ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PIG EXCRETA IN...
Transcript of ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT OF PIG EXCRETA IN...
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
OF PIG EXCRETA IN KOREA
WEPA 11th annual meeting
Vansana Riverside Hotel, Vientiane, Lao P.D.R
2016.01.26
Eu Gene Chung, Ph.D
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Contents
• Introduction
• Current Status of Pig Rearing in Korea
• Environmental Impacts of Excreta
• Livestock Excreta Management
• Conclusions
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INTRODUCTION
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Purposes
• Describing current situation of pig rearing via statistics in
Korea
• Number of pigs, pig production, size of farms
• Presenting various impacts of intensive livestock farming
on the multi-media environment
• Addressing issues on pig excreta management
• Introducing efforts to manage livestock excreta in Korea
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CURRENT STATUS OF PIG
REARING IN KOREA
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Current livestock status in Korea
• Farming dominated by family run businesses
• Until 70’s, only part of the activities of a mixed farm
• Crops were grown and different animal species were kept
• Since 80’s, Increase of market demands of livestock
products
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Co
ns
um
pti
on
of
live
sto
ck
p
rod
uc
ts/y
r/p
ers
on
Year
pigs
livestock product
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Current status of pigs in Korea
• Specialization of farmers and commercialization of farms
due to increase of market demands
• As a consequence increase of animal numbers and farm
sizes
0
2,000,000
4,000,000
6,000,000
8,000,000
10,000,000
12,000,000
1983 1988 1993 1998 2003 2008 2013
Nu
mb
er
of
pig
s
Year
Foot-and –mouth disease
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Current status of pigs in Korea
• Intensive livestock farming
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1998 2003 2008 2013
Nu
mb
er
of
pig
fa
rms
Year
>10,000
5000-9999
4000-4999
3000-3999
2000-2999
1000-1999
500-999
300-499
100-299
50-99
20-49
<20
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Key on-farm environmental aspect
• Related to the natural living processes
• Much of the nutrients via excreta• Nitrogen consumption, utilization and losses in the production of a
pig for slaughter with a final live weight of 108 kg
• Excreta from intensive livestock farms vs. environment
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Source: Ajinomoto, 2000
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Current status of manure treatment
• Total amount of livestock excreta was about 127,000
m3/day in 2014
• Most excreta from milk cow/cattle and poultry was
composted into manure while that from pig was variously
treated
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Pig, 39%
Milk cow, 15%
Cattle, 30%
Poultry, 16%
Manure58%
Liquid18%
Public18%
Self6%
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ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
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Source: Pahl, 1999
• Flow of excreta and nutrients along the whole production
chain
• Positive environmental aspects
• Excreta substituting manufactured mineral fertilizer
• Potential negative environmental aspects
Environmental aspects
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Potential negative environmental aspects
• Surface waters and groundwater pollutions (NO3-, NH4
+)
• Eutrophication (N, P)
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Potential negative environmental aspects
• Acidification (NH3 mainly, H2S,SO2, NOx, etc)
• Airborne pollution (NH3, N2O,NO,dust, bio-aerosols, etc)
• Increase of greenhouse effect(CO2, CH4, N2O, etc)
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Potential negative environmental aspects
• Local disturbance (odor, noise)
• A lot of filing civil complaints
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Potential negative environmental aspects
• Diffuse spreading of heavy metals, pesticides and toxic
substances
• Spreading of pathogens including antibiotic-resistant
pathogens
• Residues of pharmaceuticals in waters
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Typical treatment process of excreta
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Source: Jeong et al. 2014
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Livestock manure in Korea
• About 90% of livestock excreta was composted into manure and liquid fertilization
• But… Not much places to go
• Agricultural land has decreased
• No more dumping at sea since 2012 due to London Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other matter
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0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Are
a (
ha)
Year
Permanent crops
Paddy
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Issues on intensive livestock
management in Korea1. Issues on excreta management
• Unclear processes of discharge, collection, transportation and
treatment of excreta
• Inconsistent quality of manure and liquid manure
2. Issues on pig farming management
• Farmers and operators of facilities under no systematic supervision
• Intensive rearing farms discharging excreta over local
environmental capacities
• Unauthorized or undeclared farms supposedly not located in the
areas such as ‘reserve areas for water services’
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LIVESTOCK MANURE
MANAGEMENT
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Related ministries and in Korea
• Two Ministries mainly responsible for policies of livestock
management and use
• Ministry of Environment (ME)
• Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (MAFRA)
• Acts related to livestock management
• Act on the Management and Use of Livestock Excreta
• Livestock Industry Act
• Fertilizer Control Act
• Environment-Friendly Agriculture Fosterage Act
• ME has changed paradigm of livestock management
• Considering excreta as resources not just waste
• Adopting preventive approaches
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Legal amendment
1. Issues on excreta management
• ‘Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer System’
• Reinforcement of standards for manure and liquid manure
• Development of installation standards both of biogas and of solid
fuel facilities
2. Issues on pig farming management
• ‘Livestock Excreta Survey’ for regional environmental capacities
→ for future enactment of Nutrient Management Plan
• Expansion of livestock restricted areas including water
conservation zone, buffer zone and etc.
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Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer
System (LEETS)• Purpose
• To build clear processes of discharge, collection, transportation and treatment of excreta
• Target • Urine and liquid manure of pigs
• How to• Tracking tank truck with urine or liquid manure from sources (e.g.
pig farm) to places where liquid manure applied by GPS
• Pilot project applications• Jeju Island and Saemangeum watershed
• According to ‘Act on the Management and Use of Livestock Excreta’, the system is planed to be applied to all the nation from 2017
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Livestock Excreta Electronic Transfer
System (LEETS)• Electronic transfer procedure
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Excreta as resources – manure
• Reinforcement of standards for manure and liquid
manure (‘14)
• Appeasement of agricultural area required for application
of liquid manure of pig (m2/count) (‘10)
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Parameters Standard
ManureCu < 500 mg/kg
Zn < 1,200 mg/kg
Liquid
manure
Decay degree Standards negotiated by ME & MAFRA
Water contents > 95 %
Salt < 2.0 %
Cu < 70 mg/kg
Zn < 170 mg/kg
Grassland Paddy Permanent crop and orchard
> 140 > 260 > 170
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Livestock Excreta Survey (LES)
• Preventive approach
• Purpose• Effectively to establish and drive policies for livestock
management and use
• Parameters of survey for local government unit• Livestock status : livestock number, excreta discharge and etc.
• Nutrient status : consumption of inorganic and organic fertilizers, imported/exported manure, harvested crops and forages, nutrients in the soil and etc.
• Environmental status : nutrients, heavy metal, odor and etc.
• Livestock Excreta Survey is expected to play an important role to implement site-specific livestock management and to be a basis of Nutrient Management Plan
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CONCLUSIONS
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Conclusions
• Intensive livestock industries have been grown up in
Korea due to increase of market demands of livestock
products
• Intensive livestock farming has various potential negative
impacts on the environment
• In particular, pig excreta and manure have been
highlighted as the center of environmental issues in Korea
• ME fully has recognized how important is pig excreta
management for water quality and has prosecuted various
environmental policies
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THANK YOU
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