Environmental Science978-3-662-04207... · 2017. 8. 25. · Environmental Science Series editors:...

Environmental Science

Series editors: R. Allan . U. Forstner . W. Salomons

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

Antonio Gianguzza . Ezio Pelizzetti Silvio Sammartano (Eds.)

Chemical Processes in Marine Environments

With 194 Figures and 56 Tables

, Springer

Editors

Prof. Antonio Gianguzza

Dipartimento di Chimica 1norganica, Sezione di Chimica Ambientale Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II I -90128 Palermo, Italy

Prof. Ezio Pelizetti

Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica Universita di Torino Via P. Giuria 5 1-10125 Torino, Italy

Prof. Silvio Sammartano

Dipartimento di Chimica 1norganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisika Universita di Messina Salita Sperone 31 I -98166 Messina, Italy

ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-642-08589-5

Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme

Chemical processes in marine environments: with 56 tables 1 Antonio Gianguzza ... (ed.). (Environmental science) ISBN 978-3-642-08589-5 ISBN 978-3-662-04207-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-04207-6

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

Cover Design: Struve & Partner, Heidelberg Dataconversion: Biiro Stasch . Uwe Zimmermann, Bayreuth

SPIN: 10679322 32/3136 - 543210 - Printed on acid-free paper

Preface

This book collects the scientific contributions from the lecturers at the 2nd edition of the "International School on Marine Chemistry" held in Ustica (Palermo, Italy) from 5 to 12 September 1998. The School was planned with the aim of giving an overview about the chemical processes occurring in the marine environment and the more recent analytical methodologies for their study.

The School was organised under the auspices of the Italian Chemical Society and with the financial support of the Marine Reserve of Ustica Island, the Committee for Environment of Italian CNR, the University of Palermo, the Provincia Regionale of Palermo and the Shimadzu-Italia Corporation. The book has been printed with the financial support of the ''Assessorato Ambiente" of the Provincia Regionale of Palermo.

All the participants, about a hundred including the lecturers and the Organising Committee, are grateful for the generous support of the agencies. A particular acknowledgement from the Editors is to all the lecturers for their availability and courtesy and for the high quality of their scientific contributions.

Prof. Antonio Gianguzza Prof. Ezio Pelizzetti Prof. Silvio Sammartano

Contents

Introduction - Environmental Analytical Chemistry as a Tool for Studying Chemical Processes in Marine Environments ................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Biogeochemical Cycles ................................................................... 1 Metals and Organometallic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4

Part I Biogeochemical Cycles ............................................................... 7

1 The Carbonate System in Marine Environments ................................. 9 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 1.2 Equilibria of Carbonate Species ....................................................... 14 1.3 Parameters of the CO2 System in Sea Water .......................................... 16 1.4 Distribution of Carbonate Species .................................................... 21

1·4·1 PC02' • • • • • • • • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • •• • •• 21 1.4.2 pH .................................................................................. 22 1.4.3 TA .. ................................................................................. 26 1.4.4 TC02 . ..............................................................................• 28

1.5 CaC03 Dissolution in Sea Water ....................................................... 31 1.6 Calculating the Penetration of Anthropogenic CO2 into the Oceans ............. 33

1.6.1 Time Series Method ............................................................. 33 1.6.2 Calculation by Correcting for Dissolution of CaC03

and Oxidation of Plant Material ............................................... 34 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 37 References ................................................................................. 37 Appendix - Thermodynamic Equations for the Carbonic Acid System in Sea Water ............................................................................... 39

Solubility of CO2 (Weiss 1974) .................................................. 39 Carbonic Acid (Millero 1995) ................................................... 39 Boric Acid (Dickson 1990b) .................................................... 39 Water (Millero 1995) ............................................................. 39 HS04 (Dickson 1990a) ........................................................... 40 HF (Dickson and Riley 1979) ................................................... 40 Solubility of CaC03 (Mucci 1983) .............................................. 40 Relationships for the Various pH Scales (Millero 1995) .................... 40

VIII Contents

Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the pH of Sea Water (Millero 1979, 1995) .............................................................. 40 References for Appendix ........................................................ 41

2 Marine Organic Geochemistry: A General Overview ........................... 43 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 43

2.1.1 Organic Carbon Cycle ........................................................... 44 2.1.2 Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................... 46

2.2 Molecular Constituents of Organic Matter in the Ocean .......................... 49 2.2.1 Lipids ............................................................................... 49 2.2.2 Amino Acids and Proteins ...................................................... 55 2.2.3 Carbohydrates .................................................................... 61 2.2.4 Lignin and Other CuO-Oxidation Products ................................. 62 2.2.5 Uncharacterized Organic Material ............................................ 67 2.2.6 Dissolved Organic Matter ....................................................... 69 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 69 References ................................................................................. 69

3 Photooxidation of Dissolved Organic Matter: Role for Carbon Bioavailability and for the Penetration Depth of Solar UV-Radiation ................................................................. 75

3.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 75 3.2 Absorption of Sunlight by CDaM ..................................................... 77 3-3 Photooxidation of CDaM: Role for Carbon Bioavailability ....................... 78 3.4 Experimental Study on the Roles of Iron in CDaM Oxidation in

Irradiated Aqueous Systems (Voelker et al. 1997) ................................... 80 3.4.1 Photooxidation of SRFA by Fe(III) ............................................ 81

3.5 Roles of Ligands in the Redox-Cycling of Iron in the Euphotic Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................................... 83 3.5.1 Roles of Ligands in the Oxidation of lron(II) in the Euphotic

Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................... 84 3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................... 86

References ................................................................................. 87

4 Redox Processes in Anoxic Waters .................................................. 91 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 91 4.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................ 94 4.3 Framvaren Fjord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 4.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ................ 112

References ............................................................................... 122

Part II Organic Matter in Marine Environments ..................................... 125

5 Organic Matter Preservation in the Ocean: Lipid Behavior from Plankton to Sediments .... ............................... 127

5-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 5.2 Lipids as Tracers of Organic Carbon ................................................ 128

Contents IX

5.3 Lipid Fluxes to the Deep Sea ........... ............ ................................ 130 5-4 Seasonal Variations in Lipid Flux .................................................. 131 5.5 Fate of Lipid Biomarkers .............................................................. 133 5.6 Summary ................................................................................ 137

Acknowledgements .................................................................... 137 References ................................. ............................................. 138

6 Organic Chemical Reaction Rates in the Ocean: Molecular Approaches to Studying Extracellular Biochemical Processes..... 141

6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 141 6.2 Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids in Sea Water by

Cell Surface Deaminases ................... ....................... 143 6.2.1 Synthesis of a Fluorescent Analog of L-lysine as Substrate

for Amino Acid Oxidases in the Ocean ..................................... 144 6.2.2 LYA-lysine as Substrate for Cell Surface Deaminases in Sea Water .... 146

6.3 Extracellular Hydrolysis of Peptides in Sea Water and Sediments ............. 149

6.3.1 Experimental Approaches to Studying Degradation of Proteinaceous Material in the Ocean ....................................... 149

6.3.2 Rate Measurements ............................................................ 151 Acknowledgements ............. ..................................................... 156 References ............................................................................... 157

7 Vapour-Particle Phase Interactions of Some Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Marine Atmosphere .......................... 159

7.1 Introduction. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .... . . . . . . . .. ................................. 159 7.2 Theory of Gas-Particle Interactions................................................ 159

7.2.1 Gas-Solid Interactions ......................................................... 159 7.2.2 Gas-Liquid Interactions ....................................................... 163

7.3 Practical Applications of Partitioning Theory ..................................... 163 7.3.1 PCBs. .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 165 7.3.2 Calculation of Air-Sea Fluxes ................................................ 166 7.3.3 Dry Deposition ................................................................. 166 7.3.4 Wet Deposition ................................................................. 167 7.3.5 Gas Phase Exchange Processes ............................................... 168 7.3.6 Determination of the Air Phase Transfer Velocity (ka) through

Measurement of ra ............................................................. 169 7.3.7 Determination of the Water Phase Transfer Velocity (kw) ............... 170

7.4 Conclusions ............................................................................. 171 References ............................................................................... 171

Part III Metals and Organometallic Compounds in Marine Environments ... 173

8 Determination of Organic Complexation . ...................................... 175 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 175

8.2 Metal Species in Solution ............................................................. 175 8.3 Determination of Organic Complexation Using ASV ............................ 176

8.4 Principle of Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry ....................... 177

x Contents

8.5 Principle of Ligand Competition .................................................... 178 8.6 Determination of Labile Metal Concentrations Using CSV ..................... 179 8.7 Calculation of aML ..................................................................... 179 8.8 Calibration of aMAL .................................................................... 180 8.9 Determination of Ligand Concentrations and Conditional Stability

Constants Using CSV with Ligand Competition .................................. 180 8.10 How to Evaluate the Ligand Titrations: van den Berg/Ruzic Plots ............. 182

8.10.1 Example of a Ligand Titration with Copper ............................... 184 8.11 Effects of the Detection Window .................................................... 184

Acknowledgements .................................................................... 186 References ............................................................................... 186

9 Organic Complexation of Metals in Sea Water ................................ 189 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 189 9.2 Distributions of Organic Metal Complexing Ligands ............................ 190

9.2.1 Competition between Copper and Zinc .................................... 191 9.2.2 Iron Complexing Ligands ..................................................... 192

9.3 Sources of Ligands ..................................................................... 194 9.4 Composition of Ligands ............................................................... 194 9.5 Calculation of Metal Complexation by the Ligands ............................... 194

9.5.1 At High Natural Ligand Concentrations .................................... 196 9.5.2 At Low Ligand Concentrations ............................................... 197 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 199 References ............................................................................... 199

10 Occurence, Pathways and Bioaccumulation of Organometallic Compounds in Marine Environments .... ............................... '" ...... 201

10.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 201 10.2 Organotin Compounds: Environmental Chemical Aspects ..................... 201 10.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Hydride Generation -

Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICP/AES) Hyphenated System to Organotin Analysis ............. 204

10.4 An Example of a "Field Study": The Butyltin Distribution in the Genoa Oil Port .......................................................................... 205 References ............................................................................... 210

11 Hydrolysis Processes of Organotin(lV) Compounds in Sea Water ........ 213 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 213 11.2 Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Organotin(IV) Compounds ................... 214

11.2.1 Trialkyltin Compounds ....................................................... 215 11.2.2 Dialkyltin Compounds ........................................................ 216 11.2.3 Monoalkyltin Compounds .................................................... 218

11.3 Salt Effect on the Hydrolysis Process ................................................ 219 11.4 Dependence on Ionic Strength of Hydrolysis Constants ......................... 220 11.5 Dependence on Temperature of Hydrolysis Constants ........................... 221 11.6 Hydrolysis of Organotin(IV) Compounds in Sea Water ......................... 222 11.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 226

Contents XI

References ............................................................................... 226

12 119Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy Studies on the Interaction of Organotin(lV) Salts and Complexes with Biological Systems and Molecules ......................................... 229

12.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 229 12.2 Analysis and Speciation of Organotins in the Environment .................... 230 12.3 Interaction of Organotin(IV) Compounds with Biological Systems ........... 231 12.4 Hemoglobin ............................................................................. 232 12.5 Deoxyribonucleic Acid ................................................................ 232 12.6 Interaction of Organotin(IV) Complexes with Deoxyribonucleic Acid,

and Ternary Systems RnSn(IV)-Amino Acid-Nucleic Acid ...................... 235 References ............................................................................... 241

13 Mercury in Marine Environments ................................................. 245 13.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 245 13.2 Mercury in the Environment ......................................................... 245

13.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties ........................................... 245 13.2.2 Mercury Emissions ............................................................ 246 13.2.3 The Global Mercury Cycle .................................................... 247

13.3 Mercury in Coastal Marine Sediments ............................................. 249 13.4 Mercury in Waters ...................................................................... 251

1341 Baltic and North Seas .......................................................... 251 13.4.2 Mediterranean Sea ............................................................. 252 1343 The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ............................................. 252

13.5 Toxicity of Mercury to Marine Life .................................................. 253 13.6 Mercury in the Marine Food Chain ................................................. 255

13.6.1 Bioaccumulation ............................................................... 255 13.6.2 Human Exposure to Methyl Mercury ....................................... 255 13.6.3 Human Exposure to Mercury in some Fish Eating Communities ...... 257

13.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 260 References ............................................................................... 260

14 Occurrence, Formation and Fate of Organoantimony Compounds in Marine and Terrestrial Environments ........................ 265

14.1 Occurrence of Organoantimony Compounds in Marine and Terrestrial Environments ............................................................. 265

14.2 Analysis of Organoantimony Compounds ......................................... 268 14.2.1 Sample Preparation ............................................................ 268 14.2.2 Hydride Generation ........................................................... 268 14.2.3 Gas Chromatographic Separation ........................................... 269 14.2.4 Detection Systems .............................................................. 272 14.2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................... 274

14.3 Microbial Biotransformation of Antimony Compounds ......................... 274 14.3.1 Biomethylation of Antimony ................................................. 274 14.3.2 Bioreduction and Bio-Oxidation of Antimony ............................ 277 References ............................................................................... 278

XII Contents

15 Redox Processes of Chromium in Sea Water ............................ ...... 281 15.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 281 15.2 Speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ..................................................... 281 15.3 Environmental Concentrations ...................................................... 284 15.4 Kinetic Studies .......................................................................... 284

15-4.1 Oxidation Processes ........................................................... 286 15.4.2 Reduction Processes ........................................................... 289

15.5 The Chromium Cycle in Sea Water .................................................. 292 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 293 References ............................................................................... 293 Appendix ................................................................................ 295

Part IV Analytical Methodologies and Chemometrics for Sea Water .......... 297

16 Oceanic DOC Measurements ....................................................... 299 16.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 299 16.2 DOC Measurement Techniques ...................................................... 301

16.2.1 Sample Collection and Storage .............................................. 302 16.2.2 Pretreatment and Removal of DIe .......................................... 303 16.2.3 The Oxidation of DOC ........................................................ 303 16.2.4 The Detection and Quantitation Step ....................................... 308 16.2.5 Comparative Performance of the Different Techniques ................. 310

16.3 New Concepts for DOC Determination ............................................. 311 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 316 References .............................................................................. 316

17 Characterization of Marine Toxins by Means of Liquid Chromatography - Electrospray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry ....... 321

17.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 321 17.2 Dinophysistoxins and Related Toxins ............................................... 322 17.3 Brevetoxins......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 328 17.4 Saxitoxins................................... ............................................ 329 17.5 Ciguatoxins and Maitotoxins ........................................................ 331 17.6 Polypeptidic Toxins: Conotoxins .................................................... 334 17.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 336

Acknowledgements .................................................................... 337 References ......................................................................... 337

18 Metals Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography .......... 339 18.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 339 18.2 Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography .............................. 340

18.2.1 Normal Phase Chromatography ............................................. 340 18.2.2 Reversed-Phase Chromatography ........................................... 340 18.2.3 Ion Chromatography .......................................................... 340 18.2.4 Chelation Ion Chromatography.............................................. 342

18.3 Procedures for Metal Separation .................................................... 342 18.3-1 Normal Phase Chromatography ............................................. 342

Contents XIII

18.3.2 Reversed Phase Chromatography ........................................... 343 18.3.3 Ion Chromatography .......................................................... 343 18.3.4 Ion Interaction Chromatography... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344 18.3.5 Chelation Ion Chromatography ............................................. 346 18.3.6 Multimode and Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography ............ 347 18.3.7 Preconcentration ............................................................... 348

18.4 Analytical Applications ............................................................... 348 18.5 Detection and Hyphenated Techniques ............................................ 350

References ............................................................................... 353

19 PIXE Analysis for Trace Elements in Marine Environments ................. 357 19.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 357 19.2 The PIXE Technique and the Experimental Set-up ............................... 358 19.3 Sensitivity and Detection Limits of the Technique ............................... 360 19.4 The PIXE Targets from Environmental Samples .................................. 361 19.5 The Proton Microbeam and its Applications .................................... 364 19.6 PIXE Application in the Study of Pollutant Enrichment in

Marine Aerosols ..................................................................... .. 365 19.7 The Study of the Venice Lagoon Ecosystem by Means of the

PIXE Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 366 19.7.1 The Fate of Pollutants Discharged into the Lagoon ...................... 366 19.7.2 Trace Element Distribution in Surface Bottom Sediment ............... 367 19.7.3 The Vertical Profile of Trace Elements in Pore Water. . . ........ 367 19.7.4 Trace Elements in Surface Water and the Effect of

Fresh and Salt Water Mixing ........ .............. ............... ......... 368 References .................................................. ............................ 369

20 Potentiometry for the Study of Acid-Base Properties of Sediments ..... 371 20.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 371 20.2 Sediment: What is it? ................................................................. 372 20.3 The Solid-Water Interface .......................................................... 373 20.4 Titration Procedure .................................................................... 376 20.5 Elaboration of the Potentiometric Data .......... . ....................... 379 20.6 Results of the Potentiometric Approach.......... . ..................... 381

References ............................................................................... 384

21 (hemometries for Sampling and Analysis: Theory and Environmental Applications ....................................... 387

21.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 387 21.2 The Fundamental Tools of Chemometrics ............................. . . . . .. 388

21.2.1 Data Pretreatments (The Importance of Data Knowledge and of Problem) ..... . .... 388

21.2.2 Similarity and Clustering ..................................................... 389 21.2.3 Principal Components ........................................................ 390 21.2.4 Class-Modelling Techniques ................................................. 394 21.2.5 Regression Techniques, Responses and Predictors ....................... 394 21.2.6 Regression Techniques, Biased and Unbiased Techniques............... 396

XIV Contents

21.3 Applications............................................................................. 398 21.3-1 Example 1 - Rain Chemistry ................................................. 398 21.3-2 Example 2 - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) ................ 402

21.3.3 Example 3 - Toxicity ........................................................... 403 21.4 Conclusions ............................................................................. 404

References ............................................................................... 404

22 Chemometric Applications to Seawater Analysis . ............................ 405 22.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 405

22.1.1 The Sea: A Very Complex Ecosystem ........................................ 405 22.1.2 Chemometrics: A Helpful Tool in the Investigation of the

Marine Ecosystem ............................................................. 406 22.2 Chemometric Applications to Marine Samples ................................... 407

22.2.1 Classification Techniques ..................................................... 407 22.2.2 Optimization Methods ........................................................ 420 References ............................................................................... 423

Index ........................................................................................... 425

Contributors

Stefania Angelino (PhD in Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino

Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)11 6707626, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615

E-mail: [email protected]

Renato Barbieri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo

Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II

I -90128 Palermo, Italy

Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584


Adriana Barbieri-Paulsen (Ph.D. in Chemistry)

Institut fur Physik, Medizinische Universitiit Lubeck

Ratzeburger Allee 160

D-23538 Lubeck, Germany

Phone: +49 {o )451 5004208


Renato Barbieri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)



1-90128 Palermo, Italy

Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584


Giampaolo Barone (Ph.D. in Chemistry)




Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584


Rodolfo Cecchi (Professor of Physical Oceanography)

Dip. di Scienze dell'lngegneria, Universita di Modena

Via Campi 213, 1-41100 Modena, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)59 370703, Fax: +39 (0)59 373180


Peter J. Craig (Professor. BSc PhD Chern FRSC)

Department of Chemistry, De Monfort University

PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK

Phone: +44 {o )1162577102, Fax: +44 {o )1162577287


Concetta de Stefano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e

Chimica Fisica, Universita di Messina

Salita Sperone 31,1-98166 Messina, Italy

Phone: +39 {o )90 391354, Fax: +39 {o )90 392827


Margaret Farago (Professor of Environmental Chemistry)

Environmental Geochemistry Research Group

The T.H. Huxley School of Environment, Earth Sci

ence and Engineering Royal School of Mines

London SW7 2BP, UK

Phone: +44 {o )1715946397, Fax: +44 {o )1715946408


Michele Forina (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche ed

Alimentari, Universita di Genova

Via Brigata Salerno sIn, 1-16147 Genova, Italy

Phone +39 (0)1O 3532630, Fax: +39 (0)1O 3532684


XVI

Sarah N. Forster (Dr.)

Deptartment of Chemistry, De Monfort University


Phone: +44 (0)116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287


Claudia Foti (Ph.D., Researcher of Analytical Chemistry)



Salita Sperone 31, 1-98166 Messina, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)90391354, Fax: +39 (0)90392827


Roberto Frache (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale

Universita degli Studi di Genova

Via Dodecaneso 31,1-16146 Genova, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)10 3536186, Fax: +39 (0)10 3625051


Maria C. Gennaro (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)

Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate

Corso Borsalino 54,1-15100 AIessandria, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)131 283806, Fax: +39 (0)131 283800


Grazia Ghermandi (Professor of Physics)

Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ingegneria

Universita di Modena

Via Campi 213,1-41100 Modena, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)59370703, Fax: +39 (0)59373180


Antonio Gianguzza (Prof. of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Sezione di Chimica

Ambientale, Universita di Palermo



Phone: +39 (0)91 489409, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584


Monica Gulmini (PhD, Researcher)

Contributors



Phone: +39 (0)116707614, Fax: +34 (0)116707615


Alessandra [rico (PhD, Student)



Phone: +39 (0)11 6707636, Fax: +34 (0)11 6707615

Richard o. Jenkins (Dr.)

Dep. of Biological Sciences, De Monfort University

The Gateway, Leicester LEI 9BH, UK

Phone: +44 (0)1162576306, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287


Silvia Lanteri (Professor)

Dip. di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche ed

AIimentari, Universita di Genova

Via Brigata Salerno sIn, 1-16147 Genova, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)10 3532634, Fax: +39 (0)10 3532684 E-mail: [email protected]

David P. Miller (Dr.)



Phone: +44 (0 )116-2577102, Fax: +44 (0 )1162577287


Frank J. Millero (Professor of Marine and Physical Chemistry)

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci

ences, Dep. of Marine Chemistry

University of Miami

4600 Rickenbacker Causeway

Miami, Florida 33149, USA

Phone: +I (0 h05 3614707: Fax: +I (0 h05 3614144


Contributors

Claudio Minero (Professor of Environmental Chemistry)

Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torina


Phone: +39 (0)11 6707632, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615


Tracy-Ann Morris (Dr.)



Phone: +44 (0 )116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287


Naaman Ostah (Dr.)



Phone: +44 (0)116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287


Silvio Pantoja* (Assistant Professor)

Dep. of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry

Whods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Whods Hole, MA 02543, USA

Phone: +1 (0 )5082892740, Fax: +1 (0 )5084572164


"current adress:

Dep. of Oceanography, University of Concepci6n

Casilla 160-C, Concepci6n, Chile

Phone: +56 (0)41 203499, Fax: +56(0)41 225400


Ezio Pelizzetti (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)



Phone: +39 (0)116707630, Fax: +39 (0)116707615


XVII

Lorenzo Pellerito (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)




Phone: +39 (0)91 590367, Fax: +34 (0)91 427584


Maurizio Pettine (Dr.)

Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Consiglio Nazionale

delle Ricercl1e (CNR)

Via Reno 1,1-00198 Roma, Italy

Phone: +39 06 8841451, Fax: +39 06 8417861


Salvatore Posante (Ph.D in Chemistry)




Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584


Martin R. Preston (Dr., BSc, PhD, MRSC, Chern)

Oceanography Laboratories

University of Liverpool

liverpool L69 3BX, UK

Phone: +44 (0)1517944093, Fax: +44 (0 )1517944099 E-mail: [email protected]

Paola Rivaro (Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry)

Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale

Universita degli Studi di Genova

Via Dodecaneso 31, 1-16146 Genova, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)10 3536178, Fax: +39 (0)10 3626190


Mario Rossi (Dr.)




Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91427584


XVIII

Giuseppe Ruisi (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)




Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584


Silvio Sammartano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)



Salita Sperone 31, 1-98166 Messina, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)90 393659, Fax: +39 (0)90-392827


Corrado Sarzanini (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)



Phone: +39 (0)11 6707628, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615


Arturo Silvestri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)


Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II


Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584,


Louise M. Smith (Dr.)

Dep. of Biological Sciences, De Monfort University


Phone: +44 (0 )1162576306, Fax: +44 (0 )1162577287


Barbara Sulzberger (Ph.D., Professor of Environmental Chemistry)

Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science

and Technology

Uberlandstrasse 133

CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland

Phone: +41 (0)1 8235511, Fax: +41 (0)1 8235028


Roberto Todeschini (Professor)

Contributors

Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Ambiente e del

Territorio, Universita di Milano

Via L. Emanueli 15, 1-20126 Milano, Italy

Phone: +39 (0)264474307, Fax: -39 (0)2 64474300


Constant van den Berg (Ph.D.)

Oceanography Laboratories

University of Liverpool

Liverpool L69 3BX, UK

Phone: +44 (0 )1517944096, Fax: +44 (0 )1517944099


Marco Vincenti (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)



Phone: +39 (0)11 6707636, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615


Stuart Wakeham (Ph.D., Professor)

Skidaway Institute of Oceanography

10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA

Phone: +01 (0 )9125982347, Fax: +01 (0 )9125982310


Vincenzo Zelano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)



Phone: +39 (0)11 6707619, Fax: +39 (0)116707615


Environmental Science978-3-662-04207... · 2017. 8. 25. · Environmental Science Series editors:...

Documents

Transcript of Environmental Science978-3-662-04207... · 2017. 8. 25. · Environmental Science Series editors:...