Environmental Indicators: Measurin g Urban Development...
Transcript of Environmental Indicators: Measurin g Urban Development...
Environmental Indicators: Measuring gUrban Development Plans, Case from
I di India KashinathVAJPAI
Climate Himalaya Initiative, INDIAwww.climatehimalaya.net
Developing Urban Settlements in India Citi i I di i th f e pansionCities in India are in the process of expansion
Increase in population due to high migration from highland to lowland areas and rural to Urban areas areas and rural to Urban areas.
Rapid infrastructure development in cities
Two important characteristics: 1. Massive growth in absolute numbers 2. Increasing concentration
Rapid population growth, high densities, poverty and high differentials in access to housing, public services and infrastructure led to an increase in vulnerability over last few decades (Aromar R., 2008)
India is one of the more vulnerable and risk-prone countries in the world (IFRC 2005)
Urban Development Vs. Environmental Issues
High pollution, water scarcity, deteriorating soil, loss of biodiversity and g p y g ypoor agriculture productivity
Various disasters, health hazards, deteriorating environmental quality, i leconomic losses
Climate change variability increased the frequency and intensity of hazards and the probability of extreme eventshazards and the probability of extreme events
Degrade the resilience of poor and vulnerable communities
Further degrading resilience of in one half of the poor, vulnerable communities (Nicholls, et al 2006).
Inadequate provisions of comprehensive and environmental sensitive planning.
The Extent of Problem-ExampleOne of the studies done in India states that ‘the amount of One of the studies done in India states that the amount of waste generated per capita is estimated to increase at a rate 1-1.33 percent annually and estimated quantity of waste .33 pe ce t a ua y a est ate qua t ty o waste generated by year 2047 would be approx 260 million tons per year, which if not disposed off systematically would p y p y yrequire more than 1400 sq.km of land’
Study Objectives To discuss the major environmental concerns in the urban To discuss the major environmental concerns in the urban areas of India
To review and analyze relevant policies and guidelines in urban development and environmental context
To develop a set of indicators on various environmental parameters in urban context parameters in urban context
To analyze city development plans in concurrence with To analyze city development plans in concurrence with environmental considerations.
Information Areas in the Study Present urban developmental scenario p
Various environmental threats
Increasing climatic variability
Policies and programs on environment and urban developmentp
Categorization of various pro-environmental measures in areas like water waste sanitation pollution etc like water, waste, sanitation, pollution, etc.
Policies and Plans in Place Policies and Plans in Place Reform led urban development program National Urban Renewable Mission (JNNURM) About 60 cities across India and selected one in mountains About 60 cities across India and selected one in mountains Missions; the Urban infrastructure and governance, and Basic services to the urban poorThe Environment (Protection) ActNational Urban Transport PolicyNational Urban Housing & Habitat PolicyAccelerated Urban Water Supply ProgramCoal Bed Methane Policy
l Solar Energy Mission Wind EnergyElectronic Waste (e-waste)India’s Initiatives towards Energy Security India s Initiatives towards Energy Security Scheme for BEE Star Rating for office BuildingsThe National Environment Policy National River Conservation Policy yNational Lake Conservation Policy
What Policies and Plans EntailNational River Conservation Plan (NRCP): Capacity building of ULBs
The National Lake Conservation Plan: Restore and conserve the urban and semi urban lakes
The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling Rules): Role of ULBs in decentralized waste collection and management
The Plastics (manufacture, usage and waste management) rules : Emphasizes in to specific thickness of plastics and procedural recyclingspecific thickness of plastics and procedural recycling.
The National Urban Sanitation Policy: Specific Sanitation strategy for the cities
The National Action Plan for Climate Change (NAPCC): Reduce climatic impacts and emphasizes on inter connected issues towards adaptation and mitigation- focus on poor and vulnerable. p
Various Environmental Indicators Various Environmental Indicators
1 Water Resources1. Water Resources
2. Waste Water
3 S lid W t3. Solid Waste
4. Energy Measures
5. Sanitation
6. Air Pollution
Photo: Joydeep Mukherjee/Sanctuary Photolibrary
1. Water Resources
Water UseJudicious use of water and discouraging excess
Regulatory mechanism and Pricing• Proper water pricing at
House hold and
Recycle and Re-use• At house hold level• Community places
(schools hospitals and discouraging excess water use for multiple purposesCorrecting / Repairing
House hold and Commercial level
• Correct meteringsystem in place
• Ill l ti d
(schools, hospitals, hotels, malls/ markets, etc.)
Rainwater Harvestingg p gthe leakage system in existing water supply system
i d
• Illegal connection and suction pumps.
• Regular monitoring
Rainwater Harvesting• Roof top rainwater
harvesting• Mandatory provisions
f RWH i b ildiOperation and MaintenanceConstruction of new
t li
Pumping of Water • Replace from central
place to the flood plain areas having proven
f
for RWH in buildings• Construction of soak
pits• Incentives and
d f RWHwater linesg p
capacity of water • Controlled extraction
disincentives for RWH
……Water Resource
Dual Water System Drinking Other purposes
Water saving closets • Taps• Flush system
Protection/Preservation of water bodies
• Lake conservationsOther purposes
Drinking water il bilit
Flush system • Urinals• EcoSan toilets
• Lake protection • Beautification of ponds,
lakesR b k availability
Household level safe water supplyP i i f t i
• River bank protection • Developing the data
bases• Monitoring f i Provisions of water in
schools and hospitalsDiscouraging bottled water in common
• Monitoring of river • Coordination with
agencies on water bodies monitoring water in common
meetings and at personal level
g
2. Waste Water
Agriculture and Industrial effluents Municipal waste water Drainage system
D l i i deffluents • Organic pollutants • Waste water disposal
system
p• Proper sewerage
disposal and decentralizedtreatment
• Developing improveddrainage system with storm water drains
• Maintenance of drains • Managing the outlet of surface system
• Following the norms for discharge of waste water
W li ill
treatment• Planned drainage system• Integrated sewerage
system
• Managing the outlet of surface drains away from water bodies
Capacity Building and Awareness generation
Water quality surveillance and mitigation
Surveillance system in place
system • Use of re-modeling
and re-construction technologies
• Water use• Wise water management• Decentralized treatment• Re-charge and re-useplace
Cost effective solution for Arsenic, Fluoride, Iron, and Biological contamination
Provision of STP and CETP• The provision in major
sewerage production
• Different types of filtration systems
gDilution of pollutant concentration through ground water rechargeD t i t d
se e age p o uct o areas.
Determine type and migration of pollution
3 Solid Waste Management 3. Solid Waste Management Comprehensive solid waste management (SWM) plan management (SWM) plan
Municipal Solid waste Industrial solid waste
Policies and Legislations • Enforcement of policies• Minimize use
E-wasteToxic wasteWaste segregation system
Awareness generation and Capacity building
Sanitary land fillOrganized solid waste management system Bio-medical waste
• Household level• Institutional level
CompostingBio composting
• Commercial sector• Industrial sector
p gSorting of wasteLandfills and methane production
4 E g M 4. Energy Measures
Alternate Energy measures
Bio Mass based
Renewable energy measures• Solar panel• S l L t
Energy Efficient Appliances • Light Emitting Diode • Replacing incandescent Bio Mass based
Waste based or Bio-methanationUse of coal bed
• Solar Lantern • Solar cooker • Photo voltaic• Wind energy
• Replacing incandescent bulbs
• LED outdoor lightning
Use of coal bed methane Bio gas cooking Bio based power
gy• CDM and Carbon
Credits as incentives
Improved Supply
Standard & labeling program • Certification of Bio based power
generation Traffic light and solar power
p pp y• Conversion• Transmission• Distribution • End use efficiency
industries• Certification of
Buildings• Energy efficient building power
Solar roof top-photovoltaic applications
End use efficiency • Research &
Development
Energy efficient building code
pp
5. Urban Sanitation
Toilet /Latrine
i Awareness generation, T i i d C i
Encourage Integrated C S i iconstruction
Improved /adequate
Training and Capacity building
Low Cost Sanitation-LCS and
Improved /adequate household sanitation system for all
Community toilets /
• Awareness generation on Sanitation and hygiene practices, low cost technical designs
• Discourage
• Open Defecation
• ILCSCommunity toilets / sanitation system
Public toilets
tec ca es g s ILCS
• Open defecation (OD) and Dry latrine conversion conversion
6 Ai P ll ti 6. Air Pollution
Clean Fuel
CNG, LPG, b tt / l t i it
Pollution Control Measures and Encouraging Public
Data base on Indoor Air pollution
In Slum/EWS areaMajor pollution sources battery/electricity
operated vehicles, Bio diesel
Encouraging Public Transport System
Private vehicles
Major pollution sources Burning of solid waste Emissions of CO2, SO2, NOxConsumption of Ozone
Inventorying key
Polluting industries
Public transport system
Polluting Industries
N t i d
Consumption of Ozone depleting substances
Awareness generation and Capacity building
Polluting industries
In and around the city
All those included in
Non motorized Transport – cycles
Facilities for pedestrians
Household level Commercial establishmentsIndustries
RED category Industries
Selected Cases-Successfully Implemented Selected Cases Successfully Implemented
Bio mass based gasifires b i d i t t lik Bih K t k t Bio-mass based gasifires are being used in states like Bihar, Karnataka, etc.
The Kolkata and Mumbai Municipality are under trial for LED
Mumbai Municipal Corporation has implemented SSP-Slum Sanitation Project
The Delhi Government has made it mandatory to construct Rain Water Harvesting system
Solar based common lights, traffic lights, water heaters, energy audits, energy efficient building, CNG b /A t t i N D lhiCNG buses/Autos, etc. in New Delhi
In Mizoram –Aizawl, there are more than 10,000 rainwater harvesting (RWH) tanks in individual houses those were constructed by the residents at their own expense and with the technical houses, those were constructed by the residents at their own expense and with the technical support of state government.
W F d Way Forward…. Need to consider different environmental factors through an ginclusive city development planning process
Develop the capacities and know how among the Develop the capacities and know how among the authorities, planners and elected representatives on various environmental measures
A thorough analysis of environmental concerns in the urban areas
Developing a set of practical localized environmental indicators those could be included during city g ydevelopment planning.
W F d….Way ForwardComprehensive process of planning by the Urban p p p g yLocal Bodies and Parastatal agencies
Smooth delivery of civic amenities, universal access to services, and adequate provisions of basic services to the q pvulnerable and poor
Thank You Thank You for Your Attention