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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental ScienceAir & Water Quality IssuesAir & Water Quality Issues
Your nameYour nameUniversity of MaineUniversity of Maine
Dept. of…Dept. of…
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Environmental ScienceEnvironmental Science
InterdisciplinaryInterdisciplinary Traditional science, politics, social Traditional science, politics, social
organization, economics, ethics, …organization, economics, ethics, … Pollution and PolicyPollution and Policy
Addressing environmental problems and Addressing environmental problems and concerns is not an easy taskconcerns is not an easy task
Perceptions and opinions varyPerceptions and opinions vary Scientific knowledge and government Scientific knowledge and government
policy do not always agreepolicy do not always agree
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Air QualityAir Quality
Global WarmingGlobal Warming Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect 1 1 ooC average temperature rise last centuryC average temperature rise last century
Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion Protective layer allows our existenceProtective layer allows our existence
Primary Air PollutantsPrimary Air Pollutants Affects us directlyAffects us directly
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Warming/Cooling is a Natural Warming/Cooling is a Natural ProcessProcess
(Pleistocene Epoch: last 4 million (Pleistocene Epoch: last 4 million years)years)
~ 100,000 years: Earth’s climate ~ 100,000 years: Earth’s climate cyclecycle 80-85,000 years: “Ice Age”80-85,000 years: “Ice Age” 15-20,000 years: warming period15-20,000 years: warming period
We are currently about 18,000 years We are currently about 18,000 years into Earth’s latest warming periodinto Earth’s latest warming period
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Global WarmingGlobal Warming
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Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases
Carbon Dioxide, COCarbon Dioxide, CO22
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CClChlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CCl33FF Methane, CHMethane, CH44
Nitrous Oxide, NONitrous Oxide, NOxx
NN22 + O + O22 2NO + O2NO + O22
2NO (nitrogen oxide)2NO (nitrogen oxide)2NO2NO22 (nitrogen dioxide) (nitrogen dioxide)
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Carbon Dioxide, COCarbon Dioxide, CO22
Most abundant of the greenhouse Most abundant of the greenhouse gasesgases
Contribution to global warming: 55%Contribution to global warming: 55% Produced naturallyProduced naturally
RespirationRespiration Volcanic activityVolcanic activity
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Volcanic ActivityVolcanic Activity
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Carbon Dioxide continued…Carbon Dioxide continued…
Most abundant of the greenhouse Most abundant of the greenhouse gasesgases
Contribution to global warming: 55%Contribution to global warming: 55% Produced naturallyProduced naturally
RespirationRespiration Volcanic activityVolcanic activity
Produced unnaturallyProduced unnaturally Waste product of combustionWaste product of combustion
Gasoline, coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, …Gasoline, coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, …
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FactoriesFactories
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AutomobilesAutomobiles
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Steady Increase in COSteady Increase in CO22 ConcentrationConcentration
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COCO22 Sink Sink
Plants and trees Plants and trees absorb COabsorb CO22, but…, but…
Massive Massive deforestation deforestation makes the problem makes the problem worseworse South American South American
Rain Forests, …Rain Forests, …
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Contribution to global warming: 24%Contribution to global warming: 24% Entirely the result of human activityEntirely the result of human activity
Refrigerant gasesRefrigerant gases Cleaning solventsCleaning solvents Propellants in aerosol containersPropellants in aerosol containers
15,000 times more efficient at 15,000 times more efficient at trapping heat than carbon dioxidetrapping heat than carbon dioxide
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CFCs, continued…CFCs, continued…
Many international efforts since 1987 Many international efforts since 1987 aimed at reducing CFCsaimed at reducing CFCs
In 1996, the U.S. stopped producing CFCsIn 1996, the U.S. stopped producing CFCs CFC concentrations in the atmosphere CFC concentrations in the atmosphere
have stabilized and are expected to have stabilized and are expected to declinedecline
Many developing nations still produce Many developing nations still produce CFCsCFCs
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Methane, CHMethane, CH44
Contribution to global warming: 15%Contribution to global warming: 15% Biological SourcesBiological Sources
Several kinds of bacteriaSeveral kinds of bacteria Abundant in wetlands and rice fieldsAbundant in wetlands and rice fields Stomachs of ruminant animals such as cattleStomachs of ruminant animals such as cattle
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Methane, CHMethane, CH44
1 billion cows worldwide1 billion cows worldwide A single cow can produce more than 14 A single cow can produce more than 14
cubic feet of methane each daycubic feet of methane each day
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Nitrous Oxide, NONitrous Oxide, NOxx
Contribution to global warming: 6%Contribution to global warming: 6% Primary sourcesPrimary sources
Fossil fuelsFossil fuels FertilizersFertilizers
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ResultResult
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Ozone, OOzone, O33
Good ozone vs. bad ozoneGood ozone vs. bad ozone Ozone layer (good ozone)Ozone layer (good ozone)
Stratosphere 8-15 miles upStratosphere 8-15 miles up Absorbs 99% of damaging UV radiationAbsorbs 99% of damaging UV radiation
OO33 + UV light + UV light O O22 + O + O OO22 + O + O O O3 3
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The AtmosphereThe Atmosphere
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Ozone DepletionOzone Depletion
Reduction in ozone layer first Reduction in ozone layer first observed in the 1970sobserved in the 1970s
CFCs are the main culpritCFCs are the main culprit Chlorine radicals strongly react with OChlorine radicals strongly react with O33
Cl + OCl + O33 And if that’s not bad enough…And if that’s not bad enough… ClO + O ClO + O
ClO + OClO + O22
Cl + OCl + O22
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Bad News about OzoneBad News about Ozone
CFCs destroy ozone and remove atomic CFCs destroy ozone and remove atomic oxygen as well (Ooxygen as well (O33 can’t recombine) can’t recombine)
It can take 10-20 years for CFC It can take 10-20 years for CFC molecules to reach the stratosphere!molecules to reach the stratosphere!
CFC molecules can react and destroy CFC molecules can react and destroy ozone molecules for up to 120 yearsozone molecules for up to 120 years Ozone depletion will worsen well into this Ozone depletion will worsen well into this
century before any improvements are seencentury before any improvements are seen
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Primary Air PollutantsPrimary Air Pollutants
Carbon monoxide, COCarbon monoxide, CO Incomplete burning of fossil fuelsIncomplete burning of fossil fuels Single largest source: the automobileSingle largest source: the automobile 100 ppm can cause dizziness and 100 ppm can cause dizziness and
headachesheadaches
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Primary Air Pollutants, Primary Air Pollutants, continuedcontinued
ParticulatesParticulates Very small pieces of solid materialVery small pieces of solid material Particles can accumulate in the lungsParticles can accumulate in the lungs
Repeated exposure > serious health effectsRepeated exposure > serious health effects Carcinogenic materialsCarcinogenic materials
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Primary Air Pollutants, Primary Air Pollutants, continuedcontinued
Nitrous oxide, NONitrous oxide, NOxx
Primary source: automobile enginePrimary source: automobile engine NONOxx reacts with UV light to form smog reacts with UV light to form smog
NN22 + O + O22 2NO 2NO 2NO + O2NO + O22 2NO 2NO22
NONO22 + UV light + UV light OO22 + O + O O O33
NO + ONO + O
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SmogSmog
Two destructive components of smogTwo destructive components of smog Ozone (bad ozone)Ozone (bad ozone)
MutagenMutagen Destroys chlorophyll in plantsDestroys chlorophyll in plants Injures lung tissueInjures lung tissue
Peroxyacetyl nitratesPeroxyacetyl nitrates Eye irritantsEye irritants
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Smog, continuedSmog, continued
Smog is a serious Smog is a serious problem in many problem in many large citieslarge cities
Especially those Especially those cities ringed by cities ringed by mountainsmountains
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So why does any of this matter to So why does any of this matter to you?you?
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Because we are not immuneBecause we are not immune
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The northeast is this nation’s The northeast is this nation’s tailpipetailpipe
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Ground-level OzoneGround-level Ozone
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Ozone isn’t the only pollutant Ozone isn’t the only pollutant flowing through the northeastflowing through the northeast
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Water Quality IssuesWater Quality Issues
Acid RainAcid Rain Air pollutants react with moisture in Air pollutants react with moisture in
atmosphereatmosphere Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxideSulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide
SOSO22 + H + H22O + ½OO + ½O22 2NO2NO22 + H + H22O O HNO HNO22 + +
HH22SOSO44 (Sulfuric acid)(Sulfuric acid)
HNOHNO33 (Nitric acid) (Nitric acid)
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Acid-base pH scaleAcid-base pH scale
pH 7.0 ~ neutralpH 7.0 ~ neutral pH 5.6 ~ acid rain pH 5.6 ~ acid rain (25 times more acidic than (25 times more acidic than
pure water)pure water)
pH 3.0 ~ highly acidpH 3.0 ~ highly acid
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Lakes become acidicLakes become acidic
Healthy lakes have a Healthy lakes have a pH over 6.0pH over 6.0
At a pH of 5.5, many At a pH of 5.5, many desirable species of desirable species of fish have been fish have been eliminatedeliminated
Birth defects Birth defects commoncommon
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Trees and vegetation Trees and vegetation declinedecline
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Limestone deterioratesLimestone deteriorates
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You Can’t Hide From Acid You Can’t Hide From Acid RainRain
The northeast is highly prone to The northeast is highly prone to severe acid rainsevere acid rain pH 3.0 to 4.0 not uncommonpH 3.0 to 4.0 not uncommon pH 2.3 worst recorded (1000 times more pH 2.3 worst recorded (1000 times more
acidic than pure water)acidic than pure water)
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Other Water Quality IssuesOther Water Quality Issues
Oil SpillsOil Spills
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Thank youThank you
The EndThe End