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What is Environmental Engineering?

Engineering

- the application of engineering principles, under constraints

of scientific principles to the planning, design, construction

and operation of structures, equipment and systems for the

benefit of society

Environmental Engineering

- the branch of engineering that is concerned with:

protecting the environment

protecting human populations

improving environmental quality for human health

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gineering Atmosphere

- a mixture of gases extending outward from the

surface of the earth

Hydrosphere

- consists of the oceans, the lakes and streams, andshallow groundwater bodies that interflow

with the surface water

Lithosphere

- the soil that wraps the core of the earth

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The Biosphere

Biosphere

Atmosphere

Hydrosphere

Lithosphere

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The Impact of Human upon the Environment

Satisfying Natural Needs

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Satisfying Acquired Needs

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The Impact of the Environment upon Humans

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Improvement of Environmental Quality

- are comprehensive plans that usually address a variety

of problems that confront a single area

Environmental Tactics

- the means for achieving the goals set forth in a specific

portion of a given environmental strategies

Environmental Strategies

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Improvement of Environmental Quality

- An Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring

Population of Great Britain 1842 report

Chadwicks engineering solutions included:

Edwin Chadwick penned the sanitary idea as a means of promotingbetter health among the masses

Supplying each dwelling with clean drinking water

Removing wastewater from dwellings and collecting it in a network of pipesApplying collected sewage to agricultural land

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Ladies ProtectiveAssociation founded

1884

Engineering journals

debate single-pipe versusseparate sewer systemdesigned by Col. Waring

United States boasts

598 waterworkssystems. Most sewagesystems dumpuntreated waste intorivers, streams, lakes,harbors.

1880s

Englands River Pollution Act of1876 makes it an offence todischarge sewage into streams

Pasteur experimentswith microbes andvaccines

1860s

For two generations, RoyalCommissioners recommendedpurifying sewage by spreading iton the land

The sanitary questiongains national prominencein England. Miasma theoryguides public opinion

Commuter railroadssmoke and noise beginto appear in Americansuburbs

1850s

Englands National Public HealthAct passes

Englishman WilliamBudd links typhoid feverto water polluted bysewage. New choleraepidemic.

1848-9

American MedicalAssociation founded withintent to conductsanitation surveys

1847

Chadwicks monumental public

health report calls forengineering solutions toenvironmental miasma.Griscoms New York study in1845 reaches similar conclusion.

1842

Government ActivityCitizen groups andprofessional opinion

Science andTechnology

Date

Table 1. The Industrial Revolution and Public Health

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Arden and Lockettdiscover activatedsludge.

1914

Resulted in widespreaddumping of sewage to riversand Pittsburg did not get a

sewage plant until 1959

Hazan and WhippleReport concluded thata new sewage

treatment plant ofrPittsburg served noadvantage from aneconomic and heathstandpoint

1910

Pennsylvania passes law thatforbids cities to dump untreatedsewage.

International Associationfor the Prevention ofSmoke established.

1905-7

3.5 million horses livingin American cities,representing air/waterpollution problems.

1900

Engineer Col. Waring appointedNew Yorks first street-cleaningCommissioner.

Engineers prefer dilutionand filtration/purificationmethods for economicreasons. Physiciansargue for wastewater

treatment.

Chlorine introduced topurify water supplies.

British Commissions give upland spreading of sewage asimpractical; begin to advocatetreatment and dilutionmethods.

Medical communitypitted againstengineering societiesover who should decideissues of public health.

Water closets presentengineers withoverflow, collection,disposal problems.Series of typhoidepidemics occur.

1890s

Government ActivityCitizen groups andprofessional opinion

Science andTechnology

Date

Table 1. The Industrial Revolution and Public Health

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168 excessdeaths

SO2

Nov. 1966New York

4000 excessdeaths

SO2

Dec. 1952London

22 excessdeaths

H2SNov. 1950Poza Rica,

Mexico

20 excessdeaths

SO2

Oct. 1948Donora PA,USA

63 excessdeaths

SO2

Dec. 1930Meuse Valley,Belgium

EffectsPollutants

DateLocation

Table 2. Air Pollution episodes

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gineering The Role of the Environmental Engineer

- amplify and optimize the operations observed in nature

- engineered system for pollution control- knowledgeable in the in the mathematical, physical

and engineering sciences

- build a bridge between biology and technology- must have keen awareness of the natural constrains in

the environment

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Country/City Country/City

Country by countryUS state

US Federal

USEPA

Europe

EU, Brussels

Global

London Law of the Sea, 1962Montreal Protocol, 1987/90

Stockholm Agreement, 1972

Rio Declaration, 1992

Figure 1. Levels of environmental legislation in the European Union and the United States.

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Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Republic Act No. 9003

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act No. 8749

Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990

Republic Act No. 6969

National Water and Air Pollution Control Commission Act

Republic Act No. 3931

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