Environmentally Sustainable Transport Performance Index for
Transcript of Environmentally Sustainable Transport Performance Index for
ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Environmentally Sustainable Transport Performance Index for Residential Neighbourhoods
Urban Mobility India 2012 3rd Research symposium on Urban Transport
Megha Kumar
Prof. Sanjay Gupta Department of Transport Planning
School of Planning & Architecture, Delhi
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Research Context
• 60% of GHG emissions accounted by vehicular emissions
• Neighbourhoods travel patterns are increasingly becoming
unsustainable due to increase usage on motorised modes which
are not environment friendly
• Research Need
• Conventional four stage demand modeling approach does not
address mobility needs of people at micro-level
• Neighbourhood planning approach is normative - ignores local mobility
needs
• Environmentally sensitive transport planning approach missing
“Objective is to develop ESTP Index approach”
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Literature
• Kersentuin, Utrecht, The Netherlands
• Vauban, Freiburg, Germany
• Valbona, Barcelona Area
• Fort St. John, Canada
• International best practices: Major findings • Compact & mixed development
• Higher % of circulation for EST networks
• Restricted movement of motorised vehicles
• Discouraging parking at doorstep
• Defining EST • Zero carbon emitting modes;
considering only tailpipe emissions
• walk, cycle, cycle-rickshaw, electric vehicles
As per ,OECD, Paris
• Provides for viable, & socially acceptable
access
• Meets generally accepted objectives for health & environmental quality
• Protects ecosystems
• Does not aggravate adverse global phenomena
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
• Phenomenal growth of population@ 4.1% annually (1991-2011)
Delhi
• Pressure on land & infrastructure
• Vision for Delhi (MPD 2021)
• Transit improvement: expansion of metro, BRTS
• Clean fuel; CNG
• Current focus of city
Macro level
Micro level mobility issues??
• global metropolis & a world-class city
• a sustainable environment
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Case studies Socio-economic & travel behaviour
Selection criteria Housing typology
• Group housing
Income category
• MIG & HIG
Determinants of neighbourhood level mobility
Attributes Dwarka, sec-
22
Mayur Vihar-II,
Pocket B,C
Housing typology G+8 G+4
Income category MIG,HIG MIG
Area (Ha) 34.76 38.70
Estimated Population 10,000 people
Net Residential Density 830pph 483pph
Gross Residential Density 288pph 258pph
DWARKA, SEC-22
MAYUR VIHAR-II
Delhi
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Case study description (Delhi residential Neighborhoods)
Purpose
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Surveys
• Household survey
Case study Dwarka,
sector-22
Mayur
Vihar-II
HH
surveyed
85 87
Trip
information
323 292
• Other surveys
• Road Inventory Survey
• Spot Speed Survey
• EST Mode Supply Survey
Information collected • HH size
• HH income
• Vehicle ownership
• User preference
• Only intra
neighbourhood travel
information collected
• 1% sample size
collected
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Case neighbourhood: Dwarka, Sector-22
Landuse break-up
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
DE
LH
I M
ETR
O
DE
PO
T
SEC.20
SE
C.2
3
SEC.8
ISBT
Plan
View •High density, compact
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Case neighbourhood: Mayur Vihar – II, Pocket B,C
Landuse break-up
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
Plan
View •Low rise, medium density
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Household Socio economic characteristics
• Income & Vehicle ownership levels
Household income and vehicle ownership levels are higher in
Dwarka, sector-22 neighbourhood
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Travel Characteristics Dwarka, sector-22
neighbourhood Mayur Vihar-II neighbourhood
Total Trips 253 365
VKT/capita 0.064 0.077
Travel characteristics
Higher use of motorised vehicles in Dwarka,
sector-22 neighbourhood
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Mode use Trip Rates Trip purpose
Motorised PCTR
MV-II Dwarka-22
0.32 0.71
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Acceptable walking distance
Plotting cumulative frequency curves of average trip lengths (ATL)
For shopping • 245m for Dwarka, sector-22
• 280m for MayurVihar-II
For all trip purposes • 240m for Dwarka, sector-22
• 365m for MayurVihar-II
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Network characteristics
• ROW & CW width
• Dwarka, sector-22 has higher width
ROW, CW width Dwarka-22 Mayur Vihar-II
Highest Hierarchy 60m, 35m 24m, 18m
Lowest Hierarchy 12m,7m 3m,0
• Speed on network
• Dwarka, sector-22 has higher speed
Speed Dwarka-22 Mayur Vihar-II
Highest Hierarchy High** High
Lowest Hierarchy High Low
** High: S>35kmph
• Footpath availability • Dwarka, sector-22: 100%
• Mayur Vihar-II: 60%
Footpath width Dwarka-22 Mayur Vihar-II
Highest Hierarchy 2.5m 3m
Lowest Hierarchy 3m 3m(exclusive)
Higher % of EST trips Mayur Vihar-II: Safe walking environment
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Mayur Vihar –II Dwarka, sector-22
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Determinants of Environmental Sustainable Transport (EST) mode usage
As distance increases
• Use of EST modes decrease &
• Use of motorised modes is increasing
EST supply Household income
Dwarka, sector-22
Mayur Vihar-II
Distance to shopping facility
Partial influence Insignificant influence
Dwarka, sector-22 Mayur Vihar-II
Mayur Vihar-II
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Approach to evolve Environmentally Sustainable Transport Performance (ESTP) Index
Concept -“ Measure of transport performance of a residential
neighbourhood in terms of its environmental sustainability ”
S t e p 1
Deriving weight of each parameter
Scores for each parameter
In user preference survey :
Each parameter rated between 0 – 5
5: best score & 0: least score
Relative weight of each parameter is
worked out: kruskal wallice function
ESTP Index
S t e p 2
S t e p 3
S t e p 4
Neighbourhood attributes
Percentage of ∑(weighted score) of all
parameters
Study of local (development level) travel
pattern Setting up parameters
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Analytical Approach (4 step)
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Parameters Weight Factor
Distance From Shopping 3
Availability of Footpath(%) 2
Availability Of Exclusive EST
Network
2
Speed Of Traffic 2.5
Continuity 1
Crossing Facility 1
EST Mode Supply 2
S t e p 1
Setting up parameters Deriving weight of each parameter
S t e p 2
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
SCORING SYSTEM
DISTANCE FROM
SHOPPING WITHIN150M 150-250M 250-350M 350M-500M 500M & BEYOND
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
AVAILABILITY OF
FOOTPATH(%) 100-80 80-60 60-40 40-20 20-0
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
CONTINUITY HIGHEST HIGH MEDIUM LOW LOWEST
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
SPEED OF TRAFFIC LOW (<25KMPH) MEDIUM (25-
35KMPH) HIGH (>35KMPH)
SCORE 5 3 1
CROSSING FACILITY DISABLED
FRIENDLY
ZEBRA
CROSSING +
LEVEL KERBS
+ TACTILE
PAVEMENTS
ZEBRA
CROSSING +
LEVEL KERBS
ZEBRA-
CROSSING+
MEDIAN
TREATMENT
ZEBRA-
CROSSING
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
EST MODE SUPPLY
(NO. OF CYCLE
RICKSHAWS)
10-8 8-6 6-4 4-2 2-1
SCORE 5 4 3 2 1
TOTAL SCORE 35
S t e p 3
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WEIGHTED SCORE FOR EACH PARAMETER (SCORE X WEIGHT)
PARAMETERS WEIGHT FACTOR HIGHEST SCORE WEIGHTED SCORE
DISTANCE FROM SHOPPING 3 5 15
AVAILABILITY OF FOOTPATH(%) 2 5 10
AVAILABILITY OF EXCLUSIVE EST
NETWORK 2 5 10
SPEED OF TRAFFIC 2.5 5 12.5
CONTINUITY 1 5 5
CROSSING FACILITY 1 5 5
EST MODE SUPPLY 2 5 10
TOTAL WEIGHTED SCORE 67.5
ESTP Index = Total weighted score of a cluster
67.5
X 100
ESTP Index
S t e p 4
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Dwarka, sector-22 neighbourhood
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ESTP Index assessment in BAU Scenario
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Mayur Vihar-II neighbourhood
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ESTP Index assessment in BAU Scenario
ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Cluster in Mayur Vihar-II ESTP Index(%)
Cluster in Dwarka, sector-
22 ESTP Index(%)
B1 67 A 56
B2 67 B1 54
C1 59 B3 54
B3 57 B2 48
C3 57 C1 44
B4 56 B4 41
C2 45 C2 39
C4 39 C3 39
Average 56 Average 47
ESTP Index of case neighbourhoods
ESTP Index of Mayur vihar-II is higher than Dwarka, sector-22
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
Comparative cluster level ESTP Indices in case studies
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Case neighbourhood Total CO2 emissions (Kg/Day)
Dwarka, sector-22 175.8
Mayur Vihar-II 118.98
Transport dependent CO2 emissions
• Intra-neighbourhood vehicular emissions
USEPA Formula : Vehicle Distance Travelled (VKT)
Average Fuel Economy (KM/L) X Carbon Content of Fuel
(KG/L)
CO2
emissions =
• Dwarka, sector-22 has higher emissions
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Relation between ESTP Index &transport dependent CO2 emissions
• Regression based model to predict CO2 emissions from ESTP
Index
y = -0.7177x + 49.306 R² = 0.7375
y = [CO2 EMISSIONS(KG)/CAPITA/DAY] X 1000
x = ESTP INDEX
As ESTP Index improves, transport dependent emissions decreases
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Evaluation of Alternate Scenarios Scenario I: Optimistic scenario
• Highest possible ESTP Index, irrespective of feasibility of improvement
Highest score to network parameters :
Speed of traffic on residential streets
Continuity of footpath
Footpath & excl EST network availability
Crossing facility
Case neighbourhood ESTP Index
Dwarka, sector-22 70
Mayur Vihar-II 73
Mayur vihar-II has higher ESTP Index
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
Parameters Dwarka, sector-22 Mayur vihar-II
Distance to
shopping Availability of
footpath 100% availability
Partial
improvement
Exclusive EST
network
√Restrictions on
motorised traffic
No alternate
parking space
Continuity of
footpath √ Design improvements Crossing facility
Speed of traffic √ Traffic calming
EST mode supply
Scenario II: Feasible scenario
• Only feasible improvements considered
Case
neighbourhood
ESTP Index
Dwarka, sector-22 67
Mayur Vihar-II 70
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• Feasible interventions
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Evaluation of Alternate Scenarios
ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
CO2 Emissions for différent scenarios
Neighbourhood
Est. Co2 Emissions(Kg)/Day Reduction in Co2
Emissions:
Scenario-I & BAU
Reduction in Co2
emissions
Scenario-II & BAU BAU Scenario-I Scenario-II
Dwarka, sector-22 175.80 15.27 20.42 11.5 Times Less
Than BAU
8.5 Times Less Than
BAU
Mayur Vihar-II 118.98 10.29 18.10 11.5 Times Less
Than BAU
6.5 Times Less Than
BAU
• Implication of ESTP Index approach
• Measurable impacts of transport infrastructure
• Emissions are significantly lower even in feasible scenario
Context Literature Case Study ESTP Index Model Scenarios
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ESTP INDEX FOR RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOOD
• ESTP Index offers a new paradigm in neighbourhood planning with reference to transport provisions
• It is a potential scientific tool to measure impacts of improvements in
transport infrastructure on environmental quality in residential neighborhoods
• It emphasises on environmentally sustainable transport at neighborhood
level
• Has potential utility in evaluating existing as well as proposed residential
layouts in terms of environmental sustainability by planners
“ ESTP Index has the potential to be an effective decision
making tool to develop sustainable communities ”
Summing Up
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