only become apparent years after clinical trials (Ticlopidine – TTP, Eprex-PRCA)

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The unpredictable course of disease: the natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus in a

patient observed before the advent of immunosuppressive drugs

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The unpredictable course of disease: the natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus in a

patient observed before the advent of immunosuppressive drugs

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The unpredictable course of disease: the natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus in a

patient observed before the advent of immunosuppressive drugs

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Total effects of treatment are the sum of spontaneous improvement, nonspecific responses

and the effects of specific treatments

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The structure of a clinical trial

Experimental OutcomeIntervention

Improved

Not improved

Populationof patients SAMPLE ALLOCATIONwith thecondition Improved

Not improved Comparison

Intervention

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Types of clinical trials: Parallel placebo controlled with composite outcome/endponts

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Crossover trial

Most efficient and valid method of using patient as his own control

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Factorial design: Can answer n questions

Willing and eligible

22,000

Active Aspirin Aspirin placebo

11,000 11,000

Active carotene Carotene placebo Active carotene Carotene placebo

5,500 5,500 5,500 5,500

Randomization scheme for the PHS (physicians’ health study)

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Basic principles underlying confidence interval approach to equivalence/non-inferiority

Garrett, Statist. Med. 2003

Clinical trials of equivalence

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Clinical trials principles

1. Informed consent

2. Randomization

3. Blinding/masking - especially important for “soft” outcomes

- single

- double

- “triple”

4. Objective, and equal assessment of outcomes

5. Monitoring committees and stopping rules

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Randomization

1. Guarantees equal probability of receiving control/experimental treatment to all participants (removes investigator bias)

2. Protects against imbalances in known and unknown confounders

3. Provides basis for statistical analysis

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Did the randomization work ?

Table 1

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Stratified randomization: patients are first divided into strata (1-3) according to one or more prognostic factors and then randomized separately within each stratum into treatment

(T) and control(C) groups

Can’t always trust that randomization will result in balance

Can’t always trust that randomization will result in balance

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Bias in clinical trials

• Internal and external validity

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Location of potential bias in a randomized controlled trial

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Location of potential bias in a Location of potential bias in a randomized controlled trialrandomized controlled trial

Internal Validity

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Unblinded trials (“open label”)

Both participant and investigator know which intervention participant has been assigned

- surgery- devices- lifestyle modificationAdvantages: Simpler, cheaper, more

“comfortable” for investigator knowing patient assignment

BIAS is the problem

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Bias in unblinded trials• Bias of expectation (participant and

investigator)

• Bias of reporting side effects (participant)

• Bias of reporting adverse events

• Increased withdrawal in placebo or control group

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Double blind trials

• Neither the investigator nor the participant know treatment assignment

• usually trials of drug efficacy (Sham treatments)

• double blind assessments of interventions previously tested in single blind fashion may yield different conclusions

• function of investigators must be taken over by others- monitoring toxicity and benefit

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Blinding

• If pill – same color, sheen, texture, taste, smell

• Same side effects?

• If injection – same color, length of infusion, same care and fuss

• Sham procedures, sham surgery

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Intention to treat analysis

Drop out

Population Analysis

of patients Cross over according

with the to treatment

condition assigned

Drop out

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Analysis by “intention to treat”

• Should always be primary analysis• factors such as co-intervention,

compliance, loss to follow-up may all be associated with the outcome (or the treatment effect)

• proper strategy is to: a) randomize close to time of 1st treatment b) minimize these during the trial c) analyze according to treatment assignment

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Explanatory analysis

Drop out

Population Analysis

of patients Cross over according to

with the treatment

condition received

Drop out

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NEJM 1980;303:1038NEJM 1980;303:1038JAMA 1993;270:742JAMA 1993;270:742

RCT – importance of Intention to treatRCT – importance of Intention to treat

Five-YearFive-YearMortalityMortalityDrugDrug

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NEJM 1980;303:1038NEJM 1980;303:1038JAMA 1993;270:742JAMA 1993;270:742

RCT- importance of intention to treatRCT- importance of intention to treat

Five-YearFive-YearMortalityMortalityPlaceboPlacebo

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Location of potential problems of external Location of potential problems of external validity in a randomized controlled trialvalidity in a randomized controlled trial

External Validity

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Sampling for a clinical trial: the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS)

Circulation 68, 1983:939-950

% of patients remaining100 Potentially eligible

Seen at one of participating centersSuspected coronary artery diseaseCoronary angiogram

72ExclusionsNormal or minimally diseasedCoronary arteries

67 No operable vessels

30 Severe angina

29 Severe L. main coronary stenosis

13 Randomizable (after other exclusions)

5 Randomized

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Efficacy and effectiveness

- + Efficacy trial Does receiving treatmentwork under ideal conditions?

Internal Non-compliance

validity + Less selected patientsLess selected cliniciansCostsImpracticality etc…

Generalizability

+ - Effectiveness Does offering treatment help trial under ordinary

circumstances?

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Effectiveness of treatment

Efficacy: an intervention is efficacious if it does more good than harm in patients who use it.

Effective: an intervention is effective if it does more good than harm in those patients to whom it is offered.

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Major Disadvantage of RCTs:Selectivity

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But…SHEP study

Of 447,921 (100%) identified

31,960 (7.1%) met initial criteria

4,736 (1.06%) randomized

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01.4

10.1Comorbidity: General Pop

vs. Subgroup

0

5

10

15

20

25

12345

AP MI CHF CVA DM

%

of

Po

p

Messerli et al, Arch Int Med, 1999

Men, gen’l pop

Wom., gen’l pop

SHEP pop

% of Pop

DM CVD CHF MI Angina

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How to measure effect in clinical trials

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The analysis of clinical trialsSackett BMJ 1994;309:755-6

Qualitative result:Treatment A is better than treatment B

Statistical result: p < 0.05

Quantitative result:Risk ratio (Risk A: Risk B)(1-Risk ratio) x 100 = “relative risk reduction”Risk A - Risk B = “absolute risk reduction”1/absolute risk reduction = NNT = number needed

to treat to prevent 1 event”

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Naming the erroneous conclusions form a clinical trial

The true state of affairs

Drug A is betterthan drug B

Drug A is no betterthan drug B

Conclusiondrawn from

a clinicaltrial

Drug A is betterthan drug B

Drug A is nobetter than drug

B

Correct(1- = power)

Type II error (riskof making this

error=)

Type I error(risk of making this

error = =the Pvalue!)

Correct

FN

w x

y z

TN

TP FP

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Meta-analysis: effect of antihypertensive drugs on patients with moderate to severe hypertension: five year follow up

Treatment A = active antihypertensive drugs

1800 strokes among 15,000 patients randomized

Risk = 1800 / 15,000 = 0.12

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Treatment B = placebo or no active treatment

3000 strokes in 15,000 patients randomized

Risk = 3000 / 15,000 = 0.20

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Risk ratio = 0.12 / 0.20 = 0.6

Relative risk reduction = (1-0.6)x100 = 40%

Absolute risk reduction = 0.20 - 0.12 = 0.08

NNT = 1/ 0.08 = 13

13 patients must be treated for five years to prevent one stroke

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Treatment of hypertension: changing definition of recommended treatment level over time

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What if trial done on mild hypertensives?Treatment A = active antihypertensive drugs

135 strokes among 15,000 patients randomized

Risk = 135 / 15,000 = 0.009

Treatment B = placebo or no active treatment

225 strokes in 15,000 patients randomized

Risk = 225 / 15,000 = 0.015

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Risk ratio = 0.009/0.015 = 0.6

Relative risk reduction = (1-0.6)x100 = 40%

Absolute risk reduction=0.015=-0.009=0.006

NNT=1/0.006 = 167

167 patients must be treated for 5 years to prevent one stroke

What if trial done on mild hypertensives?

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The effect of different baseline risks and relative risk reductions on the number

needed to treatBaseline(with notreatment)

Relative risk reduction on treatment

50% 40% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10%

.9

.6

.3

.2

.1

.05

.01

.005

.001

237

102040

2004002000

348

132550

2505002500

4611

173367

3336673333

4713

204080

4008004000

6817

2550

100

50010005000

71122

3367

133

66713336667

111733

50100200

10002000

10000

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Reducing mortality from colo-rectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood

Mandel NEJM 1993;328:1365-71

Assignment A = annual screening x 13 yearsMortality 5.88 per 1000

Assignment B = biennial screening 13 yearsMortality 8.33 per 1000

Assignment C = control groupMortality 8.83 per 1000

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Risk ratio = A/C = 5.88/8.83 = 0.66

Relative risk reduction = (1-0.66) x 100 = 34%

Abs.risk reduction = 0.00883 - 0.00588 = 0.00295

NNT = 1/0.00295 = 339

339 healthy people need to be screened yearly for 13 years to prevent one death from colo-rectal cancer

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Clinical Trials

• Have made a huge impact on health• There are now 75 trials, and 11 systematic

reviews of trials published per day and a plateau in growth has not yet been reached.

• They are a problematic tool• PEOPLE ARE NOT MICE

THEY CANNOT BE CONTROLLED

Page 59: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Part two

Ethics in clinical trials

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What if MRSA and VRE checked on people

?

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דרישות אתיותETHICAL REQUIREMENTS

או מדעי/ערך חברתי ו••SOCIAL &/OR SCIENTIFIC VALUEתוקף מדעי••SCIENTIFIC VALIDITYבחירה הוגנת של משתתפים••FAIR SUBJECT SELECTIONיחס סיכון- תועלת חיובי••FAVORABLE RISK-BENEFIT RATIOבקרה בלתי תלויה••INDEPENDENT REVIEWהסכמה מדעת••INFORMED CONSENTכבוד למשתתפים הפוטנציאלים והמגויסים••RESPECT FOR POTENTIAL & ENROLLED SUBJECTS

Emanuel et al. JAMA 2000;283:2801-11

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1. Equipoise2. Timing (“Enroll the first patient” Chalmers)

3. Inadequate sample size

4. Selective enrollment of patients

5. Violation of eligibility criteria

Ethical issues in clinical trials

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Ethical issues in clinical trials (cont.)

6. Violation of randomization

7. Placebo/sham ethical?

8. Change in doctor/patient relations

9. Fraud in execution or analysis

10. Data dredging/selective presentation of results

Page 65: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Macon County Study• 1929 -- Julius Rosenwald fund

asks US public health service (PHS) for assistance in developing health programs for southern blacks (fund establishes a medical division to complement its educational activities)

• PHS suggests demonstration treatment program for syphilis.

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Official Apology 1997

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Equipoise B. Freedman

NEJM 1987;317:141-5

“a state of genuine uncertainty regarding the comparative merits of treatments A and B for population P.

Disturbed by:

- prior prejudice/thoughts about treatment

- preparation of research proposal

- preliminary or interim results of trial

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Informed consent• Practical expression of autonomous choice• Modifications of consent required in 1/4 of

protocolsIngredients - participants must:1) have legal capacity to consent2) be sufficiently free that consent is truly

voluntary3) be given adequate information4) understand information well enough to make

enlightened decisions

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Death of A Research Volunteer

• Johns Hopkins University Asthma Study• 24 year old lab technician -volunteer• died of pulmonary complications of

inhaled drug• after methacholine challenge given

hexamethonium• pulmonary complications (rare) described

in pre-1966 literature- not in informed consent

• drug not FDA approved

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“Not quite as random as I pretendedLancet 1996;347:70

Most people are uncomfortable with the idea that important decisions should hang on chance

• hold envelope up to light

• change schedule

• open bottles

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יחידת הלב - ע”כ

I שנים בערך השתתפה היחידה במחקר גוסטו. 3. לפני -S.T.K לעומת T.P.Aבמסגרתו נבדקה יעילות של

. באחד Acute MIסטרפטוקינז בטיפול בחולים עם שהסכים Acute MI עם 78המקרים התקבל חולה בן

להשתתף במחקר וחתם. נפתחה הערכה שהוא אמור לקבל לאחר תיאום עם מרכז הרנדומיזציה והתברר שיש

היא תרופה מאוד T.P.A (נא לציין ש- S.T.Kלו ערכה יקרה. ביחידה שמורה רק מנה אחת ואפשר להשתמש

בה רק לאחר תיאום ואישור מההנהלה). זה לא מצא חן לכן הוא T.P.Aבעיני הרופא המטפל כי הוא קיווה שיהיה

, פתח עוד ערכה T.P.Aפתח ערכה אחרת והתחיל לחפש עד שמצא. שהתברר המעשה למרכזי המחקר נפסלה

היחידה ככלל והורדה מכל המחקר שבמקביל רץ בהרבה יחידות באירופה וארה”ב.

Violation of randomizationViolation of randomization

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Fraud and clinical trials

• falsification of data

• entry of ineligible participants• phantom participants (Ruben, Bezwoda)

• randomization procedure violation

• protocol violations

• publication fraud

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What is Misconduct?FDA’s Focus

• Deliberate or repeated noncompliance with the regulations can be considered misconduct, but is a secondary focus compared to falsification of data.

• Research misconduct does not include honest error or honest differences of opinion.

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Fakery• Baystate Medical Center in Springfield, Massachusetts, asked several

anesthesiology journals to retract 21 drug studies published 1996-2008 by anesthesiologist Scott S. Reuben, M.D., a pioneer in the area of multimodal analgesia.

• The studies were funded by Pfizer, Merck, and Wyeth. Reuben was also paid by Pfizer as a speaker to promote its products. Raymond F. Kerins Jr., a Pfizer spokesman: "It is very disappointing to learn about Dr. Scott Reuben's alleged actions."

• Reuben is suspected of falsifying some of his data, including the names of patients and co-authors. Evan Ekman, MD, an orthopedic surgeon in Columbia, S.C., told Anesthesiology News that his name was forged on two of the retracted papers.

• Dr. Hal Jenson, Baystate's chief academic officer, said that the investigation of Reuben's work found that in many cases "there was no clinical trial because there were no patients."

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Falsification of Data

• Falsification of data includes creating, altering, recording, or omitting data in such a way that the data do not represent what actually occurred.

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The Misconduct Scale

• Innocent Ignorance- misconduct of the uninformed kind– Noncompliance based on lack of

understanding the regulatory consequences of an action. The act itself is usually intentional but the noncompliance is unintentional, not usually done to deliberately deceive

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The Misconduct Scale

• Surprising Sloppiness- misconduct of the lazy kind– Consent forms inadvertently not obtained from

subjects– Blood pressures rounded to the nearest 5mm– Data estimated rather than actually measured– Data inaccurately transcribed or recorded– Protocol ignored or shortcuts taken

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The Misconduct Scale

• Surprising Sloppiness- misconduct of the lazy kind– Noncompliance due to inaction, inattention to

detail, inadequate staff, lack of supervision. The act itself may be intentional or unintentional, the noncompliance is unintentional and usually repeated

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The Misconduct Scale

• Malicious Malfeasance- Misconduct of the sleazy kind– Usually noncompliance due to deliberate action to

deceive or mislead includes The “F” Word: Falsification

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Detecting and Handling Research Misconduct

• The Fiddes Case • Background: shortage of research patients• Dr. Robert Fiddes turned his “sleepy” medical practice Whittier.Ca

into major clinical research org.• Another study on an antibiotic required that patients have a certain

type of bacteria growing in their ear. No problem for Fiddes. He bought the bacteria from a commercial supplier and shipped them to testing labs, saying they had come from his patients' ears.”

• If patient didn’t have the condition – he bought urine from someone who did

• 1997 found guilty – 15 month prison sentence

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Israel –role of Helsinki committee

הועדה פועלת על-סמך נוהל לניסויים רפואיים בבני • (ניסויים רפואיים לתקנות בריאות העםאדם, בהתאם

, על תוספותיהן ותיקוניהן 1980בבני אדם, התשמ”א, ), ומיישמת את עקרונות הצהרת הלסינקי. 1999

הוועדה דנה בהצעות מחקר לניסויים קליניים בבני •אדם ומאשרת אותן, וכן דנה בהצעות מחקר בתחום

ובקשות החברתי (פסיכולוגיה, רפואה חברתית ). הכוללות שאלונים

ועדת הלסינקי המוסדית, פועלת על-פי הוראות נוהל •משרד הבריאות והוראות הנוהל ההרמוני הבינלאומי,

). ICH-GCPהעדכני, להליכים קלינים נאותים (

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), ניצולת שואה ממחנה 84המוות של הרבנית ברטה ויזל (•ההשמדה אושוויץ, היה זה שהביא לחשיפת הפרשה המזעזעת.

בקפלן לאחר שלא חשה בטוב. בתה, 2004ויזל אושפזה ב-אחות במקצועה, גילתה במקרה כי במהלך האשפוז מבצעים

באמה ניסוי של דיקור שלפוחית השתן דרך הבטן. ארבעה ימים לאחר מכן היא נפטרה מזיהום. הבת ידעה היטב שהניסוי

אינו חוקי, משום שהוא נעשה ללא הסכמתה של אמה - במיוחד לאור העובדה כי אמה הייתה תאומה שהופרדה

מאחותה בתקופת שהותה באושוויץ, כדי שלא תילקח לניסויים הזוועתיים של יוזף מנגלה. לפני כל ביקור בבית החולים היא

הייתה אומרת לילדיה: "שלא ילמדו עליי. אל תיתנו להם לעשות עליי ניסויים".

ממשרד הבריאות נמסר: "בעקבות בדיקת מבקר המדינה

בנושא ניסויים רפואיים שבוצעו בבית החולים הרצפלד וקפלן,

ועדת בקרה ואיכות לבדיקת הנושא. 28.6.05מונתה בתאריך

"בעקבות פרסום ממצאי מבקר המדינה וכן בעקבות דוח ועדת הבקרה והאיכות פתחה משטרת ישראל בחקירה פלילית בנושא,

שהסתיימה לאחרונה.

"לנוכח התמונה שנגלתה, של כשל מערכתי של הפיקוח על הניסויים להפסיק את בבית החולים - החליט מנכ“ל משרד הבריאות דאז

כהונת ועדת הלסינקי של בית החולים קפלן ולהחליף את החברים המרכזיים בהרכבה, ובמשך תקופה ממושכת נעצרו מחקרים בבית

החולים הרצפלד והוטל פיקוח צמוד על כל בקשות המחקר בבית החולים קפלן. בנוסף, ד“ר שמואל לוי סיים את עבודתו.

"פרט לכך, הופקו לקחים מערכתיים מהפרשה כולה, נכתבו נהלים מעודכנים והוגבר הפיקוח על הניסויים הרפואיים בכל בתי החולים  

בישראל.

מבית החולים הרצפלד, שירותי בריאות כללית, והרופאים המעורבים בפרשה ומועסקים עדיין בכללית

ממשרד הבריאות נמסר: "בעקבות בדיקת מבקר המדינה

בנושא ניסויים רפואיים שבוצעו בבית החולים הרצפלד וקפלן,

ועדת בקרה ואיכות לבדיקת הנושא. 28.6.05מונתה בתאריך

"בעקבות פרסום ממצאי מבקר המדינה וכן בעקבות דוח ועדת הבקרה והאיכות פתחה משטרת ישראל בחקירה פלילית בנושא,

שהסתיימה לאחרונה.

"לנוכח התמונה שנגלתה, של כשל מערכתי של הפיקוח על הניסויים להפסיק את בבית החולים - החליט מנכ“ל משרד הבריאות דאז

כהונת ועדת הלסינקי של בית החולים קפלן ולהחליף את החברים המרכזיים בהרכבה, ובמשך תקופה ממושכת נעצרו מחקרים בבית

החולים הרצפלד והוטל פיקוח צמוד על כל בקשות המחקר בבית החולים קפלן. בנוסף, ד“ר שמואל לוי סיים את עבודתו.

"פרט לכך, הופקו לקחים מערכתיים מהפרשה כולה, נכתבו נהלים מעודכנים והוגבר הפיקוח על הניסויים הרפואיים בכל בתי החולים  

בישראל.

מבית החולים הרצפלד, שירותי בריאות כללית, והרופאים המעורבים בפרשה ומועסקים עדיין בכללית

2011החלטת משרד הבריאות:קובלנה

,כך היא מכונה בקובלנה"פרשת בית החולים הגריאטרי הרצפלד", למשרד מבקר המדינה.2004נולדה בעקבות תלונה שהגיעה בתחילת

התלונה עסקה בניסויים לא חוקיים הנעשים על-ידי רופאים מ"קפלן" בחולים מבוגרים, שחלקם לא כשירים לתת הסכמתם לניסויים. המקרה הועבר לעיון הפרקליטות.

בתום חקירה ארוכה החליטה הפרקליטות  לסגור את התיק מאחר שהיה קושי לקבוע אם .אפשר להוכיח שנעשתה בפרשה הזאת עבירה פלילית

הפרקליטות המליצה למשרד הבריאות להעמיד את החשודים לדין משמעתי, וזה החליט על הגשת קובלנה משמעתית "בעניין ליקויים בביצוע ניסויים קליניים בבני-אדם".

2011החלטת משרד הבריאות:קובלנה

,כך היא מכונה בקובלנה"פרשת בית החולים הגריאטרי הרצפלד", למשרד מבקר המדינה.2004נולדה בעקבות תלונה שהגיעה בתחילת

התלונה עסקה בניסויים לא חוקיים הנעשים על-ידי רופאים מ"קפלן" בחולים מבוגרים, שחלקם לא כשירים לתת הסכמתם לניסויים. המקרה הועבר לעיון הפרקליטות.

בתום חקירה ארוכה החליטה הפרקליטות  לסגור את התיק מאחר שהיה קושי לקבוע אם .אפשר להוכיח שנעשתה בפרשה הזאת עבירה פלילית

הפרקליטות המליצה למשרד הבריאות להעמיד את החשודים לדין משמעתי, וזה החליט על הגשת קובלנה משמעתית "בעניין ליקויים בביצוע ניסויים קליניים בבני-אדם".

Page 83: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Clinical trials registration

What and why?

Page 84: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

September 2004A Statement from the International

Committee of Medical Journal Editors

• “In return for the altruism and trust that make clinical research possible, the research enterprise has an obligation to conduct research ethically and to report it honestly”

• Concealing the presence of trials is dishonest!

• Concealing the original purpose of the trial is also dishonest!

Page 85: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

                                               

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Page 86: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Analysis of discrepancies between protocol and publication (Denmark and

Canada) have shown..

• Publication bias is a real issue– Negative studies less likely to be published,

especially by pharma

• So is selective reporting of results– Statistically significant results more likely to

be reported– Secondary outcomes and subgroup analyses

presented as primary outcome

Page 87: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Trial Registration

Pros• Enhanced public confidence• All volunteers for medical

research will contribute to improving human health

• Decrease publication bias• Decrease selective presentation

of results and inappropriate subgroup comparisons

Cons• Bureaucratic

delays• Gives an

advantage to the competition

Page 88: Epidemiology Clinical Trials 23.10.2014. Outline Basic principles Biases Ethics- GCP Statistical analysis Ethics.

Student’s role in research ethics

• Be aware of guidelines• Be alert-ראש גדול

• Be honest• Don’t do anything that makes you

uncomfortable• Don’t chase the magic p value• Discuss authorship early