Ephemeral Wetland Variety -...
Transcript of Ephemeral Wetland Variety -...
Ephemeral Wetland Variety:
A. Fill date and hydroperiod1. Short cycle Spring 3-4 months2. Long cycle Spring 5-8 months3. Short cycle Fall 7-9 months4. Long cycle Fall 9-11 months5. Semi-permanent longer
Does it go completely dry or have moist sediments in “dry period”?
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Canopy Cover –More open, more vegetation
Closed
Open
Intermediate
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1. The longer the fill period (shorter dry) and more sunlight, the more likely there will be AQUATIC vegetation.
2. The shorter the fill period (longer dry) and the more sunlight,the more likely you will see TERRESTRIAL vegetation.
Macroinvertebrates must adapt to the hydroperiod and other conditions of the wetland
• Long dry periodsSerious aestivation/overwintering phases
eggs that MUST dry – fairy shrimpeggs that stay moist in vegetation - damselflies
Migration by adults – beetles and bugs• Short dry periods or wet sediments
Burrow in mud and hang on –dragonflies and fingernail clams
• Complex Life Cycles of Insects Have a terrestrial stage during the dry period - caddisflies
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A Word about Taxonomy
• Levels of descriptive specificityKingdomgeneral
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Speciesspecific
• The common house mosquitoAnimalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Diptera
Culicidae
Culex
pipiensCulex pipiens or Culex pipiens
Phylum Mollusca – bivalves (clams and mussels) and snails
EP indicator SpeciesSphaeridae – Fingernail Clams, Pill Clams, Pea Clams
Less than 1 inch length, most less than ½ inch length. Live 1-2 yearsSelf fertilize, young on own gills, burrow in mud to aestivate/overwinterFilter feed on algae, small animals, tiny bits. Eaten by dabbling ducks, salamander larvae.
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Characteristics: Most have a shell that they secrete, have a muscular “foot”for movement
Snails – identifying characteristics1. Does it have a peak?
Planispiral – no peak Conispiral - peak
2. Which side of the shell has the opening?
Left handed - Sinestral Right handed - Dextral
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Snail FamiliesLymnaeidae – Pond Snails
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Physidae – Pouch snails
Planorbidae – Wheel Snails
Lymnaeidae (conispiral, dextral)Air breathers, acute peak, right handedcoil and opening. Opening not covered by a horny plug, or operculum.5-50 mm high.
Planorbidae (planispiral, both)Air breather, no operculum, rightor left coil and opening. 3-30 mm in diameter.
Physidae (conispiral, sinestral)Air breather, no operculum, left handedCoil and opening. 5-20 mm high.
Worms
Horsehair or Gordian Worms[Phylum Nematomorpha]
Very long and thinNo segments
Parasitic on many common invertebrates – when almost mature
drive host to water and emerge, killing host
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Microscopic ‘Bristleworms”Class Oligochaete
Segmented Worms - Phylum Annelida
bristles
segments
Very abundant in sediments, sometimescalled sewer worms because abundantdownstream from treatment plant discharge
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Drawing from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Macroscopic Bristlewormsor Oligochaetes
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Free living, feed in sediments,food for salamander larvae, dragonfly larvae, big beetles andbugs
Live in tubes attached tobottom. Frequently getpulled out in sampling. Feed near bottom, eaten by same asfree living.
Leeches - Class Hirudinea
segmentsmouthparts eyes
IDcharacters
Fluid feeders and predators – mostlyof insects and molluscs. Fairly small.
Big ones come in on Turtles.
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Phylum ArthropodaThe most numerous phylum on the planet
Aquatic sowbug or isopod
Jointedappendages
Hardexternalskeleton
The Arthropods you will see fall into three general categories:
Crustaceans – aquatic, many with2 pair of antennae, most appendageswith two main branches at the end.
Insects – 3 pair legs, 2 pair wings, 1 pair antennae. Most appendagesunforked at the end.Arachnoids – 4 pair of legs, 2 body parts
(head and thorax fused). Drawing from Aquatic Entomology by McCafferty
MicrocrustaceansOrder Cladocera –
Water Fleas
Very small, butcan be seen in water column.Jerky swimming.May be in swarms.
1. Class Branchipoda
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Overwintering egg
Head out of
carapace
male
female
Brood pouch
From Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven Morgan
2. Order AnostracaFairy Shrimp
EP Indicator Species
Easily visibleswimming smoothlyupside down,0.5-1 inch
3. Orders Laevicaudata and Spinicaudata - Clam Shrimp
Most microscopic – and look like seed shrimp (ostracods).
Not terribly well known – swim and feed along sediments
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Head inside carapace
Brood SackMale claspers
Copepods
Swimmingantennae
Most actually microscopicAlso a jerky swimmer in water column
Class Maxillopoda 1. Subclass Copepoda
Ostracods or seed shrimp
Most microscopic
Swim and feed right at surfaceof the sediments
Subclass Ostracoda
Drawings from Taxonomic Keys by Eddy and Hodson
Head inside
Macrocrustaceans Class Malacostraca
1. Order IsopodaAquatic sowbugs or Isopods
Strongly flattened top to bottom7 pair of walking legs, first with clawRear segments fused into plate 5-20 mm
Shred decaying plant material, eaten byvertebrates, spiders, beetles
Drawing from Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven Morgan
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2. Order AmphipodaAmphipods or scuds
Strongly flattened from side to side7 pair walking legs, first 2 with claws2 pairs of antennae ~ same size5 – 20 mm
Another shredder of decaying plant materialEaten by vertebrates, spiders, beetles
Drawing from Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven M
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eggs
carapace3. Order DecapodaCrayfish, lobsters, crabs
“true” shrimps
Fused “carapace” behind head5 pair walking legs, first with BIG clawSizable “flipper” at end10-120 mm
Herbivores, shredders or carnivoresEaten by vertebrates (raccoons, humans)
Drawing from Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven M
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Crayfish
Class Insecta – Insects
Come in 2 types with different life cycles:
Those with 3 stages – egg, larva, adultLarva is sometimes called nymph or naiadMayflies, Odonates, bugs
Those with a 4-stage life cycleEgg, larva, PUPA, and adultBeetles, caddisflies, flies
Adult emergesfrom larva
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Drawing from Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven M
Mayflies – Order Ephemeroptera
3 tail filaments
gills
wingbuds Nymphs aquatic, most of life cycleAdults terrestrial, very short-lived
Tail filamentsLarge wings heldover back
Drawings from Aquatic Entomology by McCafferty
Ephemeral pond nymphs small (<1/2 in.)and fast swimmers
Order Odonata –Dragons and Damsels
Differences between:
AdultsDragons stockier, wings held flatDamsels thin, wings folded over
back
Larvae (Naiads)Dragons stockier, sprawl on
pond bottom, breathethrough anus
Damsels thin, perch on plantsor other items in water,breathe through 3 gills atend of body
Voracious Predators
Drawing from Field Book of Ponds and Streams by Ann Haven Morgan
Both damsels and dragonshave hydraulic mouthparts
Most are sit-and-waitpredators
True Bugs –Order Hemiptera
2 key characteristics:
Mouth in form of a feedingtube or beak
Front wings ½ membranous½ leathery
Drawing from Aquatic Entomology by McCafferty
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1. Giant Water Bugs – Family Belostomatidae
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Serious Predator!
Irritability
2. On water surface – water striders
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Large striders - Gerridae
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Small striders - Veliidae
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3. Water Scorpions – Family Nepidae
4. Backswimmers –Notonectidae
5. Water Boatmen –Corixidae
Difference?mouthparts
Pygmy Backswimmer - Pleidaebugguide.net
Drawings from Aquatic Entomology by McCafferty
Beetles – Order Coleoptera
Predaceous Diving BeetleDiving Tiger
Beetles have a four stage life cycle. Pupa isn’tactive.
Forewings are hardened and called elytra.Hind wings are membranous and folded when
beetle isn’t flying.
Both adults and larvaecan be aquatic.
Life cycleusually requirestime in a permanentpond.
Predaceous Diving Beetles – Family Dytiscidae Drawings from An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America ed. By Merritt and Cummins
“Breathing pipes” in the rear,so surfaces tail first
Larvae inject toxin through sickle-shapedmouthparts, then enzymes to digest. Suckup digested juice. More like a bug than abeetle. Great swimmers.
antenna
mouthparts
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Adults catch prey with forelegs,then chew apart. Eat almostanything including salamanders.May also scavenge carcasses.
Water Scavenger Beetles-Family Hydrophilidae Larvae
Adults
Larvae great predators – chewing theirprey. Even snails, shell and all!
Adults are also predators and tendto consume their prey whole. Can also be found grazing on deadcarcasses.
Drawings from Aquatic Entomology by McCafferty
Which is Which?
Common large species:Same size, same red-orange stripe aroundthe edge of body, same feeding ecology.
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Predaceous Diving Beetle Water Scavenger Beetle
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Antennae filamentous, usuallytucked under head and not
visible from above.
Antennae clubbed at end.
PointyKeel
Smaller species look very different andsmall Water Scavenger Beetles usuallydon’t have a keel.
Crawling Water Beetles –Family Haliplidae
Cover over hind leg joint obscuresmost of abdomen
Very small spotted beetlewith rows of dents in elytra,slender antenna. Larva withlong “hairs”.
Most eat algae as larvae andadults.
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Drawings from An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America ed. By Merritt and Cummins
Whirligig Beetles –Family Gyrinidae
Adults:Black beetles that live on surface, feed and scavenge small critterscaught in surface tension.2 sets of eyes (B).
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Larvae:Long processes on abdomen – gills
live in water and feed midge larvae and worms.
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Caddisflies -Family Tricoptera
Larvae grazeon plants and
detritus
Adults are terrestrial, look likesmall moths, but with peakedwings.
Drawings from An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America ed. By Merritt and Cummins
Identify by the case they build:
Drawings from An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America ed. By Merritt and Cummins
True Flies – Order Diptera
Culicidae
CulicidaeMosquitoLarvae and pupae are aquatics, adults terrestrial
midge
Phantom midge
No-see-um, punkie, biting midge These larvae are small –usually 1/2 inch or less.
More like Vienna sausages
Drawings from An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America ed. By Merritt and Cummins
*
No-see-um
Midge
Mosquito
Crane fly
Arachnoids
Fishing spider
Mites
Very small, red-brownPredators and parasitesEaten by bladderworts!
May eat mosquito larvae!
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