Environmental concerns of developing and developed countries

• Presented by:• Krishna Dutt - 131109025

“The ‘environment’ is where we live; anddevelopment is what we all do in attempting

to improve our lot within that abode.The two are inseparable.”

Our Common Future

Why differences in the environmental concerns of developing and developed countries….?

Developingcountries

Developedcountries

Population

Populationgrowth

Wealth andincome

Resourceuse

Pollutionand waste

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Economic DevelopmentTrade-Offs

Good News Bad News

Global life expectancy doubled since 1950

Life expectancy 11 years less in developing countries than in developed countries

Food production ahead of population growth since 1978

Harmful environmental effects of agriculture may limit future food production

Infant mortality cut in half since 1955

Air and water pollution down in most developed countries since 1970

Number of people living in poverty dropped 6% since 1990

Infant mortality rate in developing countries over 8 times higher than in developed countries

Air and water pollution levels in most developing countries too high

Half of world’s people trying to live on less than $3 (U.S.) per day

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The Blame game

Developed Countries Tried to Put Blame on Developing Countries inTerms

Population Growth and Poverty

Developing Countries Tried to Put Blame for Environmental DegradationOn Developed Countries

Because of Affluence or Energy Intensive Consumption Patterns

1.5 Ha – fair earth share (William Rees and MathisWackernagel)

McGranahan and Satterthwaite have divided the environmenta issues into two sets of issue or agendas.

• The first is the ‘Brown’ agenda, which addresses issues associated with environmental health –

this prospective is often championed by urbanists. The relevant issues include unsanitary living conditions, hazardous pollutants in the air and water, and the accumulations of solid waste. These are problems that have immediate environmental impacts and tend to burden mostly lower income groups in society.

• The ‘Green’ agenda on the other hand is generally championed by environmentalists (often from high income countries). The green agenda focuses on how urban-based production, consumption and waste generation contribute to ecosystem disruption, resource depletion and global climate change. These issues are problems that have more long term impacts that are dispersed and delayed – in other words, they threaten long-term ecological sustainability.

From an article by McGranahan and Satterthwaite in

C.Pugh, Sustainable Cities in Developing Countries, Earthscan, pg. 73-87The

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According to McGranahan and Satterthwaite, one reason that it is important to distinguish

between the Brown and Green agendas is that conflicts sometimes arise between proponents of each of these agendas about which one should be accorded priority.

According to the authors, these problems are especially acute in the developing world but they also arise in the developed world.

The only way to address these potential conflicts is to understand and acknowledge their

existence. The authors state that those conflicts can best be minimized if both agendas are taken seriously.

The Equity Perspective The authors state that there are real conflicts between the proponents of the brown and the

green agendas as to which problems should receive priority and what are the strategies for tackling the problems. However, they point out that it is important not to create a false dichotomy since environmental improvements often serve both agendas.

Furthermore, the concept of ‘equity’ is at the heart of both agendas. The conflict then boils down to the question of equity for whom?

Conceptualizing Sustainability

To explain this we can use Graham Haughton’s five interconnected equity principles to try to understand the differences between the brown and the green agendas.

Haughton’s Five Equity Principles are

1. Intragenerational equity2. Procedural equity3. Intergenerational equity4. Transfrontier equity5. Interspecies equity

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Brown Agenda based onHaughton’s Equity PrinciplesThe brown agenda focuses on the following two principles of equity: intragenerational equity,

and procedural equity.

• Intragenerational Equity addresses the need for all urban dwellers to have healthy and safe living and working conditions and the corresponding infrastructure and services.

• Procedural Equity addresses the legal rights for all persons to have safe and healthy living, and working environment, that they are treated fairly and that they can engage in a democratic decision making process about the management of the urban centers in which they live.

Green Agenda based onHaughton’s Five Equity Principles

The green agenda on the other hand is described as focusing on three of the principles of equity: intergenerational equity, transfrontier equity, interspecies equity.

• Intergenerational Equity promotes the idea that urban development should not draw on finite resource bases and degrade ecological systems in ways that compromise the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

• Transfrontier Equity prevents urban consumer and producers from transferring environmental costs to other people and ecosystems.

• Interspecies Equity recognizes the rights of other species

Sustainable cities or sustainable urbanisation?

What should we follow.?

Thank you